Attitude Toward Menopause and Aging: A Study on Postmenopausal Women of West Bengal

We examined the attitude of postmenopausal women toward menopause and aging with respect to sociodemographic variables and postmenopausal years. Four hundred and eighty postmenopausal women representing Bengali-speaking Hindu ethnic group of West Bengal, India were interviewed about their attitude toward menopause and aging. Information on sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics and menopausal symptoms were also collected. The participants were categorized into four groups based on postmenopausal years (Group 1: ≤2; Group 2: >2 to ≤5; Group 3: >5 to ≤8; and Group 4: >8). The attitude did not differ significantly among different groups, but it differed significantly when compared for residential status and per capita monthly household expenditure (pooled groups), for residential and educational status (Groups 3 and 4), and per capita monthly household expenditure (Group 3). Hierarchical linear regression (stepwise) shows per capita monthly expenditure, age at menopause, years after menopause, and menopausal symptoms (irritability and inability to hold urine) significantly predict attitude.     

多子多福？——子女数量对父母健康的影响

常言道“多子多福”,调查的数据是否支持该论断呢？本文利用《城市居民家庭生活调查》数据研究了子女数量对父母健康的影响。为了解决子女数量内生性问题,本文在估计中使用了工具变量的方法进行分析。研究结果显示当不考虑内生性问题时,子女越多的父母亲其健康自评水平越高,但当使用工具变量进行估计时子女数量对父母的健康自评产生了显著的负面影响。本文分析还发现子女数量对男性健康自评的负面影响要大于对女性健康自评的影响。这可能是因为相对于女性而言,子女越多男性抚养子女的压力越大导致的。     

Happiness functions with preference interdependence and heterogeneity: the case of altruism within the family

This study investigates the prevalence and extent of altruism by examining the relationship between parents’ and their adult children’s subjective well-being in a data set extracted from the German Socio-Economic Panel. To segregate the share of parents with altruistic preferences from those who are selfish, we estimate a finite mixture regression model. We control for various sources of potential bias by taking advantage of the data’s panel structure. To validate our modeling approach, we show that predicted altruists indeed make higher average transfer payments.      

Health Profiles and Profile-Specific Health Expectancies of Older Women and Men: The Netherlands

SUMMARY

This study focuses on gender differences in health profiles, and examines which health profiles drive gender differences in remaining life expectancy in women and men aged 65 and over in The Netherlands. Data from the first two cycles of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (n = 2,141 and 1,659, respectively) were used to calculate health profiles for individuals of 65–85 years. For both women and men, six profiles were found: I. cancer; II. “other” chronic diseases; III. cognitive impairment; IV. frailty or multimorbidity; V. cardiovascular diseases; and VI. good health. The further characterization of these types showed some gender differences. Remaining life expectancy for women was greater than for men in each health profile. A decomposition into health expectancies showed that both women and men could expect to live about 5 years in good health from age 66. The greatest gender differences in years spent with health problems were found for profile IV and for profile III. Their greater number of years spent in these health states have direct consequences for the type and cost of care women need.     

Disability Among Older Women and Men in Fiji: Concerns for the Future

SUMMARY

This study examines the composition of elderly population at risk of disability and speculates the impact of disability on the quality of their lives and their longevity. Using census and survey data collected in Fiji, life table estimates of unimpaired life expectancy across time are presented for older people and the potential costs of disability, in terms of productive years of life lost. From a planning perspective, the study discusses medical and support services that may be needed to support older individuals in Fiji. The study also describes policy implications of the findings, focusing on the older women, and considers the implications for older women of other developing countries.     

“留守”对西部农村妇女社会性别观念的影响

本文根据较大规模问卷抽样调查的结果,分析比较西部农村留守妇女与非留守妇女的社会性别观念。结果发现,留守妇女自身能力意识和事业价值观要强于非留守妇女,而非留守妇女在忠贞观、生育观方面要比留守妇女更加传统保守。回归分析结果表明,在对农村妇女自身特征如文化程度、年龄、家庭年收入等变量进行控制之后,留守对农村妇女的社会性别观念仍然有独立影响,这种影响主要表现在留守促进了农村妇女事业能力观、婚育贞节观以及总体社会性别观念从传统到现代的转变。     

我国老年人健康自评的差异性分析——基于2002年和2005年全国老年跟踪调查数据

健康自评能反映健康状态的主观和客观的两个方面,是评价老年人健康状况的一个重要指标.本文旨在回答我国老年人健康自评的变化,从而为改善老年人的健康状况提供参考.采用2002年和2005年两次全国老年调查数据,对不同老年人群体的健康自评的差异性进行分析并进一步探究影响因素.     

Impact of Family Environment on Future Mental Health Professionals' Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men

This study explored the relationship between dimensions of functioning in the family of origin of graduate students in helping profession programs and their attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. One hundred forty-three participants completed the Family Environment Scale (FES-R: Moos & Moos, 1986 Moos, R. H. and Moos, B. S. 1986. Family Environment Scale, 2nd, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.  [Google Scholar]), the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men scale (ATLG: Herek, 1994 Herek, G. M. 1994. “Assessing attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A review of empirical research with the ATLG scale”. In Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications, Edited by: Greene, B. and Herek, G.M. 206–224. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), and demographic questions. Results suggest that three family dimensions (conflict, intellectual-cultural orientation, and moral-religious emphasis) significantly predicted attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. The results also revealed that younger students held more negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men than their older peers. Implications for educators, researchers, and practitioners are discussed.     

简析传统性别观念对人力资本投资性别差异的影响

我国妇女在劳动力市场上的弱势地位主要受人力资本投资的性别差异影响,而这种人力资本投资性别差异的形成可由传统性别观念来解释。目前,传统性别观念仍有较大影响力,通过影响人力资本投资个体、所在家庭及企业的投资决策,引发并维持了人力资本投资的性别差异,在此过程中还表现出一定的自我强化趋势。要改变这种状况,需采取各种适宜对策,大力促进传统性别观念向现代性别观念的转化。     

Impact of intervention on breastfeeding outcomes and determinants based on theory of planned behavior

Background

Breastfeeding knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control are significant determinants of breastfeeding, according to the theory of planned behavior (TPB). However, evidence concerning the effectiveness of the TPB-based intervention in breastfeeding promotion is sparse. Meanwhile, the changes of these determinants with time have not been examined in previous studies.

性别失衡下的人口健康与公共安全:国际视野与历史经验

在经济社会转型之际,中国因出生性别比和女婴死亡水平的持续偏高而即将面临严峻的性别结构失衡问题。大规模的男性过剩人口将对人口健康特别是公共健康与安全造成什么样的风险成为政府成功应对挑战的关注点。在目前尚缺乏直接证据的前提下,基于国际的视野和历史经验,从个体人口健康、公共健康与安全两个层次,对不同时期和文化环境下有关性别失衡与健康风险的研究进行系统的综述,识别出男性过剩的人口环境将引发的健康风险的类型和危害程度,在比较分析的基础上,提出应对中国性别失衡背景下健康风险的政策建议,讨论未来该领域的研究方向。     

家庭迁移决策分析——基于中国农村的证据

本文利用中国健康与营养状况调查数据,以家庭为单位分析了农村劳动力迁移的影响因素。结果表明,有无子女、子女年龄是影响家庭迁移的重要因素。与无子女的家庭相比,有子女家庭中夫妻二人至少一人外出打工的概率会大大降低,且子女年龄越小,影响越大。老人健康因素对一个家庭中夫妻二人是否至少有一人外出打工的影响不大,但家中男性老人健康较差会大大减少已婚子女夫妻共同外出打工的概率。     

中国西部大开发中的妇女发展问题

妇女既是西部大开的受益者,也是实施大开发战略需依靠的重要力量,研究西部大开发战略应考虑妇女的视角,研究妇女在西部大开发中的地位和作用,以及大开发对妇女发展自身的影响,在此基础上来确立西部大开发战略中的妇女发展策略。根据国际妇女与发展的实践经验和我国西部地区妇女发展的现实,本文认为,在制定西部大开发战略的具体行动计划时,必须强化性别意识,充分考虑妇女的特殊需要和妇女的特殊利益,并使之反映在发展计划之中,以体现富民为本的发展原则;要把培养和提高妇女参与西部大开发的能力作为中心任务之一;为妇女提供充分参与西部大开发的机会。     

Impact of Arts-Related Activities on the Perceived Quality of Life

The aim of this investigation was to measure the impact of arts-related activities on the perceived or experienced quality of life. In the fall of 2006 a questionnaire was mailed out to a random selection of 2000 households in each of five British Columbia communities, and 1027 were returned completed. The total and individual community samples should be regarded as merely representative of some British Columbian residents who had some interest in the arts. Sixty-six kinds of arts-related activities were identified in the questionnaire, and five indexes were created to help explain people’s motives for engaging in such activities. Seven different scales were used to measure respondents’ overall assessment of their lives, (1) self-reported general health (5-point scale), (2) satisfaction with life as a whole (7-point scale), (3) satisfaction with the overall quality of life (7-points), (4) happiness with life as a whole (7-points), (5) satisfaction with life as a whole (5-item index), (6) contentment with life (5-item index), (7) subjective wellbeing (4-item index). In the context of all our predictors, based on the relative impact of all the arts-related activities and the satisfaction obtained from those activities on our seven overall life assessment variables, it is fair to say that such activities and their corresponding satisfaction contributed relatively little. While this may seem incredible (especially to arts enthusiasts), it is important to keep in mind the initial condition “in the context of all our predictors” and the qualifier “relatively”. Our inability to discover greater marginal or total impacts of arts-related activities on the perceived quality of life may be the result of our use of the wrong search instruments for the great variety of values involved. It is an open question whether we used the best tools and found as much as there was to find or whether better tools would have found more.     

The Effects of Death Reminders on Sex Differences in Prejudice Toward Gay Men and Lesbians

Terror management research shows that death reminders (mortality salience) increase prejudice toward worldview violators. Two studies investigated whether death reminders exacerbated differences in heterosexual men's and women's reports of sexual prejudice (negative attitudes based on sexual orientation). Results showed that following death reminders, sex differences in anti-gay discrimination and affective prejudice toward gay men (but not toward lesbians) were larger, and that these increased sex differences were mediated by gender role beliefs. The current studies suggest that researchers may attenuate the effects of death reminders by lessening the perceived worldview violation in addition to alleviating the existential terror of death.     

政府支出对医疗服务健康公平影响的比较和启示

医疗服务公平和人民的健康是各国卫生系统向其国家居民提供医疗服务所应实现的两个重要目标。但以英美日为例的发达国家根据世界卫生统计年鉴中的医疗服务公平性排名确有明显差距,因此,高收入和高政府医疗卫生支出与医疗卫生服务公平和健康公平性并没有必然关系。本文通过比较分析美日英国的政府间医疗卫生支出责任划分的结构发现高政府医疗卫生支出比例是提高医疗服务筹资公平性的前提,中央承担社会医疗保险责任是实现医疗服务筹资公平性的保证,政府特别是中央政府出资的长期护理有助于提高国民健康水平,地方政府的参与更有助于提高一国医疗系统机构数量特别是医院的数量。     

从社会性别视角探析农村妇女向非农产业转移

在农村剩余劳动力向非农产业转移过程中,农村妇女处于明显的不利地位,无论是转移规模还是外出务工的工资水平都低于男性。以社会性别理论为基础,从社会性别视角关注农村妇女的就业状况,分析不平等及性别歧视是农村妇女向非农产业转移的重要障碍,建议政府发挥更加积极的作用,提高农村妇女的社会地位、促进男女两性平等,从而促进农村妇女向非农产业的顺利转移。     

中国育龄期女性死因分析

育龄期女性的健康风险远远不只是与生殖和生育相关的风险。将人口统计数据和卫生统计数据相结合分析,发现1990-2000年间,育龄期女性人口死亡概率下降了1/4,主要死因为损伤和中毒、肿瘤、循环系统疾病。但这三种主要死因下降程度慢于其他死因的下降,反映了社会、文化、习俗等因素的改善滞后于经济发展和物质生活条件改善对育龄期女性健康的影响。同时,城乡育龄期女性人口存在不同的死因模式。     

Perceived Sexual Orientation of Men and Women with Eating Disorders and Obesity

ABSTRACT

The present study explores the perceived sexual orientation of hypothetical men and women with various eating disorders and obesity. Undergraduates were randomly provided with one vignette describing a male or female with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge-eating disorder, or obesity and were asked about the target’s likely sexual orientation. Significant differences emerged between male and female targets with AN and BN on the forced-choice question, with a greater percentage of participants indicating that the male targets were probably non-heterosexual. On continuous items, participants rated the female targets as significantly more likely to be heterosexual and significantly less likely to be homosexual than male targets. The general public may be more likely to perceive men with eating disorders as gay or bisexual relative to females with eating disorders. Perceived sexual orientation might be an important factor to consider when exploring the potentially unique perspectives of men with eating disorders.     

Development and Gendered Mobilities: Narratives from the Women of Mardin,Turkey

Abstract

This paper addresses gendered mobilities in Mardin in the context of the implications of transport investments for the female labour market. I seek to illustrate that the relationship between infrastructure provision and gendered mobilities is entangled in a wider context which encompasses politics and cultural geographies. Drawing on theories of mobilities, I argue that a lack of understanding of the complementary and contradictory impacts of local context and physical infrastructure investments may undermine social and cultural conditions within communities, resulting in misguided development policies.