土地利用总体规划中的人口数量问题研究

在编制土地利用总体规划时．作为基础数据的人口数据与土地利用数据同等重要。文章研究了在土地利用总体规划中存在的总人口数量的高估与重估、常住人口的城乡比例与人口当量系数混乱等问题,并提出了相应对策建议。     

关于构建社会主义和谐社会与人口政策拓展的战略思考

随着社会、经济的不断发展和变迁,人口政策也应随着人口安全形势的变化、社会结构的转型和社会政策的调整而拓展。在构建社会主义和谐社会的进程中,拓展我国的人口政策,深化人口和计划生育改革具有重要意义。要以促进人的全面发展为出发点和立足点,制定符合我国国情的人口政策。     

中国西北地区人口增长对土地退化的驱动作用分析

文章通过定性定量分析西北地区人口增长与粮食生产系统和土地压力响应之间的相关关系,发现人口的增长主要与耕地面积的扩展有较强相关性,与单位粮食亩产增加等变量指标的关系较弱。进一步分析发现,即便是在人口增长与耕地扩大的关系中,实际的耕地增长和粮食需求也远远大于实际人口增长的需求,由此可以看到在西北地区粮食生产和耕地面积扩大的过程中,人口增长并不如人们一般认为的那样大,人口增长对土地退化只能承担一部分责任,不构成最重要的原因。     

农村劳动力转移与土地保障权转让及土地的有效利用

中国家庭承包责任制尽管有效地解决了农村贫困问题,但由于未能很好地解决土地流转问题而阻碍了农村劳动力的顺畅转移.中国农村劳动力的转移既受到城市户籍制度的迁移阻隔,又受到农村土地制度的退出束缚.因此,文章认为,在改革城市户籍制度为农村劳动力打开迁移之门时,还需通过土地保障权的转让来消除迁移者的退出之虑,实现劳动力的永久转移,并在此基础上相应提高土地的利用效率.     

Land Use and Marriage Timing in Nepal

I examine the relationship between patterns of land use and marriage timing in the Chitwan Valley, a rural area in south-central Nepal. In this setting, I conceptualize a relevant dimension of land use as the portion of land in each neighborhood devoted to agriculture. Using discrete-time event history models, I examine the relationship between the proportion of land devoted to agriculture and the rate of marriage among 811 never-married individuals aged 15–20 years. Agricultural land has a positive association with marriage rates. As potential intervening mechanisms between agricultural land and marriage rates, I propose nonfamily organizations, school and work activities, and local marriage markets. A portion of the relationship between land and marriage rates appears to be mediated through the accessibility of nonfamily employers. Respondents’ actual employment activities, however, fail to mediate the effects of agricultural land or nonfamily employers. The precise mechanisms linking land use to marriage remain unclear.     

农业人口流动与农村土地流转

农村土地制度在我国农村经济制度体系中起着基本的作用,而农业人口的流动是我国实现城乡一体化过程中的必然现象,这两者之间存在着很强的互动关系。因此,在我国城乡经济发展过程中,一方面农村土地制度变迁推动和影响农业人口的流动,另一方面农业人口的流动也迫切要求我国的农村土地制度进行相应的变革。     

Livelihood Assets and Vulnerability Context of Marine Park Community Development in Malaysia

This study assesses the community’s standard of living using the well-known Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) as an analytical framework within the Marine Park Areas (MPAs) in Peninsular Malaysia. We focus on livelihood sustainability and environmental issues challenging MPAs. In order to protect and conserve vulnerable marine life, our efforts assess the residents’ wellbeing and identify major environmental issues associated with MPAs. The major findings of this study indicate that social and physical assets of the societies within the Marine Park Island improved with economic development, but they continue to lack in human capital, and financial and environmental assets. It is expected that this study would assist policy makers to formulate enhanced policies for conserving marine diversity as well as to improve the socio-economic status of the communities that reside therein.     

The Impact of Cultural Events on Community Reputation and Pride in Maribor,The European Capital of Culture 2012

Social Indicators Research - This paper examines the cultural and social impacts of the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) on the case of the Slovenian city Maribor, the cultural capital of Europe...     

The Impact of Neighboring on Changes in Sense of Community Over Time: A Latent Transition Analysis

Sense of community (SOC) is associated with the quality of community life and the building of social capital. While its linkage to informal social behavior, such as neighboring, is inherent in discussions regarding theory, empirical evidence remains scarce. Moreover, the degree to which neighboring behavior influences SOC over time is largely unknown. Using a latent transition analysis, the effect of neighboring on SOC was investigated over a 5-year span from 2006 to 2011 among a sample of adults (n?=?165) in Arizona. Initially, a latent class analysis identified two SOC subgroups: Low SOC and High SOC. The likelihood of shifts in SOC class membership over 5 years was generally stable, with most individuals staying in the same group (82.3% Low SOC; 92.4% High SOC). Neighboring behavior and socio-demographic covariates impacted the likelihood that individuals changed classes, with 25.3% of Low SOC individuals transitioning to High SOC in 2011 and 55.4% of High SOC individuals moving to Low SOC in 2011. Specifically, having an income greater than $60,000 and visiting with neighbors lessened the likelihood of being in the Low SOC class in 2006; and length of residence and exchanging favors with neighbors lessened the likelihood of being in the Low SOC class in 2011. These findings have implications for both community design and community development practice. Design and development interventions that promote greater social interaction may help build and sustain SOC over time.

     

The Community Well-Being Questionnaire: Theoretical Context and Initial Assessment of Its Reliability and Validity

The article presents the theoretical contextand the elements that underlie the developmentof the community well-being questionnaire. Italso discusses the reliability and validity ofthe questionnaire's scales by presentingresults from two studies carried out in urbanareas in the U.K., Ireland and Greece. Thescales assess satisfaction with the builtenvironment, environmental quality and services and facilities. They also measure personal safety, informal interaction,community spirit, income sufficiency, decisionmaking process and place attachment. Analysesshowed that they have high internal and goodtest-retest reliability. They also performwell, when subjected to factorial validity andconstruct validity assessments.     

台湾地区人口老龄化对经济社会的影响研究

人口老龄化是21世纪的共同发展趋势,世界各国都将面对这一问题。台湾地区自1993年步入"老龄化社会"之后,老龄人口的比例就呈现出快速增长趋势,平均年度涨幅达22%。按目前的老化速度估计,台湾地区老龄人口比例翻一番只需32年,远远超过法国的115年。这一数据表明台湾地区人口老化速度惊人,将对经济社会带来巨大的冲击与前所未有的挑战。因此,本研究将视角锁定于人口老化对经济社会各个层面的影响,并提出对策建议。     

顺应老龄社会的时代要求建构孝道文化新理论

人类历史已经进入老龄社会的新时代。如何建设一个“不分年龄 ,人人共享”的老龄社会 ,弘扬中国东方传统孝道文化的理念是国际社会公认的希望所在。孝道文化在中国已经有三千多年的历史 ,已经积淀成为中华民族世世代代承传不息的文化血脉。孔子曰 :“夫孝 ,德之本也。”孙中山先生说 :“讲伦理道德 ,国家才能长治久安。孝是无所不适的道德 ,不能没有孝。”毛泽东同志说 :“从孔夫子到孙中山 ,我们应当给以总结 ,承继这一份珍贵的遗产。”孝道文化是中国传统文化的基础 ,炉铸古今 ,博大精深 ,在东西方文化的历史演讲过程中有无与伦比的作用。…     

African-American Lesbian Identity Management and Identity Development in the Context of Family and Community

Don't Ask, Don't Tell is gaining attention in family studies literature as a cultural specific context to understand lesbian, gay, and bisexual visibility in African-American families and communities. This policy suggests that sexual minorities are accepted within African-American families and communities as long as they do not label themselves or acknowledge publicly that they engage in same-sex relationships. The narratives of two African-American lesbians (aged 26 and 27 years) are chronicled in the present study to reveal their lesbian identity development, lesbian identity management, and how they defined and navigated Don't Ask, Don't Tell. They encountered challenges and successes in a quest to find communities that would embrace and affirm their multiple marginalized identities. Their stories are offered as a point of entry to further inquiry concerning African-American lesbian visibility and identity proclamation within African-American families and communities.     

Subjective Well-Being and Social Capital in Belgian Communities. The Impact of Community Characteristics on Subjective Well-Being Indicators in Belgium

In this article, we investigate the effect of individual and community level characteristics on subjective well-being in Belgium. Various indicators for subjective well-being are being used in a multilevel analysis of the 2009 SCIF survey (n = 2,080) and the 2006 Belgian ESS sample (n = 1,798). On the individual level, most hypotheses on the determinants of subjective well-being were confirmed. Living with a partner and age were shown to have strong effects, but also social capital indicators had a significant positive effect on subjective well-being. All these effects remained significant controlling for optimism. On the community level, especially unemployment rate had a negative impact on subjective well-being. The analysis further demonstrates that in homogeneous regions, community characteristics have a far weaker impact on subjective well-being indicators than in economically more heterogeneous regions.     

The Impact of the Use of Energy Sources on the Quality of Life of Poor Communities

Over the last few decades, the energy literature has been dominated by a theory of transition. The theory of transition is based on the notion that households gradually ascend an ‘energy ladder’, which begins with traditional biomass fuels (firewood and charcoal), moves through modern commercial fuels (kerosene and liquid petroleum gas (LPG)) and culminates with the advent of electricity. The ascent of the ‘energy body’, though not fully understood, is thought to be associated with rising income and increasing levels of urbanisation. Empirical evidence on energy and poverty issues has been to suggest that reality is rather more complex than the simple transitional theory would appear to suggest. To choose an appropriate set of indicators to measure the impact of electrification, this paper takes three basic different perspectives on human welfare, namely, basic needs, monetary, and non-monetary into consideration. According to the basic needs approach, welfare relates to people’s ability to satisfy their basic material needs. In the monetary approach it is a generally accepted view that the purchasing power of the household provides the best overall indicator of welfare. According to the non-monetary approach there has been a trend towards complementing economic measures of deprivation with non-monetary measures to obtain a multidimensional view of human well being, particularly by tracking health and education indicators. In the rest of the paper the two primary research projects conducted in two provinces in South Africa, namely KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo, will be discussed. The one research project is still in process. However, the methodology will be discussed. In this project a comparison will be made of households’ experiences in villages with and without electricity to see if and to what extent electrification contributed to the welfare of the communities. In the second project households were interviewed about their experiences in the use of paraffin as source of energy.     

Developing a Measure of Community Well-Being Based on Perceptions of Impact in Various Life Domains

A new measure of community well-being is developed based on the notion that community residents perceive the quality-of-life (QOL) impact of community services and conditions in various life domains (e.g., family, social, leisure, health, financial, cultural, consumer, work, spiritual, and environmental domains). These perceptions influence residents’ overall perception of community well-being, their commitment to the community, and their overall life satisfaction. Survey data were collected in the Flint area (Michigan, USA) in four waves (1978, 1990, 2001, and 2006). The data supported the nomological validity of the measure.     

Farm Household Lifecycles and Land Use in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This paper describes trends in population, household formation, fragmentation of landholdings, and changes in land use between 1990 and 1999 in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA)—one of the areas of highest biodiversity in the world. It also shows how changes in land use are associated with the duration (or age) of the farm settlement, which is also linked to the stage in the farm household lifecycle and household composition. The study is based upon data from two detailed household surveys, which result in a cohort of 246 farm households interviewed in 1990 and 1999 as well as 383 new farm households constituted after 1990. Distinct patterns of land use are linked with duration of settlement, independent of when settlement occurred in the region.     

Correction to: The Impact of Agricultural Technologies on Poverty and Vulnerability of Smallholders in Ethiopia: A Panel Data Analysis

Social Indicators Research - The article The Impact of Agricultural Technologies on Poverty and Vulnerability of Smallholders in Ethiopia: A Panel Data Analysis, written by Wubneshe Dessalegn Biru,...     

The Use of Social Surveys to Measure Drought and the Impact of Drought

Although the term drought is widely used, defining it is conceptually and technically difficult and there is no generally accepted definition. This article uses data from an Australian social survey of people living in agricultural areas to test the validity of using general social surveys to ask respondents whether they are living in an area that is drought affected. Strong evidence is found that the survey based self-report measure of drought is both internally consistent and correlated with the standard Australian meteorological (rainfall deficit) measures of drought and thus provides a valid measure of whether individuals are experiencing the drought. The relationship between self-report drought and the standard meteorological measure of drought and financial hardship and changes in financial position is estimated. While a negative association between drought and financial position is found for both measures, the relationship is stronger for the self-report than the meteorological definition. The self-report measure is more closely linked to the economic, social and community impacts of low rainfall and provides greater flexibility in the geographic area over which drought is measured—thus survey data about drought allows respondents to define the area in way which is meteorologically, topographically or agriculturally meaningful.     

全面建设小康社会中的人口问题(下)

全面建设小康社会,必须充分考虑伤口因素,考虑未来人口的变动发展趋势及存在的主要问题。未来20年面临的主要人口问题可概括为八个方面:控制人口数量增长,稳定低生育水平;制定科学的就业战略,妥善解决就业问题;加快人口城市化进程;建立一个既能满足老年人口需要,又同全面建设小康社会能力相适应的养老保障体系;谋求人口性别平衡;提高人口质量,科教兴国;增加西部人力资本积累;实现人口、资源、环境、经济和社会的可持续发展。