近代中国不同城市离婚原因略论

由于中国近代城市发展的不平衡 ,在市民的离婚原因上也有较大差异。上海作为近代中国经济最发达 ,社会最开明的城市 ,在其离婚原因上也可显现出来。 30年代 ,在上海市民 12种离婚原因中 ,双方“意见不合”的比重高达 73 % ,表明男女双方在意识上具有很强的独立性。而同时期在广州、天津、北平、成都等城市的离婚原因中 ,“意见不合”的比重都很低。产生这种差别的主要原因是 ,经济发展水平 ,妇女经济和社会地位的提高 ,文化教育水平的提高等     

东北地区离婚率特征分析及原因思考

改革开放以来,随着社会经济的发展和进步,我国的离婚率也不断上升。离婚率节节攀升,既有着深刻的时代背景和社会背景,也映射出人们价值取向的变化,不能简单地用好与坏来为这种社会现象定性。从1995~2008年全国各地区粗离婚率来看,东北地区的离婚率在全国各地区离婚率排名中始终名列前茅,并且呈逐年上升的变化趋势。东北地区离婚率偏高的原因,除了与全国其他地区相类似的社会、经济等原因外,还与东北地区特有的城市化水平、受教育程度、区域文化、民族构成、人口流动规模等密切相关,是多种因素综合作用的结果,具有一定的客观必然性。     

Divorce in Israel

In view of the high rate of immigration, the Israeli population is of very diverse ethnic origin. Mixed marriages between spouses of different national origins appear to be responsible for the high rate of divorce. These are related to educational and cultural differences. Moreover, there is a relatively “free” attitude to marriage and divorce among some sections of the population.

As it is unlikely that the proportion of mixed marriages will decrease, no reduction in the divorce rate is likely to occur in the near future.     

Divorce as risky behavior

Given that divorce often represents a high-stakes income gamble, we ask how individual levels of risk tolerance affect the decision to divorce. We extend the orthodox divorce model by assuming that individuals are risk averse, that marriage is risky, and that divorce is even riskier. The model predicts that conditional on the expected gains to marriage and divorce, the probability of divorce increases with relative risk tolerance because risk averse individuals require compensation for the additional risk that is inherent in divorce. To implement the model empirically, we use data for first-married women and men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate a probit model of divorce in which a measure of risk tolerance is among the covariates. The estimates reveal that a 1-point increase in risk tolerance raises the predicted probability of divorce by 4.3% for a representative man and by 11.4% for a representative woman. These findings are consistent with the notion that divorce entails a greater income gamble for women than for men.     

Psycho-Social and Economic Adjustment of Mid-Life Women After Divorce:

The purpose of this research was to examine how midlife women adjusted psychologically, socially, and economically after the dissolution of a long-term marriage. Specific attention was given to evaluating the extent of pre-retirement planning before and after the divorce transition and perceptions regarding the later years. The data indicates chat a majority of women established a positive self-identity within five years after divorce. However, few women in the sample have acquired financial planning skills which severely jeopardizes their economic well-being after retirement.     

Divorce law and family formation

Several studies have investigated whether unilateral divorce laws raised divorce rates, with mixed results. This paper asks whether unilateral, and no-fault, divorce laws influenced family formation. Besides their interest to policy makers, such effects may help theorists understand the mechanisms through which laws affect behavior. The results suggest that no-fault laws slightly reduced fertility, and unilateral divorce modestly increased divorce and legitimacy. However, the pattern of effects is not consistent with any of the hypotheses reviewed, and the estimated magnitudes suggest that changes in divorce law were not a major cause of changing family structure.      

流动人口的离婚风险:代际差异与影响因素

大规模的人口流动已成为现阶段中国社会的基本特征。人口流动造成的亲子分离、夫妻分居不利于婚姻稳定和家庭发展。文章基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查江苏省数据,运用Cox比例风险模型分析流动人口离婚风险的代际差异及其影响因素。实证分析表明流动人口的离婚风险呈现双峰结构特征,离婚风险有代际递增趋势。其中1960年前出生队列的流动人口离婚风险相对较低,未出现明显的"倒U型"特征。1961年至1980年出生队列的流动人口离婚风险存在时间滞后性是造成流动人口离婚风险双峰特征的主要原因。1980年以后出生的流动人口离婚模式表现出"闪婚闪离"的特征。在影响流动人口离婚风险的因素方面,婚后夫妻双方共同流动显著地降低了离婚风险。流动距离对流动人口离婚风险有强化作用,证实了家庭对婚姻的约束作用随流动距离增加而降低。子女因素和核心型流动家庭结构对流动人口离婚风险有显著的抑制作用且抑制作用随着代际兴替而增强。为了维持婚姻稳定,年轻一代流动人口更加重视以婚姻为基础的家庭实践和婚姻在维持家庭功能完整性方面的作用。     

Divorce in the family life cycle

"We present the results of [a] study conducted in the years 1986-1988 in three big cities in Poland.... The sample population consisted of persons who divorced in the years 1983-1984....[The focus is on] a detailed evaluation of the sources of divorce and a discussion of the determinants, in relation to the family life cycle. The paper constitutes an attempt at an interdisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of divorce; the approach combines demographic and sociological perspectives."     

Female Employment and Divorce: Taking Into Account a Social Multiplier

A model of interactions of marriage and labor markets, taking into account a feedback process from aggregate divorce rates on individuals' decisions, explains why small changes in men's attitudes towards sharing the breadwinner role with their wives may change female labor force participation rates and divorce rates considerably.     

Fragile Employment,Liquid Love: Employment Instability and Divorce in Israel

The study examines the relationship between the employment stability of first-marriage couples and risk of divorce in Israel. This research question is of particular interest owing to the centrality of the family in Israeli society, rising divorce rates, and increasing employment instability and “deregulation” of the labor market. We capture employment instability through two dimensions: the pattern of employment instability within couples and the continuity of each partner’s employment instability. We utilize this conceptualization to identify the link between employment instability and divorce, focusing on gender and socioeconomic resources. Data were from combined Israeli census files for 1995–2008, annual administrative employment records from the National Insurance Institute and the Tax Authority, and the Civil Registry of Divorce (N = 10,891 couples). Using a series of discrete-time event-history analysis models, findings indicate that husbands’ employment instability, especially when wives have stable employment, increases the risk of divorce; employment stability continuity has opposite gender effects on that risk; and the effect of employment instability on divorce remains significant after taking into account household economic resources. The findings reveal asymmetric gender patterns of the effect of employment instability on divorce, beyond the socioeconomic resources of the household.     

Divorce,homemaker pensions and lifecycle analysis

The paper addresses aspects of life cycle demographic analysis in three ways. First, the paper describes a methodological innovation-essentially a generalization of multi-state life table techniques using a newly developed monte carlo microsimulation model, DEMOGEN. Second, the DEMOGEN model is applied to an analysis of divorce behaviour. This analysis shows, among other things, that higher divorce rates are not necessarily associated with more time spent by children growing up in lone-parent families. Finally, the DEMOGEN model is used to assess the impact of a major public pension reform option - the inclusion of homemakers under the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans. This latter analysis includes estimates of overall costs and distributional impacts by lifetime income and demographic status.This paper is a work about fiction rather than a work of fiction. Any similarity between the events described here and real family life histories is not a pure and sublime coincidence but rather the result of deliberate forethought. (adapted by M.B. Fiering, 1967)     

A Model for Subjective Well-Being in Adolescence: Need Satisfaction and Reasons for Living

Subjective well-being is as important for adolescents as it is in other stages of life. This study thus aims to develop a model for subjective well-being, which is limited to need satisfaction in adolescence and reasons for living, and to test the validity of the model. Participants were a total of 227 individuals, 120 females and 107 males. Data for the study were collected by using the Scale for Basic Need Satisfaction in General, Reasons for Living Inventory, Life Satisfaction Scale and Positive?CNegative Affect Scale. The data were analyzed by using the structural equation model. The results showed that, in the model developed, the effects of need satisfaction and reasons for living on subjective well-being were significant and direct; those of reasons for living were significant and indirect; and the total effects of variables were significant. It was thus concluded that the model presented here can be used to increase adolescents?? subjective well-being. The results are discussed in light of the literature on subjective well-being and within the context of adolescence as a life stage.     

Gender Differences in the Consequences of Divorce: A Study of Multiple Outcomes

In this study, I examined gender differences in the consequences of divorce by tracing annual change in 20 outcome measures covering four domains: economic, housing and domestic, health and well-being, and social. I used data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and fixed-effects panel regression models on a sample of N = 18,030 individuals initially observed in a marital union, N = 1,220 of whom divorced across the observation period (1984–2015). Three main findings emerged from the analysis. First, men were more vulnerable to short-term consequences of divorce for subjective measures of well-being, but postdivorce adaptation alleviated gender differences in these outcomes. Second, a medium-term view on multiple outcomes showed more similarity than differences between women and men. The medium-term consequences of divorce were similar in terms of subjective economic well-being; mental health, physical health, and psychological well-being; residential moves, homeownership, and satisfaction with housework; and chances of repartnering, social integration with friends and relatives, and feelings of loneliness. Third, the key domain in which large and persistent gender differences emerged were women’s disproportionate losses in household income and associated increases in their risk of poverty and single parenting. Taken together, these findings suggest that men’s disproportionate strain of divorce is transient, whereas women’s is chronic.     

客观看待离婚 共筑和谐家庭——对中国离婚状况的分析

本文通过对我国离婚状况的分析,可以看出我国的离婚率自改革开放以来呈现逐年上升的趋势,主要是多元因素综合作用的结果。并指出在改革开放的社会大背景下,今后我国离婚率将继续上扬,离婚现象将更为普遍,这将是一个客观的趋势。因此要求人们客观看待离婚,重视婚姻质量,提高婚姻素质,共筑和谐家庭。     

Reasons for substance use continuation and discontinuation during pregnancy: A qualitative study

Background

Substance use during pregnancy is a major public health concern, stemming from potential physical and psychosocial harms to both the mother and child.

中国的离婚率与社会结构变化分析

从中国的离婚率与社会结构变化的时间序列分析中可以看出 :离婚率随非农产业人口比重的提高而提高 ,并有三年的时滞 ;离婚率也和人口城市化的发展有密切的关系 ,两者的比重一并提高 ,但约有五年的时滞。因这两方面社会结构的变化 ,直接影响妇女就业率提高和妇女职业结构的变化 ,而由此引起的人口迁移流动的大变动 ,也必然影响婚姻家庭观念的变化