基于情景推演的群体性突发事件演化博弈分析

日益频发的群体性突发事件已严重影响到中国的社会和谐和公共安全。针对群体性突发事件中不同社会群体的利益博弈问题,基于演化博弈理论研究群体性突发事件中强势群体和弱势群体两类异质群体策略选择的演化过程,建立未引入上级政府惩罚机制和引入上级政府惩罚机制两种情景下的群体性突发事件演化博弈模型,对比分析强势群体与弱势群体行为策略的演化稳定均衡,基于数值仿真对模型进行情景推演模拟。研究结果表明,未引入上级政府惩罚机制情景下,当强势群体采取强硬策略的成本与信誉损失成本之和超过其获得收益和对采取抗争策略的弱势群体惩罚成本之和,并且弱势群体通过抗争获得的收益小于其采取抗争策略的成本时,两个异质群体将最终选择合作策略;当强势群体采取强硬策略的收益超过其行动成本、信誉损失和提供补偿成本之和,且弱势群体通过抗争获得收益超过其行动成本、获得补偿和支付惩罚成本之和时,两个异质群体将选择强硬-抗争策略;两群体策略演化速度与策略选择初始比例有直接关系,在初始状态选择策略比例相同情况下,弱势群体均比强势群体更快演化至均衡策略。引入上级政府惩罚机制情景下,当上级政府惩罚力度高于强势群体采取强硬策略获得的收益与其行动成本、信誉损失成本和对弱势群体补偿成本之差值,且同时高于弱势群体采取抗争策略获得收益与其行动成本差值时,两个异质群体都将最终选择合作策略;随着施加的惩罚增大,对弱势群体策略演化的影响不再显著,而对强势群体策略演化的影响却显著增加。研究结论为群体性突发事件情景-应对提供重要决策理论支持。     

群体性突发事件中政府机会主义行为的演化博弈分析

群体性突发事件成为影响当前我国社会稳定和实现现代化平稳过渡的重要因素,但是研究主要是基于实践经验的概述和总结分析上,缺少合适的理论分析工具揭示群体性突发事件的演化规律和发展特征。本文尝试运用演化博弈理论建立了地方政府部门与社会弱势群体之间的演化博弈模型,分析了地方政府部门机会主义行为导致的群体性突发事件呈现扩大化的趋势。研究结果表明:(1)如果社会弱势群体的情绪和行动尚未激化,至多停留在集体上访或集会等体制内平和的诉求手段,机会主义的地方政府将采取高压强硬策略;此时博弈均衡结果是(妥协或平和诉求,强硬);(2)一旦弱势群体中出现少数分子采取了"打砸抢"等暴力抗争的行动,由于机会主义政府转而做出较大让步,从而诱导其他弱势成员相继采取暴力抗争行动,事态反而进一步呈现扩大趋势。因此,群体性突发事件处置过程中,地方政府的机会主义行为不仅延误事件处置的最佳时机,而且直接导致了事态的扩大化。最后结合数值分析和瓮安事件案例,剖析了地方政府部门采取的机会主义应急处置措施,以及本文理论模型的适用范围。     

突发危机事件网络舆情治理的多情景演化博弈分析

互联网时代，网络媒体已经成为谣言传播的重要载体，严重威胁到我国的网络空间安全和社会和谐稳定，因此加强和创新对网络媒体的监管，妥善治理突发危机事件网络舆情是各级政府面临的重大挑战。针对突发危机事件网络舆情治理的研究，本文运用演化博弈理论构建了网络媒体与地方政府双方演化博弈模型，在引入中央政府惩罚机制基础上，对比分析了网络媒体与地方政府双方行为策略选择的演化稳定均衡，同时采取多案例进行实证研究，并通过数值仿真分析对模型进行多情景推演模拟。研究结果表明：突发危机事件网络舆情传播热度与网络媒体和地方政府双方的策略选择有着直接关系；若地方政府承受突发危机事件网络舆情恶性演化造成的经济损失与信誉损失持续增大，双方演化系统都会出现周期性波动现象；引入中央政府惩罚机制后，其惩罚力度若高于网络媒体消极应对网络舆情所受到的惩罚和地方政府的监管投入成本时，最终系统会演化至良性状态，研究结论为政府部门在面对突发危机事件网络舆情治理方面提供了新思路。     

基于改进Deffuant模型的舆情观点演化解析

针对当前大多数关于Deffuant模型的研究未考虑网络当中个体之间的联系强度演化问题以及不同个体对待观点的差异性和观点传播的普遍性,本文解析了个体之间的观点传播和联系强度的演化特点,提出一种基于有权网络的边权演化Deffuant模型。通过对仿真实验结果分析表明,信任程度较高的情况下有利于群体关系稳定和观点趋向一致,缩小观点分散的可能性;同时,政府和专家群体在引导舆论作用中具有明显的不同特征。构建的改进Deffuant模型的观点演化和网络的边权演化符合现实社会网络中的观点和关系演化。     

一棵树引爆的舆情

“自媒体”时代促成了传播到互播的转变。地方政府一再因为“树”而卷入舆论场,考验的不仅仅是地方政府如何有效应对并引导网络舆情。 从舆情关键词看“青岛种树” “种树风波”将青岛推到舆论的风口浪尖,这是继“南京梧桐移植事件”、“合肥芜湖路梧桐移植事件”后,地方政府再一次因为“树”而卷入舆论场。     

浅析高校危机事件中大学生群体的网络舆论引导

在网络媒体高度发达的今天,高校危机事件的发生、发展往往与网络舆论的形成和变化息息相关。高校危机事件中的网络舆论相较于传统舆论具有自身鲜明的特点。因此,准确认识和把握大学生网络舆论生成及传播的特点,有效加强对大学生群体的网络舆论引导,是高校危机事件应对中非常重要的环节。     

网络舆论危机事件的蔓延扩散效应研究

随着Web2.0时代的到来,网络媒体已成为公共危机及其风险传播的主要途径,舆论危机的形成和演化也成为日益突出的社会风险问题。其中,网络舆论的蔓延过程及其机理的研究是舆论危机研究的重点,并逐渐受到学者的关注和社会的重视。本文以舆论危机的蔓延机理为研究对象,通过收集和梳理近年来发生的20起网络舆论危机事件,对舆论蔓延的基本内涵、表现形式和驱动因素等进行系统总结。随后,以蔓延驱动因素的研究为指导,考虑蔓延的"内部影响因子"和"外部影响因子"等,构建舆论蔓延扩散的一般性模型,并对模型的极值点和拐点等进行剖析。最后,本文以"7·23甬温动车事故"为例,对其网络舆论的蔓延扩散模型进行拟合、回归和分析。     

风险集聚类邻避冲突事件随机演化情景分析

随着中国现代城市管理社区制的推行，由公共设施引发的社区冲突逐步凸显，其中，风险集聚类邻避设施成为引发社区冲突的主要诱因。邻避冲突事件演化过程的复杂性和随机扰动要求现有研究不应局限于确定环境下事件的分析，而应在更加真实的不确定环境下对冲突本身展开探讨。鉴于此，本文以演化博弈论为理论基础，引入高斯白噪声随机干扰项，构建风险集聚类邻避冲突事件中营建企业与周边民众两类群体的随机演化博弈模型，对比分析在无政府监管与政府监管情景下群体策略选择行为的随机演化过程，并利用Matlab进行数值仿真。研究发现：（1）无政府监管情景下，当营建企业采取强硬策略收益小于成本，且周边民众采取抗争策略成本大于收益时，（合作，妥协）是其演化均衡策略组合；营建企业与周边民众策略选择演化速度与初始策略选择概率密切相关。（2）政府监管情景下，当政府监管力度大于营建企业采取强硬策略收益与采取合作策略收益之差，且政府监管力度大于周边民众采取抗争策略收益与采取妥协策略收益之差时，（合作，妥协）是其唯一策略演化均衡点；政府监管力度对营建企业策略选择有显着影响，而对周边民众策略选择无显着影响。（3）随机因素对风险集聚类邻避冲突中营建企业与周边民众策略选择行为产生干扰，但随机模型演化趋势与确定性模型相一致。研究结果表明，政府完善监管机制，赋予公民参与权利，企业建立"柔性"冲突协调机制，民众合法表达利益诉求，推动风险集聚类邻避冲突治理框架的构建。     

突发公共卫生事件协同防控策略的随机演化决策分析

频繁发生的突发公共卫生事件给国家和人民的生命财产带来了严峻挑战,加强对突发公共卫生事件的协同防控成为社会治理中的重要议题。针对突发公共卫生事件中地方政府和社会公众策略互动与行为演化过程中的高度不确定性问题,构建突发公共卫生事件协同防控随机演化博弈模型,分析地方政府和社会公众的演化稳定策略和演化过程。研究发现,地方政府比社会公众演化至稳定策略的速度更快;随机干扰因素会减缓地方政府和社会公众演化至稳定策略的速度;当疫情扩散概率逐渐升高时,对地方政府策略改变的影响较大,其次为社会公众;随着对地方政府和社会公众惩罚系数逐渐加大,地方政府和社会公众更倾向于选择（积极防控,自愿隔离）策略,并且地方政府对惩罚的反应更为强烈。文章所构建的突发公共卫生事件协同防控随机演化决策模型为突发公共卫生事件的科学预防提供理论参考和现实依据。     

基于心智模型的恐怖主义袭击扩展式演化博弈分析

政府反恐措施与恐怖分子袭击手段存在着相互观察、适应性演化的过程。本文首先构建了政府作为先行动者、恐怖分子作为后行动者的斯塔克伯格博弈模型,进一步建立了恐怖袭击问题的扩展式演化博弈模型。由于扩展式演化博弈的均衡分析需要考虑代际内和代际间不同层次的信念学习,造成了演化分析的复杂性。本文将"心智模型"概念引入到演化博弈,采取了心智模型演化解的分析方法,得出了简化后的演化均衡解。最后,结合新疆墨玉县6.28暴恐事件进行算例分析,比较怀特流形演化解和心智模型演化解的差异。心智模型演化解的结果表明,根据恐怖分子群体中选择袭击比例是否高于临界值,政府策略收敛到防御或者不防御。该求解方法通过将普遍接受的社会规范引入到演化过程分析,不仅简化了怀特流形的分析过程,而且均衡解展示了更为丰富的、更为切合实际管理问题的演化特征。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.