Extended-family resources and racial inequality in the transition to homeownership

We use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine how access to financial resources in the extended family affects the accumulation of wealth among non-owners and how these resources subsequently affect transitioning into homeownership. Our findings show that economic conditions of the extended family have substantial effects on non-owners’ wealth accumulation and likelihood of becoming homeowners, even after adjusting for individual sociodemographic and economic characteristics. We find significant effects of extended-family wealth for both black and white households, but effects of extended-family income insufficiency for blacks only. Consequently, limited access to wealth and greater level of poverty in the extended family hamper blacks’ transition to homeownership. Our results show that the level of extended-family wealth necessary for black householders to equalize their likelihood of becoming homeowners with whites is very high. In fact, our findings indicate that white householders embedded in extended families with no net wealth are just as likely to make the transition to ownership as are black householders with affluent extended families. These findings support arguments related to the importance of extended-family resources in processes of residential attainment but also point to important racial differences in not only levels but also consequences of these family resources.     

Gender Inequality and Economic Growth in Rural China

This article joins the debate over the effect of market-driven economic development on women's work opportunities and household gender inequalities. It assesses women's opportunities for off-farm employment, the relative contributions of female off-farm workers to household income, and the distribution of power in families whose male members have left for off-farm jobs, leaving women behind in agricultural work. We find that women are not uniformly excluded from opportunities for off-farm employment and that economic development does not uniformly increase gender inequalities within Chinese households. Although men are more likely than women to obtain off-farm employment in China, women's opportunities for off-farm work improve significantly when the coexistence of local and regional marketization creates a shortage of male workers and compels employers to hire women. The relative size of contributions to household income for male and female nonfarm workers also narrows incrementally with increased marketization. In addition, women who are left in agricultural work are more likely to become heads of household, a position which brings greater household decision-making power to female family members.     

云南省要素禀赋、对外贸易对收入分配差距的影响——基于1995～2011年面板数据的实证研究

本文基于1995～2011年云南省内不同要素禀赋、贸易开放度、收入分配状况等各方面的面板数据,研究各要素对我省收入分配差距的影响程度,建立了面板数据计量经济模型对各要素进行实证检验,对比分析单纯考虑要素禀赋和对外贸易对收入分配差距影响,引入要素禀赋与对外贸易的交互效应及控制变量等因素,研究这些因素影响收入分配差距。我们认为,要素禀赋差异对云南省收入分配差距有显著的影响,是造成收入差距拉大的主要原因之一;对外贸易对云南省收入分配差距具有一定的影响,特别是它与不同的要素禀赋结合对于收入分配差距所产生的联合效应是显著的,且不同效应之间存在差异。最后提出了改善我省收入分配差距的相应对策建议。     

Aggregate male and female labor force participation functions: An analysis of structural differences, 1947–1977

The hypothesis that the structure of the forces that affect male and female labor force participation rates are distinct has been corroborated in numerous studies using microdata. This paper examines the validity of this structural distinctiveness hypothesis in the context of aggregate, time series data on male and female labor force participation in the post-World War II United States. Standard economic and sociological theories are used to specify sex-specific participation functions that contain indexes of the sex-specific general opportunity for employment, the sex-specific rates of participation in the armed forces and in postsecondary schooling institutions, the average real wage rate, the average number of hours worked, and the fertility rate. It is found that the female rate is more responsive than the male rate to the general employment opportunities and average hours indexes, but less responsive to the wage rate. Also, the female rate responds positively to the armed forces participation and college enrollment rates, whereas the male rate is negatively related to these indexes. However, no evidence is found for another component of the structural distinctiveness hypothesis, namely, that the fertility rate bears a consistent negative relationship to the female participation rate. While this relationship may have held during the early postwar years, it seems to have been substantially attentuated since the early 1960s. Prospects for convergence of the male and female participation functions are evaluated. Although current social trends suggest that the female function eventually will resemble more closely the male funtion, it is concluded that substantial sex differences are likely to persist for at least another decade. Implications of this for the structure of the labor force participation functions used in macroeconometric forecasting models are discussed.     

基于市场调查的自贡游客旅游市场特征实证研究

本文拟以自贡市2007年春节黄金周游客满意度问卷调查所获得的数据为依据,对自贡市游客旅游市场特征进行实证分析。结果表明男性游客多于女性游客,游客年龄构成以中青年为主,文化水平较高,职业构成比较分散,公务旅游客源市场增长潜力较大,自驾游游客占有较大比重且增长态势明显;从出游动机考察可以得出有相当一部分游客的旅游行为具有很大的时间限制的结论;由相关分析还可以得到性别与交通方式选择、年龄与交通方式选择、文化程度与信息渠道,以及文化程度、职业、收入水平和消费水平之间都存在显著相关关系的结论。     

新疆产业结构变迁与恩格尔系数协整关系的实证研究

通过构造一个由消费结构、城镇居民收入水平、第二产业结构和第三产业结构四个变量组成的VAR模型,对新疆城乡居民的消费结构与产业结构相互作用的关系及其动态特征进行了实证研究。根据设定的模型、格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应函数、预测方差分解和协整检验,发现新疆城镇居民消费结构会影响第二产业结构的转换,随着居民收入水平的提高,恩格尔系数呈下降趋势。城乡居民收入水平对产业结构升级产生一定影响。     

中国城镇居民分项收入的消费促进效应研究——基于2002-2009年省级面板数据

本文通过省级面板数据对我国城镇居民分项收入与总消费支出之间的相关关系进行了研究,并考虑恩格尔定律可能对消费结构造成的影响,进一步检验了分项收入与食品消费支出、非食品消费支出的相关关系,结果发现:工资性收入具有较强的边际消费促进作用;经营性收入具有较强的边际食品消费促进效应;财产性收入由于统计数据可能存在的问题,其与消费之间呈现负向关系,且不显著;转移性收入的边际消费促进效应较弱。     

Gender of the immediate manager and women's wages: The importance of managerial position

One argument for increasing female representation in management is the expectation that female managers will be particularly beneficial for female employees through, e.g., role modeling, mentoring or providing other incentives to enhance female productivity. We explore this issue by analyzing the association between women's wages and the gender of their immediate managers using Swedish matched employee-employer data from 2010. Contrary to the expected positive association, we find that wages are overall 3% lower for female employees with a female instead of male manager. However, dividing the sample by managerial position and controlling for the sorting of employees with respect to, e.g., non-cognitive traits, work tasks, family commitment and establishment gender composition, the negative association is found only for female employees working for lower-level managers, not for women with a manager at the highest rank. One possible explanation could be a difference in decision-making power if lower-level female managers have more limited resources for their subordinates compared to lower-level male managers.     

Employment among married female college graduates

This paper investigates the effect of attitudinal factors on the employment of white married female college graduates with and without children. A model of the employment status of these women 3 and 7 years after graduation is estimated using data from the NORC longitudinal study of 1961 college graduates. Taste for housework was found to affect the employment of nonmothers only, whereas “child care ideology” affected the employment of mothers. Husband's income had a negative effect on the wife's working both in 1964 and in 1968. Age of youngest child in 1964 had a positive, and number of children a negative, impact on a mother's working in 1964. The negative effect on employment status in 1968 of the birth of a child between 1964 and 1968 was much greater for those women for whom it was a first birth than for those who already had children.     

技术工人个体特征与阶层认同——基于2006CGSS的实证分析

利用2006年全国城乡居民生活调查数据,研究技术工人的不同特征与其阶层认同之间的关系表明,技术工人的户籍、婚姻状况等因素与其主观阶层认同之间的关系不大;技术工人的性别、年龄、文化程度、职业资格等级、收入、从事当前工作的年限等因素则与之关系密切。女性技术工人主观认同的阶层地位显著高于男性;文化程度高的技术工人认同的阶层地位显著高于中低文化程度者;高收入技术工人主观认同的阶层地位显著高于中低收入者;技术工人的年龄、从事当前工作的年限与他们主观认同的阶层地位之间都呈现出一种U形相关状态;技术工人的职业资格等级与他们主观认同的阶层地位之间呈现出一种倒u形相关状态。     

财政分权背景下的地方政府预算外收入扩张——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究

本文对财政分权背景下我国地方政府预算外收入扩张的原因进行了理论分析,研究发现:地方政府预算外收入与辖区经济发展水平存在显著的负相关关系;与行政事业单位人员规模存在显著的正相关关系;与预算内财政支出存在显著的负相关关系;同时,在预算内财政支出既定时,预算外收入与转移支付规模存在显著的负相关关系。说明了分权改革后地方政府扩张预算外收入一方面在于弥补其财政支出的缺口;另一方面,由于预算外资金的收和支没有完全脱钩,行政事业单位改革的不彻底性,地方政府追求可自由裁量财政资源最大化的偏好等原因,进一步加剧了预算外收入的扩张。     

Scaling the prestige,authority, and income potential of college curricula

This paper develops the concept of “targeted education,” a theoretical ranking of college curricula, into a multidimensional framework. The new scales, based on the traditional stratification dimensions, prestige, authority, and income, are then used in a study of sex differences in the process of occupational achievement among men and women with college degrees. The targeted education scales predict occupational prestige and wages 7 years after the college degree, and they point out interesting differences between male and female attainment processes. In general, targeted education has a greater quantitative impact for men's occupational outcomes than for women's prestige and income, but results also suggest significant qualitative differences between men and women. A large proportion of women target their education toward, and end up in, an under-employed labor pool for the primary and secondary school system.     

Reevaluating the uses of status: The case of earnings determination

Status and prestige variables and measures have been central to the sociological study of individual variations in income and other dependent variables for at least 2 decades. Yet theoretical and methodological rationales for the use of such variables in the explanation of income are problematic. This conclusion, along with some similar conclusions about other uses of status and prestige variables and measures, were reached after a review of Weberian, functionalist, and other prominent discussions of the uses of status/prestige in theory and research on income. It is suggested that an emphasis upon structural attributes of jobs is more promising than a continued emphasis upon evaluatory, status/prestige conceptions of jobs for effective theorizing about income determination. A quantitative analysis of earnings shows that income effects of a common measure of socio-economic status disappear in the context of a rudimentary structural model of income. It is concluded that social scientists should move on to use more varied attributes of jobs and exercise more caution in the use of status and prestige variables.     

家庭场域与技术视界：中国古代女眷生活的性别注视

本文试图从技术视界考察家庭场域下的女眷生活。认为，在家庭场域下，女眷基于对家庭职责的自我认定和价值实现的内在诉求而对家庭伦理规训表现出了积极的因应。这种对社会整体规训的宽容同样表现在家庭居住环境的空间设计、纺织活动被边缘化的现实中。但中国古代加在男女两性之上的规训压力都呈上升态势．所以女眷并未感到过分的性别压迫，反而感觉束缚来自女性群体本身。     

Plastic and immobile: Unequal intergenerational mobility by genetic sensitivity score within sibling pairs

Contrary to traditional biological arguments, the differential susceptibility model suggests genotype may moderate rather than mediate parent-child economic similarity. Using family fixed effects models of Add Health sibling data, I investigate the relationship between an index of sensitive genotypes and intergenerational mobility. Full, same sex sibling comparisons hold constant parental characteristics and address the non-random distribution of genotype that reduces internal validity in nationally representative samples. Across multiple measures of young adult financial standing, those with more copies of sensitive genotypes achieve lower economic outcomes than their sibling if they are from a low income context but fare better from a high income context. This genetic sensitivity to parental income entails lower intergenerational mobility. Results support the differential susceptibility model and contradict simplistic genetic explanations for intergenerational inequality, suggesting sensitive genotypes are not inherently positive or negative but rather increase dependence on parental income and reduce mobility.     

20世纪80年代诗歌中的女性形象及其性别意义

20世纪80年代诗歌中的女性形象突破了50～70年代的单一刻板模式,变得多姿多彩。这种变化主要有三种趋势:一种是对传统女性形象的彻底反叛,以对抗男性中心文化;一种是向传统女性形象的回归;一种是试图寻求一种独立、平等、和谐的新型两性关系。这种女性形象的分化反映了传统的女性价值观受到质疑和解构,女性逐渐成为社会性别关系的一个主体。     

Who is the better applicant? Effects from gender, academic record, and type of decision

This experiment recreates several features of the selection of candidates for junior professional positions. The situation of central interest involves an assessor (either male or female) and a pair consisting of a male and a female applicant with either equivalent or slightly different academic records. We also investigate effects from quality of record (either excellent or poor) and type of decision (namely, choice between applicants, and ratings of competence and suitability). Our hypotheses consider both gender as social status and as social identity, and predict different outcomes depending on decision type. In line with those predictions, findings show that, at both levels of performance, the question about competence elicited effects only from the two applicants’ relative academic standing, while the choice and suitability measures show effects from that standing as well as from sex category of applicant and of assessor. Results and their interpretation are presented and discussed in detail.     

民族国家、本土性与女性解放运动——以晚清中国为中心的考察

中国女性解放运动的本土前提——民族国家建构,其重要性亟待以更合乎逻辑的形态被阐释出来。通过对晚清中国女性解放运动进行考察,可以发现,中国女性解放运动得以产生的问题意识建立在"民族国家"危机转化而成的"性别"文化危机上,性别文化危机并未构成独立的问题意识,因此女性解放运动必然要与民族国家建构运动相交叉,并以此作为确立自身合理性的重要依据;中国女性解放运动也因此形成了主体角色追求上的"女国民"、形态设定上的"群体性"两大特点,构成了与发达国家女性主义不同的价值追求、资源利用与路径设计。中国女性主义的未来发展不能建立在对西方女性主义资源的简单横向移植上,而应该落实在对本土资源批判性的反省与汲取上。     

Wealth Accumulation across the Adult Life Course: Stability and Change in Sociodemographic Covariate Structures of Net Worth Data in the Survey of Income and Program Participation, 1984–1991

This paper reports microlevel Tobit regression analyses of sociodemographic covariates of the life course accumulation of total household net worth data in eight waves of five distinct panels—spanning over 6 years from late 1984 through early 1991—of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). It is found that the quadratic age–wealth relationship predicted by Modigliani's Life Cycle Hypothesis is evident in aggregate age–median wealth profiles as well as in the micro data for households with positive net worth. However, when adult status attainment variables are entered into the regression models either by themselves or in combination with marital/family status variables, the age of household head at which net worth begins to decline is far beyond the typical retirement age. In addition, the traditional criterion variables of sociological status attainment theory—educational attainment, occupational status, and earnings—are found to be positively associated with household net worth, although the net effect of occupational status generally is not statistically significant and the earnings effect is nonlinear. Further, consistent with status attainment theory, householder minority status (black, Hispanic) is negatively associated with the accumulation of net worth. It is found that both single male and single female householder status are negatively associated with the accumulation of household net worth (relative to married couple households) as is the size of the household (measured by the number of children under age 18 present). Separate logistic regression analyses show that households with zero and negative net worth are more likely than households with positive net worth to be black and have low earnings. Higher levels of educational and occupational status attainment reduce the probability of zero net worth but not the probability of negative net worth. Male- and female-headed households and households headed by Hispanics also are more likely to have zero net worth, but not negative net worth. The estimated sociodemographic covariate structures of household net worth are found to exhibit substantial stability across both waves and panels in the SIPP—although effects of the 1990–1991 recession are detectable in estimates for the 1990 panel. Possible applications of the estimated models in demographic projections of household net worth are suggested.     

Parental family income and the socioeconomic attainment of children

Like others before us using different data, we find significant effects of parental family income on the completed schooling and wage rates of adult children using intergenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We explore various hypotheses regarding these effects, finding substantial support for the economic hypothesis that income, regardless of its source, is invested by parents in their children; mixed support for the hypothesis that fathers serve as role models for their sons; and no support for the welfare dependency hypothesis. Rather than serving as positive role models, working mothers appear to have significantly less successful sons.