大地震与社会福利政策建议

日本东北关东地区3.11大地震导致的灾难救援问题引发了日本学者对社会福利的关注。文章在考察大地震后灾区受灾者的心情、想法的基础上,从中国中央政府的应对措施、对口支援、临时住房、援助的差距、政府工作与志愿行动等方面梳理了中国四川地震救援的经验,指出日本社会结构正面临着三种危机的考验。第一,超老龄社会与少子化、人口减少社会的人口构造危机;第二,通货紧缩、经济萧条、日元升值、股票下跌等经济危机;第三,大地震、海啸、核电站事故带来的环境能量危机。日本可以参考和借鉴中国的经验开展大地震后的恢复、重建工作。受灾者的生活重建是重建的首要任务。在中央政府、地方自治体常设危机管理组织;明确灾害应对的程序;制定社会政策的基本目标;强化受灾者援助的政策手段;完善医疗、福利、护理服务;发展区域产业和开创就业;提供住房保障;着手能够对抗灾害的坚固的地域社会与街区建设。     

Hurricane Katrina: African American Children's Perceptions of Race, Class, and Government Involvement Amid a National Crisis

The devastation associated with Hurricane Katrina raised several issues related to race, class, and the government in the United States. We examined African American children's (a) knowledge of demographic characteristics of the victims, (b) beliefs about the role of race and class biases in the delayed relief efforts, and (c) views of the role and effectiveness of the government in response to the disaster. Overall, results indicated that older African American children were less likely to attribute the delayed relief to individual culpability, and slightly more likely to attribute it to racial discrimination, than were younger African American children. All youth believed in a strong, but nuanced, role of the government, but younger children were more likely to rate it as effective. Among those children who had discussed the disaster with a parent, children's attributions for the delayed relief were associated with their political views.     

唐代灾害奏报与监察制度略论

中国的灾害奏报与监察在经历了秦汉魏晋的发展之后,在唐代已经基本成熟,灾情的申报,官员的检覆、监察都已形成了固定的程序,在救灾中得到了执行,并收到一定的效果。但唐代的报灾制度中一直存在着救灾与中央财政控制之间的矛盾,唐政府一直在为提高受灾地方政府应对灾害的主动性和效率而努力。唐代的报灾与灾情监察制度为宋元明清救灾制度的进一步完善奠定了基础。     

Rules rather than discretion: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina

This paper explores options for programs to be put in place prior to a disaster to avoid large and often poorly-managed expenditures following a catastrophe and to provide appropriate protection against the risk of those large losses which do occur. The lack of interest in insurance protection and mitigation by property owners and by public sector agencies prior to a disaster often creates major problems following a catastrophic event for victims and the government. Property owners who suffer severe damage may not have the financial resources easily at hand to rebuild their property and hence will demand relief. The government is then likely to respond with costly but poorly targeted disaster assistance. To avoid these large and often uneven ex post expenditures, we consider the option of mandatory comprehensive private disaster insurance with risk-based rates. It may be more efficient to have an ex ante public program to ensure coverage of catastrophic losses and to subsidize low income residents who cannot afford coverage rather than the current largely ex post public disaster relief program.     

自然灾害与政治信任：基于汶川大地震的自然实验设计

在当代中国,自然灾害如何在短期内影响公众的政治信任,其作用机制如何？本文使用在汶川大地震发生前后收集的调查数据,试图通过自然实验设计来回答上述问题。本研究发现：在时间维度上,外生的自然灾害会在短时间内提升公众的政治信任;在结构上,地震对公众政治信任的边际增长效应呈现差序性特征,即对区县政府政治信任的正向作用最强,而对中央政府政治信任的强化作用最弱。在此过程中,国家主导的媒体宣传起到了关键的中介作用,即公众接收官方媒体信息的频率越高,其政治信任在短时间内提升的幅度越大。研究表明,灾后短期内的政府动员与鼓舞性的媒体议程设置是提升公众政治信任的重要影响因素,但从长远来看,切实加强政府的长效治理能力建设始终是巩固政治合法性的关键。     

Insurance demand and social comparison: An experimental analysis

This paper analyzes whether social comparison can explain the low take-up of disaster insurance usually reported in field studies. We argue that risks in the case of disasters are highly correlated between subjects whereas risks for which high insurance take-up can be observed (e.g. extended warranties or cell phone insurance) are typically idiosyncratic. We set up a simple model with social reference points and show that in the presence of inequality aversion social comparison makes insurance indeed less attractive if risks are correlated. In addition we conducted a simple experiment which confirms these theoretical results. The average willingness to pay for insurance is significantly higher for idiosyncratic than for correlated risks.     

灾害危机管理中的社会工作研究——以中国自然灾害危机管理为例

灾害是人类社会发展面临的最大威胁。自然灾害是灾害中最常见并且对人类生存和发展造成极大破坏的灾害形式,中国四川汶川恃大地震的发生反映了灾害危机管理的重要性。作为自然灾害频发的发展中国家,加强灾害危机管理应当成为政府工作的重要任务。灾害社会工作以其专业特质,有助于提高综合减灾能力和风险管理水平,能够在预防灾害、处置危机与灾后重建中发挥积极作用,成为在灾害危机管理中的重要角色。文章立足灾害危机管理预防——救援——重建的工作机制,结合社会工作介入四川地震灾后重建的经验,探析灾害社会工作的研究视阈以及介入灾害危机管理的作用、基本路径和方法,赋予灾害社会工作以学科意义,努力推进灾害社会工作研究,提高灾害危机管理的质量。     

救灾外交的特点和功能探析

进入新世纪后,救灾外交因地震、海啸、飓风等一系列灾害的爆发而活跃于国际舞台。作为非传统外交的一种新型外交方式,救灾外交不仅促进了国际救灾合作和人道主义救援活动的开展,而且可以重塑国家形象、改善国家间关系,达到传统外交无法达到的目标。救灾外交既有别于传统外交,也具有公共外交的特点,在大外交理论框架下发挥着自身独特的功能。     

气象灾害的人类学研究途径——兼论应对气候变化视角下生态文明建设的文化内涵

气象灾害的人类学研究途径是灾害人类学研究的一个重要方法,是在气象灾害的“组织一制度”研究途径和“政治一社会”研究途径基础上发展起来的以文化回应为主线的新型气象灾害研究途径。结合我国气象灾害的实际,可以将气象灾害的人类学研究内容归纳为三个方面：气象灾害类型学的文化诠释,气象灾害应急、救灾中的文化应对和适应,气象灾害恢复、重建过程中的文化恢复、变迁和构建。气象灾害的人类学研究应综合运用追踪调查、田野调查和灾害民族志等方法。在应对气候变化视角下进行生态文明建设,要在应对气候变化的背景下审视生态文明,在解决气候危机的基础上引入生态文明,在人类文化回应的主线上建设生态文明,在理论与实践的互动中发展生态文明。     

我国气象防灾减灾能力建设与实践

在全球气候变化背景下,我国气象灾害及其影响已产生新的特点。近年来,包括气象灾害监测、预报预警、预警信息发布、风险管理、减灾手段和科技支撑等方面在内的气象防灾减灾综合能力建设逐步加强,“政府主导、部门联动、社会参与”的气象防灾减灾机制日渐完善。未来,面对气象防灾减灾的新挑战,我国应更加注重防御极端天气气候事件,化解经济社会发展的气候风险,完善气象防灾减灾体系,增强全民防灾减灾的知识水平。     

The government, the market, and the problem of catastrophic loss

This article addresses the comparative advantage of the government to the private property/casualty insurance industry for the provision of insurance coverage for catastrophic losses. That the government can play an important role as an insurer of societal losses has been a central public policy principle since at least the New Deal. In addition, our government typically automatically provides forms of specific relief following unusually severe or unexpected disasters, which itself can be viewed as a form of ex post insurance. This article argues that, for systemic reasons, the government is much less effective than the private property/casualty insurance market in providing coverage of losses generally, but especially of losses in contexts of catastrophes.     

Consequences and Costs of Closing a Publicly Funded Methadone Maintenance Clinic

Objective. We examine volunteering to support the relief effort after the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building. We address two issues: (1) how widespread was volunteering and what forms did it take, and (2) does Wilson and Musick’s (1997a) “integrated theory of volunteer work” help to explain variation in volunteering in this disaster situation? Methods. We use data from the 1996 Oklahoma City Survey (OKC Survey). The 1996 OKC Survey is based on a random sample of the adult population of Oklahoma City and was administered 10 months after the bombing. Results. Nearly 75 percent of the sample respondents volunteered to support the relief effort in at least one way; giving money and donating nonprofessional goods or services were the two most prevalent volunteer activities. Socioeconomic status, knowing someone killed or injured in the bombing, belonging to voluntary organizations before the bombing, and being affiliated with a religious denomination were predictors of volunteering, depending on the type of volunteer activity considered. Conclusions. The magnitude of volunteering after the Murrah Building bombing was in line with volunteer efforts after other disasters. The integrated theory of volunteer work is a useful framework for studying volunteering after disasters.     

系统视角下的灾害社会工作

重大灾害给受灾者的生理、心理和社会各层面带来深重的影响，以助人为天职的社会工作者如何发挥专业作用以帮助受灾案主走出灾害困境？本文以此为构思的出发点，通过对灾害救助特点以及社会工作在其中角色定位的思考，引发出从系统视角开展灾害社会工作的设想，尝试建构系统视角下灾害社会工作的实践框架。     

系统视角下的灾害社会工作

重大灾害给受灾者的生理、心理和社会各层面带来深重的影响,以助人为天职的社会工作者如何发挥专业作用以帮助受灾案主走出灾害困境?本文以此为构思的出发点,通过对灾害救助特点以及社会工作在其中角色定位的思考,引发出从系统视角开展灾害社会工作的设想,尝试建构系统视角下灾害社会工作的实践框架。     

Disaster Preparedness among Older Adults: Social Support,Community Participation,and Demographic Characteristics

This study examined factors associated with disaster preparedness among older adults, with special attention paid to demographic characteristics, social support, and community participation. From a larger study about disaster preparedness of persons with disabilities, a total of 719 adults aged 55 years and older were used for this study. The results of the logistic regressions indicate that individuals who have higher levels of social support and more connections to community organizations are more likely to be prepared for disaster-related emergency situations. In another model, using resource preparedness as the dependent variable, an interaction effect between social support and income was found. Overall, higher income and higher informal support are related to a higher level of resources for disaster preparedness. However, the relationship between income and disaster preparedness is much stronger for those sub-groups receiving more informal support. The findings of this study expand knowledge regarding issues of disaster preparedness among older adults and demonstrates the importance of social resources and networks. This study suggests an intervention model for decision-makers and community leaders in terms of providing information and advice to members of their communities about how to adequately prepare for natural disasters.     

资源动员与网络中的民间救助

中国社会保障体制的不健全和官方救助覆盖面较低的现状，决定了每天发生在普通民众身上的突发性灾难不易受到官方和社会的救助。网络的出现和普及，使人们开始利用网络作为呼吁援助和组织救援的工具。本文借助西方资源动员理论，通过剖析一个网络救援案例，揭示了网络动员的结构和模式以及与传统救助动员相比的优势和缺陷。     

The Heartland Responds to Terror: Volunteering After the Bombing of the Murrah Federal Building

Objective. We examine volunteering to support the relief effort after the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building. We address two issues: (1) how widespread was volunteering and what forms did it take, and (2) does Wilson and Musick’s (1997a) “integrated theory of volunteer work” help to explain variation in volunteering in this disaster situation? Methods. We use data from the 1996 Oklahoma City Survey (OKC Survey). The 1996 OKC Survey is based on a random sample of the adult population of Oklahoma City and was administered 10 months after the bombing. Results. Nearly 75 percent of the sample respondents volunteered to support the relief effort in at least one way; giving money and donating nonprofessional goods or services were the two most prevalent volunteer activities. Socioeconomic status, knowing someone killed or injured in the bombing, belonging to voluntary organizations before the bombing, and being affiliated with a religious denomination were predictors of volunteering, depending on the type of volunteer activity considered. Conclusions. The magnitude of volunteering after the Murrah Building bombing was in line with volunteer efforts after other disasters. The integrated theory of volunteer work is a useful framework for studying volunteering after disasters.     

Explaining the perceived justice of disaster relief policy: An empirical study based on the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China

The Chinese government issued generous relief policies after the Wenchuan Earthquake. However, according to my survey, 20.32 per cent (n = 1,949) of the earthquake victim‐survivors felt that they were treated unfairly in receiving government assistance after the earthquake. In the present study, a perceived justice framework was established to explain the victim‐survivors’ perception of justice of the disaster relief policy in China and several hypotheses were developed. The hypotheses were tested empirically using household survey data of the Wenchuan Earthquake. The empirical study found that perceived justice, which is composed of three dimensions (distributive justice, interpersonal justice and informational justice), could directly assess the effect of the disaster relief policy. The results of the empirical study also demonstrated that the most important principle of the disaster relief policy was ‘need distribution’, which was also the most important factor of perceived justice. The study concluded that it is imperative to improve victim‐survivors’ feeling of fairness, policy information delivery and their expectations management when implementing a disaster relief policy.     

Preparing Social Work Students for Working with Disaster Survivors

This paper is an overview of disaster social work and preparing social work students for working with disaster survivors. Disaster has common immediate, and medium‐ and long‐term problems and needs. Experiences from various countries throughout the world suggest a range of helping roles and tasks that social work is suited for. A social work professional has particular expertise in understanding and addressing the immediate, and medium‐ and longer term effects of loss on individuals, families, and communities affected by a disaster. In preparing social work students for working with disaster survivors, social work programs do not introduce enough subject matter or course work about disasters. Practice training, field work, collaboration work, and community service in disaster relief are important academic environments for social work students when learning and practising in disaster settings.     

Making Sense of New Orleans Flood Trauma Recovery: Ethics, Research Design, and Policy Considerations for Future Disasters

This article details the justification and plans of a research team for studying and helping evacuees of Hurricane Katrina from New Orleans to recover by encouraging experimental participants to disclose information about their related experiences in guided interview sessions. Team members' consideration and practice of ethical principles as researchers dealing with the potentially traumatized victims of a disaster are portrayed. Finally, related recommendations for researchers and policy makers are offered.