人口承载力指标系的建立及量化

有关人口承载力概念、内涵、指标体系与评价模型的研究在我国已取得了长足的发展。纵观渊源,可归结为从容量、阈值、能力等角度分别进行的研究。然而,全球经济一体化进程的不断推进,开放式条件分析框架下的人口承载力已从简单意义上的"量"演变为复杂状况下"量"与"性"才能研究的目标对象。开放式条件作为现今必需的研究背景,结合环境和资源的相对稳定性、人口规模与经济规模大小的适应性,有必要建立衡量和评价人口承载力"质量"的指标系。通过围绕社会经济状况、环境资源、区域人口状况三系统讨论了人口承载力指标系的构建与量化。     

大城市的人口只能主要靠行政手段调控吗?——基于区域人口承载力研究

中国的大城市,大多数患上了城市病且日趋严重。这些城市是"人满为患"吗?只能靠行政手段调控人口吗?本文从区域人口承载力研究入手回答了这些问题,认为人口承载力的传统研究结论与现实情况屡屡相悖的原因在于对人口承载力的影响因素出现误判,提出只有经济因素才是区域人口承载力的直接影响因素,其他因素作为经济因素的成本要素间接影响着区域人口承载力,然后基于生产函数将这一观点进行了数理表达并代入北京的数据进行了论证。以这些分析为据,认为主要用行政手段调控人口是不合理的,中国大城市的城市病的直接成因不是人满为患而是"人挤为患"的情况下政策失当,正确的调控方法应该是以业控人、合理布局。     

基于广义人口结构的区域劳动生产率差异分析

人口结构变动通过作用于物质资本和人力资本积累影响区域劳动生产率.本文采用中国1993-2014年29个省份的面板数据,对从人口年龄、性别、城乡分布以及受教育程度四个方面所衡量的广义人口结构对区域劳动生产率的影响进行了实证研究.结果发现,人口结构对劳动生产率的影响在东、中、西部三大区域存在较大差异,其中少儿抚养比下降、老年抚养比上升带来的正向影响仅在东部和西部地区显著,人口城镇化为东部地区带来正向效应,却对西部地区产生抑制作用.高中教育对劳动生产率没有明显的推动作用,大专及以上高等教育则带来了正向影响.研究还发现,性别比例在中部地区导致劳动生产率呈现倒"U"型的变动过程,而其在西部地区则表现为"U"型的变动过程.由此,隐含的政策含义是:提高劳动生产率、缩小地区差异,有必要进一步放开生育政策,提高女性劳动力占比,均衡男女边际生产率,积极推进欠发达地区就近城镇化.     

日本失去的二十年——基于中日人口红利比较的视角

"人口红利"是人口因素与经济增长关系研究的深入和发展。亚洲地区经济高速增长和工业化国家人口老龄化条件下经济增长,分别对应第一次"人口红利"和第二次"人口红利"。中国与日本相比,无论是经济增长模式还是人口转变模式,都有着极为相似之处,本文旨在通过对比分析中日两国人口发展与经济发展之间的变化,借鉴日本人口红利期的经验和教训,为中国充分实现第一次人口红利、创造第二次人口红利提供参考。     

安徽省人口空间分布与区域经济协调发展

将安徽省划分为“皖江”、“皖北”及“其他”三大区域,以安徽省17个地级市为基本单位,运用 GIS 方法和手段分析了“五普”到“六普”期间安徽省人口空间分布特征和区域经济差异的演化、人口空间分布与区域经济发展之间的均衡性以及区域劳动人口分布与产业结构的适应性等.研究发现,安徽省地区间人口密度差异较大,存在人口分布和区域经济发展不均衡、劳动人口产业结构分布错位等现象.最后提出安徽省人口分布与区域经济协调发展的对策.     

人口城市化空间路径的理论与研究及其启示

城市化的实践进程表明,一个国家的人口城市化往往遵循"城市化—郊区化—逆城市化—再城市化"或者"大城市—中等城市—小城市"的空间路径而展开。文章对"空间循环假说"、ROXY指数方法、"区域城市化"概念以及"差别城市化理论"等人口城市化空间路径理论的演绎进行了梳理,并对国内外相关研究进行了总结。结合中国人口城市化进程特点,文章认为,人口城市化空间路径理论与研究对中国城市化的道路模式、区域规划以及都市圈与城市群区域人口城市化问题的研究有启示作用。     

人口转变的经济增长效应研宄新进展:一个综述

关于人口转变对于经济增长的效应研究由来已久,但是研究大多只考虑了人口数量和人口增长率对于经济增长的效应.近二十年来,许多经济学家在揭示"东亚奇迹"和中国经济腾飞等一系列经济现象的原因时,发现了人口年龄结构对于经济增长的重要贡献,并提出了"人口红利"的概念以解释经济发展.本文将具体介绍近二十年来理论界对于人口转变影响经济增长的相关机制的研究以及经验分析,并对这些研究的政策含义和有待深入研究的问题作出简要评述.     

中国特色的人口转变

从人口均衡发展的角度对人口转变理论进行了研究,认为人口转变是由低级人口均衡转变为高级人口均衡的跃迁过程,人口"总量相对静止、结构高位稳定"是最理想的人口发展状态。中国人口转变经历了超前经济发展的"人口转变"和与经济互动发展的"后人口转变"两个阶段,人口转变过程中需跨越"高少儿抚养"和"高老年赡养"的两次陷阱。稳定适度低生育水平和提升人口素质是未来根本任务,从较短期看总和生育率保持在1.8左右,从中长期看总和生育率回归更替水平,是"后人口转变"时期的战略目标,也是促进人口长期均衡发展的必由之路。     

中国人口集聚对区域经济发展的影响研究

人口集聚和区域不均衡是经济发展的普遍现象,中国的人口空间分布和区域经济发展也表现出明显的不均衡特征。人口集聚除了具有静态的人口空间分布状态的含义外,还具有动态的人口向特定区域流动迁移的含义。人口集聚既是过程也是结果,研究人口集聚比单方面的人口空间分布研究或人口流动迁移研究更具挑战性,也更有学术价值与现实意义。本文以2000²015年省级数据为样本,根据人口集聚地区人口规模大和人口密度高的特点,利用人口密度的区域倍数指标来测量我国人口集聚水平,分析其变动特征,建立面板数据模型实证分析人口集聚对区域经济发展的影响,探讨人口集聚影响区域经济发展水平的途径机制。研究发现我国人口集聚程度按东部、中部、西部顺序依次降低,东部地区的集聚程度不断提高;人口集聚对区域经济发展水平具有显著的正影响,人口集聚程度每提高1%,区域经济发展水平将提高1.064%,西部地区人口集聚的经济效应最大,资本和外向型经济发展水平对区域经济发展也具有显著正影响;城镇化、人力资本和人口抚养比是人口集聚影响区域经济发展的重要途径,人口集聚能够提高集聚地区的城镇化率和人力资本水平,降低地区人口抚养比,促进区域经济发展。基于此,提出促进地区人口集聚、加快城镇化进程、积极发挥人口集聚经济效应等政策建议。     

超低生育率阶段的区域人口发展战略

随着我国人口转变的实现和完成,越来越多的地方进入了"超低生育率"发展阶段,未来时期的人口发展战略面临着何去何从的抉择。以辽宁省辽阳市为案例总结区域人口转变的阶段和特点,指出辽阳已经出现"意愿性超低生育率"现象,带来了人口发展风险问题。随着计划生育风险家庭和残缺家庭的增多,辽阳的公共财政压力已经感受到巨大挑战。人口安全要求坚守计划生育的"底线伦理",降低计划生育风险家庭和残缺家庭在整个计划生育家庭中的规模和比例。未来的区域人口安全发展战略必须考虑确立的两个基本点是"优先健全人口结构、兼顾控制人口增量",不鼓励农村一女户放弃二胎生育指标,尽快建立独生子女家庭风险防范的社会机制和独生子女困难家庭公益救助机制。     

Differences in the Environmental,Social and Economic Development of Polish–Lithuanian Trans-Border Regions

Regional development is a complex process that can be analysed in various contexts, including environmental, social and economic factors. Variations in the levels of development are naturally observed across countries and regions, but they play a special role in trans-border regions. The aim of this study is to investigate differences in the level of development of two Polish voivodships (Warmia and Mazury, and Podlasie) and two Lithuanian counties (Marijampol? and Alytus) which are trans-border regions (NUTS 4 level). The study was conducted by analysing three subordinate criteria, namely environmental, social and economic factors, as well as the overall development of the evaluated regions with the use of the analytical hierarchy process and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution methods. The evaluated trans-border regions are characterised by a predominance of rural areas and considerable variations in development. The entire area is characterised by high natural value. This is an important observation because the condition of the natural environment is a key determinant of well-being, and it directly influences the quality of life. The analysis revealed considerable demographic problems, mainly in Lithuanian regions, resulting from low population growth and a negative net migration rate which influence population structure. Disproportions in regional development call for regional policies that are adapted to local needs and resources.

     

Equity,efficiency, and identity: Grounding the debate over population and sustainability

If social scientists are to provide a more useful contribution to international debates over population and environment, we must find ways to combine the insights of our competing theoretical traditions. Political economy, rational choice, and cultural institutionalist perspectives are each associated with a different assessment and characterization of the population problem, as well as divergent strategies of response, prioritizing in turn the goals of equity, efficiency, and cultural identity. The principal argument of this paper is that these three perspectives, and the goals which they embody, are like the three legs of a stool; none is sufficient and each is necessary to uphold socially acceptable responses to population growth in the context of broader challenges of sustainability. Each perspective is reviewed in turn, distinguishing narrow and polarizing applications that trivialize the way social and economic systems rely on the natural environment from applications that are useful in fashioning a more integrated approach. The paper concludes with reflections on how this approach may support and enrich a focus on sustainable livelihoods in development planning.     

Population Scenarios Based on Probabilistic Projections: An Application for the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Probabilistic population forecasts offer a number of advantages to users. However, in some cases population is one component of a larger analysis that may take a different approach to uncertainty. For example, integrated assessments of environmental issues such as climate change or ecosystem degradation have typically used a small number of alternative scenarios to explore uncertainty in future environmental outcomes. In such cases, population projections that are provided only as probability distributions are difficult to use. I present a method of employing probabilistic population projections to derive individual, deterministic projections that can be used within scenarios for integrated assessments. The principal advantages of this approach are that (1) it provides a less ad hoc way of defining deterministic projections intended to be consistent with more comprehensive scenarios that describe, among other things, future socio-economic developments; (2) it provides more flexibility in specifying input assumptions for deterministic projections as compared to choosing off-the-shelf projections, allowing population assumptions to be tailored to the scenario; and (3) it provides a quantitative assessment of the uncertainty associated with any given deterministic projection. I describe the application of the method to the development of population projections used in integrated scenarios for the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, an international scientific effort to assess the current conditions of and future outlook for global ecosystem goods and services. Results show that the MA scenarios are each consistent with a relatively wide range of demographic outcomes. For some scenarios, ranges of plausible outcomes in some regions overlap substantially, indicating that particular population projections could be consistent with more than one scenario. In other cases, uncertainty ranges for different scenarios are distinct, indicating that a projection consistent with one scenario is unlikely to be also consistent with another. Comparing variances of the conditional projections also provides insight into how much different storylines constrain future demographic developments. The development of the MA projections points to important areas of future research on correlations among demographic rates and on uncertainty across scales. It also serves as an illustration of how probabilistic and alternative scenario-based approaches to uncertainty can be combined within a single integrated analysis.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with corrections to figures 1-3.     

中国人口城镇化战略研究

文章重点分析人口城镇化的中国特色;在对人口城镇化未来发展趋势判断的基础上,提出具体的战略目标、路径和举措。研究表明,人口城镇化将成为我国未来社会发展的基本国情,将对未来繁荣发展的源泉和动力产生重大影响;目前中国人口城镇化面临滞后于工业化、土地城镇化,户籍人口城镇化滞后于常住人口城镇化等问题;"十二五"期间中国人口城镇化发展方向将由单纯速度向速度与质量并重转变,改革进入以推进深度人口城镇化为特征、促进城乡一体化的新阶段;需要把人口城镇化作为深化改革的主导力量,以扩大城镇就业、户籍制度改革为基本导向,大力提高人口城镇化水平和质量,推动城乡公共服务均等化,走出一条中国特色人口城镇化道路。     

Shifting shares of the population and U.S. fertility

American fertility, as measured by the total fertility rate, apparently has been climbing since 1988 and could approach replacement level in 1990. Three possible explanations are explored: incorrect denominators, actual fertility increase, and changing ethnic proportions of the population. Using California data as a surrogate for the nation, it is found that at least part of the gain in fertility is attributable to what is called "shifting shares." Given that minorities have higher fertility than the majority, as these groups increase their share of the population, the nation's fertility can be expected to continue climbing. Any attempt to attain zero population growth must therefore be postponed indefinitely.     

Population change in Meso-America: The Tip of the demographic Iceberg

This paper examines the demographic situation in Mexico and Central America (Meso-America) and looks at the momentum for growth implied by recent population shifts. Despite successes in reducing fertility levels in many Meso-American countries, the dramatic declines in mortality among infants and children have given rise to a "death dearth" that is contributing to a new "baby boom" in these countries; thus our subtitle, "The Tip of the Iceberg."The impacts of such population growth on education, the economy and migration are considered in some detail. The anticipated inability of country economies to provide jobs for the thousands of young adults entering the labor force in future years could result in significant increases in the number seeking to migrate in a northerly direction. Thus, the United States is also vitally interested in the demographic shifts taking place south of its border.The need for a more unified regional approach to some of the social and economic problems facing these nations is pointed out as is the need for a more rational immigration policy on the part of the United States in light of the potential increase in immigration in future years.     

Residential redistribution of socioeconomic strata in metropolitan areas

This paper is a preliminary report on an ecological analysis of recent changes in the spatial distribution of socioeconomic strata within 363 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (or substituted units) in the United States. The central hypothesis guiding the study is that certain population subgroups in and around the larger urban areas are shifting their residential locations in predictable directions. Changes in the distribution of educational classes between the central city (or cities) and their surrounding rings from 1950 to 1960 are traced by using census data. A special feature of the analysis is the inclusion of 163 "lquasi-metropolitan areas" centered on cities that had 25,000-50,000 inhabitants in 1960.The initial results indicate that residential redistribution according to "social class" is occurring in all these metropolitan areas and that the pattern of change varies systematically. Regional differences are pronounced, and, as prior research has suggested, age of the city and population size appear to be important factors. The percent of adults in the high school and college categories in the rings of older and larger metropolitan areas generally increased disproportionately compared to the central cities. A variety of patterns of change, however, occurred among the younger and smaller metropolitan areas.Subsequent analyses will include (a) alternative methods of controlling color and regional location, (b) other measures of the independent and dependent variables used here, and (c) a multivariate approach to the problem of identifying and assessing the explanatory power of additional independent variables (including population growth, the over-all rate of decentralization, annexation history, economic base, and the character of the ring). The extent as well as the direction of change will also be investigated. Finally, the feasibility of quantifying an "evolutionary sequence" in the distribution of social classes will also receive attention.     

More people - more energy: it seems obvious enough,but Carter plan ignores population

In President Carter's National Energy Plan, there are variable factors, including the coal production rate, standards for home insulation and auto mileage, various taxes, but not the population growth rate. The latter factor is considered to be beyond the influence of public policy; it is a constant. This seems irrational to zero population growth proponents, for there are alternatives to continued U.S. population growth, and these alternatives are more readily attainable than some of the elements in Carter's plan. With some national initiatives in population planning, energy use would be considerably less. Thus, the question remains - Why would Carter not deal with the population factor? 1 reason for this is the fact that population planning is a long-term approach; the results are indirect and not reflected immediately in energy comsumption. Yet, a start must be made in the short-term if there are ever to be long-term benefits. Russell Peterson has suggested that Carter could be ignoring the population factor because of "political sensitivity." Carter's people have ignored the population issue, and press coverage following Carter's energy pronouncements has excluded the population factor. In a situation such as this there seems little hope for increased public awareness of the population factor in energy or other public concerns.