多层供应链外包模式的选择及其协调

本文研究由两个原始设备制造企业（品牌企业）、一个代工企业和一个供应商组成的多层供应链的外包模式选择问题。应用主从博弈和纳什博弈理论,当一个原始设备制造企业的外包模式给定后,通过对不同外包模型求解比较,给出了后跟进的原始设备制造企业外包模式的最优选择策略。研究发现：后跟进的原始设备制造企业最优策略应采取与前一个原始设备制造企业相同的外包策略。针对最优外包策略,还设计了使供应链达到协调的二部定价契约机制,提高了外包供应链的竞争力。     

供应链协调与供应链协同内涵辨析

随着经济的全球化,供应链管理成为管理学界热门的研究方向,其领域繁多,本文通过比较分析供应链协调与供应链协同,更加深入的理解供应链协调的内涵,为供应链协调的建模分析打下良好的基础.     

基于返回策略与风险分担的供应链协调分析

基于返回策略分析供应链协调与风险分担问题.该模型含有两种常见的返回政策:比例回购和折价回购.研究结果表明返回策略可以协调供应链.供应链协调时供应链风险在供应商和销售商之间的分担情况由回购折价参数和回购比例参数决定,并且风险分担情况符合一般的收益和风险之间的权衡关系,即获得的收益越高,承担的风险就越大.供应商的最优回购契约是:供应商允许销售商对剩余订货全部按批发价退货,供应商采用边际成本加成定价的方式来确定批发价,加成比例由市场需求的满足率决定;在最优情形下,节点企业分担的风险之比等于两企业在供应链最优订货量处的边际成本之比.     

基于价格博弈的闭环供应链协调策略设计

分析了两阶段闭环供应链中上下游双方在批发价格、零售价格以及各自产品回收价格的决策问题上的主从博弈过程,严格证明了Stackelberg均衡解在分散决策与集中决策两种模式下的存在性与唯一性,并分别给出了均衡解的具体形式,即实现了决策者以及供应链利润最优的相应定价方案.在此基础上,设计了在供应链实践中具有可操作性的、能够实现供应链协调的两阶段关税策略与批量折扣策略,给出了这两种策略的具体形式,并严格证明了协调策略的有效性.最后对一个案例进行了分析,验证了前述结论.     

考虑质量成本的物流服务供应链纵向整合策略研究

本文聚焦于物流服务供应链中的纵向整合问题,考虑由一个物流服务集成商和两个物流服务提供商构成的供应链系统,基于物流服务质量成本分别构建纵向分散和纵向整合模式下的质量博弈模型,探讨纵向整合策略对物流服务供应链运作效率的影响,分析纵向整合策略存在的市场条件。研究表明,竞争强度是影响企业决策和策略选择的关键因素;纵向整合会对接受整合的物流服务提供商产生“协同效应”,而对未被整合的物流服务提供商产生“外部效应”;当且仅当竞争强度较大时,物流服务集成商和物流服务提供商会同时选择纵向整合,既有利于提升整体物流服务质量水平,又能降低物流服务质量实现成本。     

闭环供应链定价及契约协调策略研究

分散非合作决策定价会造成整个闭环供应链系统效率的损失,其原因是由于节点企业的利益冲突,供应链不协调不但导致了系统利润的损失,相应地也降低了节点企业自身的利润。文章提出两阶段定价制契约策略协调两种协调策略来解决这一问题。     

供应链库存协调策略研究

研究和分析了直运型供应链通过共同补给期协调库存的策略问题。在该供应链中,单一供应商提供单一产品给面临随机需求的单一零售商。在所提出的库存协调策略条件下,供应商指定共同补给期,当零售商按供应商指定的共同补给期作为其订货周期时,供应商提供零售商一定的价格折扣。这种协调策略可以视为Stackelberg博弈。在阐述了解决该博弈问题的方法后,进行了数值实验,分析了采用这种协调策略的利益。     

考虑不同经营模式的零售商纵向整合策略选择:前向,后向还是不整合？

随着互联网的发展,"新零售"表现形式之一的纵向整合成为零售商转型升级的重要策略。考虑了产品之间竞争性,分别研究了分销模式、平台模式和混合模式下,零售商采取不进行纵向整合、前向整合和后向整合的利润,通过对比给出零售商最优的纵向整合策略选择条件。最后,分析了不同经营模式对零售商纵向整合策略选择的影响。研究发现：第一,随着潜在需求的增加,在三种经营模式下零售商的最优策略都从不进行纵向整合变为后向整合、前向整合;第二,随着产品之间竞争程度增加,在分销模式和平台模式下,零售商的最优策略从后向整合变为不进行纵向整合、前向整合,在混合模式下,零售商的最优策略从后向整合或不进行纵向整合变为前向整合;第三,随着佣金费率增加,在平台模式下,零售商的最优策略从前向整合变为后向整合、不进行纵向整合,在混合模式下,零售商的最优策略从前向整合或后向整合制造商2变为不进行纵向整合、后向整合制造商1。     

质量与价格竞争供应链的均衡与协调策略研究

研究了一个两条竞争的二层供应链模型,每个制造商通过各自的分销商向顾客提供产品.供应链在产品质量和价格两个方面进行竞争.文中首先分析了三种情景中供应链竞争的均衡解:无协调情景、混合情景(仅有一条供应链采用协调策略)和协调情景.通过分析发现协调策略对于每条供应链都是一个占优策略,并且质量成本优势越大供应链在采用协调策略后的收益越大.但当两条供应链同时采用协调策略后,所有供应链的利润有可能均小于无协调情景中的利润,即可能出现囚徒困境现象.供应链协调加剧了市场竞争,使产品平均质量提高和市场中顾客总量增加.供应链协调总是使顾客受益.     

Fresh-product supply chain management with logistics outsourcing

We consider a supply chain in which a producer supplies a fresh product, through a third-party logistics (3PL) provider, to a distant market where a distributor purchases and sells it to end customers. The product is perishable, both the quantity and quality of which may deteriorate during the process of transportation. The market demand is random, sensitive to the selling price as well as the freshness of the product. We derive the optimal decisions for the three supply chain members, including the 3PL provider's transportation fee, the producer's shipping quantity and wholesale price, and the distributor's purchasing quantity and retail price. We find that the presence of the 3PL provider in the supply chain has a significant impact on its performance. We propose an incentive scheme to coordinate the supply chain. The scheme consists of two contracts, including a wholesale-market clearance (WMC) contract between the producer and the distributor, and a wholesale-price-discount sharing (WDS) contract between the producer and the 3PL provider. We show that the proposed contracts can eliminate the two sources of “double marginalization” that exist in the three-tier supply chain, and induce the three parties to act in a coordinated way.     

逆向选择下供应链业务外包中的最优合约配置

研究了委托人(业务购买方)对于承包人(业务供应方)生产成本具有非对称信息时的最优合约设计问题.基于委托人视角,给出了委托人如何诱导代理人报告自己真实成本信息的逆向选择模型,并刻画了最优合约的特征.结果表明:给出的合约能够达到诱导代理人讲真话的目的;在信息非对称条件下,委托人由于信息缺乏受到了损失,而低成本类型的代理人获得了额外的信息租金;在非对称信息条件下,最优合约的参数配置受到委托人事前信念的影响.     

二阶段供应链中提前期压缩的影响与协调

提前期是衡量业务过程绩效一个重要的因素,基于时间竞争的供应链管理战略核心就在于提前期的压缩,提前期压缩是形成供应链战略优势的有力来源.在市场需求预测精度随提前期变化的假设下,采用逻辑证明和数值分析的方法,研究由供应商-零售商构成的两阶段供应链中提前期压缩对供应链及其成员收益的影响以及如何实现供应链的渠道协调.研究结果表明:当供应链的服务水平小于0.5时,提前期的压缩可以获得供应链成员收益的Pareto改进;当供应链的服务水平大于等于0.5,引入线性转移支付补偿机制,可以实现供应链的渠道协调,获得供应链成员收益的Pareto改进.     

供应链库存协调与优化模型研究

传统的库存管理主要把注意力放在企业内部的库存控制,不注重供应链的协调与合作. 这种局部优化的管理模式导致供应链物流不畅,成本增加,企业及其供应链缺乏竞争力. 供应 链的协调与合作成为改善供应链绩效,增强企业竞争力的重要手段. 在需求和供应都不确定的 情形下,通过模型研究对两阶供应链的库存协调及其价值作了一些有益的探讨. 引入了有效库 存水平的概念,以反映上游缺货对下游库存的影响,构造了定期检查补货模式下的供需双方库 存模型,对安全因子进行整体优化,降低供应链库存成本. 同时,也介绍了安全因子整体优化的 实现机制,并对整体优化的价值作了敏感性分析     

Linking product modularity to supply chain integration and flexibility

Abstract

This study builds a moderated mediation model to empirically investigate the impacts of product modularity and supply chain integration (i.e. supplier, customer, and internal integration) on the flexibility and moderating effects of the product life cycle (i.e. growth and maturity stages) on the relationships using data collected from 204 Chinese manufacturers. The findings reveal that both supplier integration and internal integration mediate the relationship between product modularity and flexibility. Moreover, the indirect effect of product modularity on flexibility through supplier integration is stronger during the growth stage than during the maturity stage. There is no difference in the indirect effect of product modularity on flexibility through internal integration, which is significant in both the growth and maturity stages. In addition, the impact of product modularity on customer integration is significantly stronger, whereas that of customer integration on flexibility is significantly weaker during the growth stage than during the maturity stage.     

A guide for supply chain integration in SMEs

Supply chain integration (SCI) is a competitive business approach for enterprises that has not been implemented as widely as expected in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). One of the factors explaining this low level of application is the lack of methodologies to develop SCI that fit the characteristics of this type of enterprise. In this article, we present a methodology that enables SMEs to achieve correct SCI in a manner that is simple, straightforward and oriented towards their particular characteristics. Thus, SMEs will be able to align and coordinate the aims, resources, decisions, methods, business processes and employees involved in the supply chain. The methodology addresses the problem of SMEs SCI and it was produced by applying the case study research method to 30 industrial SMEs. The methodology is organised in phases and the activities to be performed, the techniques and supporting tools to be used, as well as the expected outcomes are all described for each phase. With this methodology, it becomes possible to overcome the main barriers that prevent SMEs from achieving a correct integration of their supply chains. In addition to the methodology, this article also outlines the significant benefits observed in the 30 enterprises as a result of its application.     

交易专项投资对伙伴机会主义行为影响的实证研究

以企业交易专项投资与伙伴强形式和弱形式机会主义行为的关系为研究对象,重点探讨其随伙伴交易专项投资水平和关系持续时间的变化趋势。以制造商营销渠道负责人和分销商采购人员为调研对象,通过问卷调查获得216组家电行业制造商-分销商配对样本数据,采用多元调节回归对假设进行验证。研究结果表明,随着伙伴交易专项投资水平的增加,企业交易专项投资会从引发伙伴两类机会主义行为转变为抑制伙伴机会主义行为,特别是企业交易专项投资对伙伴强形式机会主义行为的作用变化较为显著;随着交易关系的延续,企业交易专项投资始终增强伙伴的强形式机会主义行为,并不随关系持续而发生明显改变,但企业交易专项投资会从引发转变为抑制伙伴的弱形式机会主义行为。     

An integrated supplier-buyer model for improving supply chain coordination

This study develops a decision support model that can be used by a supplier in making production and price decisions at contract renewal times in a supply chain environment. The supplier first makes aggregate production decisions with a special attempt to estimate buyer commitments, and then determines the price of the item so as to satisfy his own profit and buyer cost reduction expectations simultaneously. Mathematical programming models are designed to achieve these in accordance with the contract terms. The main emphasis is placed upon the conceptual and negotiation aspects of the models, and some solution procedures are cited from previous studies. Then the approach is implemented in the biggest electric motor manufacturer in Turkey which has a large number of buyers in household appliances sector, and it is shown to be a useful tool for developing fair partnership.     

基于B-S模型的订单农业供应链协调机制研究

基于订单农业特点及实践中普通存在的"保底收购,随行就市"订单价格机制,构建了"公司+农户"型订单农业供应链的决策模型.研究发现传统的"保底收购,随行就市"的价格机制并不能很好地协调此类"公司+农户"型订单农业供应链.为此,提出了一种"B-S期权定价+生产协作+保证金"的合同机制来协调此类订单农业供应链.研究结果表明,公司可以通过套期保值工具——期权来降低其市场风险,从而保证公司、农户都能获得相对稳定的收益,增强"公司+农户"型订单农业供应链的稳健性.另外,实施该协调机制后,"公司+农户"型订单农业供应链可以实现完美协调,并且公司与农户双方的利益均得到改善.     

顾客体验之于新产品供应链协调的影响

新产品引入市场时,其内在价值很难判断,顾客体验能够降低其接受产品的风险.研究了外生体验与内生体验对供应链协调的影响.考虑了销售补偿合同与回购合同,其中,销售补偿合同是供应商对销售商已销售的产品给予补偿,而回购合同是对未销售的产品进行补偿.结论表明,提升外生体验,即顾客收到的噪声信号质量较高,销售商能制定更高的销售价格,...