员工社会化、组织认同与组织公民行为——基于中国科技制造企业的实证研究

组织社会化的策略、内容及其对员工态度和行为影响的研究已经比较丰富,但在结果变量上对组织公民行为的分析和实证研究都很不足。本文选取了组织社会化中的历史、语言、价值观和目标社会化三项内容,考察它们对组织公民行为的影响及其机制,尤其是组织认同在其中的中介作用。层级回归、结构方程建模分析的结果表明,历史、语言、价值观和目标社会化正向影响组织公民行为,组织认同在语言、价值观和目标社会化与组织公民行为的关系中起完全中介作用,在历史社会化与组织公民行为的关系中起部分中介作用。     

Personality Development and Organizational Behavior

This chapter provides an overview of a new theoretical framework that serves to integrate personality psychology and other fields, such as organizational behavior. The first section describes a structural model of personality that incorporates traits, motives, abilities, and narratives, with social roles. The second section describes basic patterns of continuity and change in personality and how this might be relevant to organizational behavior. The third section describes the ASTMA model of person–organization transaction (attraction, selection, transformation, manipulation, and attrition), which describes the primary transactions between personality and organizational experiences across the life course. The goal for the chapter is to build a bridge between modern personality psychology and organizational behavior, such that the two fields can better inform one another.     

组织行为研究的新领域:积极行为研究述评及展望

新的竞争时代呼唤新的员工行为。在对传统行为研究与管理实践进行评论的基础上,介绍了组织行为学研究的新领域——积极行为,从概念发展、分类问题、测量工具、理论基础、前因及后果研究等方面做了述评,对文献中存在的问题进行了分析,并结合中国传统文化特征提出了若干研究建议。     

The Impact of Skinner's Verbal Behavior on Organizational Behavior Management

In the book Verbal Behavior, Skinner provided a comprehensive, behavioral account of language. While the impact of Skinner's analysis on empirical research has been examined broadly, this review of the literature focused on studies relevant to organizational behavior management (OBM). Both empirical and nonempirical journal articles in OBM were analyzed, along with several influential books in the field. The results of this review indicate that the conceptual framework provided in Verbal Behavior has had virtually no impact on empirical research in OBM and very limited impact on conceptual work. Potential reasons for this lack of influence are discussed, and further research on verbal behavior in organizations is encouraged.     

Organizational Behavior Management and Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Abstract

Six scholars in applied psychology wrote thoughtful and provocative reactions to a paper written by the author that presented a case for broadening the content and language of organizational behavior management (OBM) in order to enhance appreciation for OBM in organizational settings and among university faculty and students in mainstream psychology programs. This paper summarizes the follow-up commentaries and adds justification for key points made in the target article. Five topics are addressed: (1) critical distinctions between OBM and industrial/organizational psychology, (2) disadvantages of using negative over positive reinforcement to motivate behavior change, (3) the need to after OBM language in order to increase interest and application, (4) the use of unobservable person state vs. personality traits to explain behavior, and (5) the challenge of improving the education and training of students in OBM programs.     

The Dynamics of Employee Dissent: Whistleblowers and Organizational Jiu-Jitsu

Whistleblowing is a form of organizational dissent that is rarely successful, instead usually leading to disaster for the whistleblower. Organizational theorists seldom have addressed the question of how to improve whistleblowers strategies. A useful general perspective for doing this is to conceive of bureaucracies as authoritarian political systems. The concept of political jiu-jitsu, from the theory of nonviolent action, is adapted to organizational contexts and used to assess a range of tactics used by organizational elites against dissidents. The resulting implications for whistleblower strategies are assessed by comparison with standard recommendations offered by experienced whistleblower advisers.     

群体行为集成化知识描述与定性模拟研究

针对群体行为变化过程的定性模拟问题,利用定性因果推理和QSIM算法的思路,研究了与人群行为有关的知识描述方法,包括对外部环境、内部文化环境、管理措施、人群内各要素状态、各要素相互关系的描述。然后设计了定性模拟的规则和算法步骤。将上述方法用于一个群体行为变化实例的模拟,模拟结果表明,本文所提出的方法能够较好地解决复杂管理系统的定性模拟问题,所得结果符合实际情况和相关的组织行为理论。     

新权力范式对组织行为管理的影响及对策研究

当下一种由下而上聚集而成的具有开放性、共享性和分散性的新型权力范式已经逐步形成并涉及到社会生活的各个方面,从根本上改变着个体与组织、权威以及他人之间的关系,并对组织行为管理产生了深刻的影响,但学术界对这种新权力范式的基础性内容尚缺乏系统的整理。鉴于此,通过从权力的定义入手,基于对东西方古典政治哲学中权力概念的梳理,从不同维度对新旧权力范式进行了对比,分析总结了新型权力范式对组织行为管理在宏观和微观层面的影响,并针对具体情况提出了相应的管理对策与建议。     

11 The Effects of Governments on Management and Organization

Abstract

We review and integrate existing research from organization theory, strategy, organizational behavior, economics, sociology and political science on the effects of governments on organization and management, with a focus on how governing ideology and government capability influence independent organizations’ forms, strategies, and their participants’ behavior. When brought together these works suggest significant research opportunities in the fields of management and organization, as well as new perspectives on public policy challenges. Several avenues of potentially profitable empirical research include more attention to the influence of government on corporate strategies, more research on the strategies of pursuing corruption and government capture for competitive advantage, the role of government in fostering innovation and the growth of entrepreneurial organizations, and extra‐organizational contextual effects on managerial and employee organizational behavior. Possible public policy implications are illustrated with an application to the role of organizations in national wealth generation and dispersion.     

Stakeholder Actions and Their Impact on the Organizational Cultures of Two Tobacco Companies

We link the behaviors of executives and lawyers in two tobacco companies, in defending their tobacco products to the actions of stakeholders (e.g., the U.S. Government and Congress, medical researchers, consumers, public‐health organizations, tobacco‐control advocates, and insiders who have spoken out). Included in our analysis, which is based on publicly available documents spanning over a period of almost six decades, are critical incidents in which moral disengagement tactics were applied in the decision‐making process. We infer that the disengagement tactics applied by tobacco decision makers are indicative of what Schein and other organizational scientists describe as organizational culture. We equate the critical incidents to the espoused beliefs and values and underlying assumptions which comprise organizational culture and explain that the cultures of these two tobacco companies are not consistent with the stakeholder theory of management. We conclude that the critical incidents we analyze were immoral and the representatives were indeed accountable for these behaviors. From an organizational change perspective, we discuss how analyzing these critical incidents can serve to assess the extent to which an organizational culture is ethical. Furthermore, these critical incidents can be fed back to organizational decision makers and can then be used to initiate organizational changes.     

绩效评价对组织公民行为的影响:组织承诺的中介作用

本文构建了一个结构方程模型,探讨了组织承诺在绩效评价和组织公民行为关系之间的中介作用。研究结果显示：绩效评价对组织公民行为产生正向影响,而组织承诺对绩效评价和组织公民行为间的关系具有中介作用。组织承诺的中介作用在绩效评价的不同层面上有所区别：对绩效评价系统与组织公民行为的关系,具有完全中介作用;对绩效评价程序与组织公民行为的关系,具有部分中介作用。以此为基础,本文对今后同类研究的方向和管理实践提出了建议。     

现代消费者行为的动态系统分析

本文将经典的消费者行为理论和现代流行的消费者行为理论融为一体作为理论框架,建立了消费者行为的动态系统模型,讨论了该系统的动态特性,给出了渐近跟踪使国民经济系统均衡增长且按劳力平均的消费量 C^ 所应采取的闭环控制策略,并给出了同时考虑跟踪 C^ 并使消费者福利最大所应采取的随机最优控制策略。     

自我效能感研究综述——组织行为学发展的新趋势

近年来,自我效能感在组织行为学领域的地位日益凸显。首先,回顾和剖析了国内外关于自我效能感本质、内涵认识、形成机制和组织行为影响机制的研究成果。然后,在此基础上,对自我效能感在组织行为学前沿领域的应用和发展进行了前瞻性的分析和展望。     

基于创业视角的组织变革与市场过程研究

在组织变革研究的文献中,适应观和生态观一直是占主导地位的两类研究视角,本文在回顾这两大学派观点的基础上提出一种新的研究范式——基于创业的视角。研究发现,行动领先的企业高管通过主动搜寻来进行机会识别,并通过双重联结过程实施创业型行动,而企业的行为又会更新其他市场参与者的信念体系从而达到推动市场过程的目的。本文最后在动态竞争研究的框架下进一步分析了企业与环境共同演化的过程。     

Chief Executive Officer Behavior: The Catalyst for Strategic Alignment

Organizations facing the need for significant change must determine both adirection for change and a means to realize the strategy. Implementing astrategy for change is dependent upon aligning organizational parametersproperly at the system level: structure, culture, training and development,recruitment and hiring, resource allocation, leadership, information systems,reward systems, coordination mechanisms, and control systems. The chiefexecutive officer must be the catalyst for strategic alignment. Four clustersof behavior are particularly important for the chief executive officer toexhibit in implementing strategic change: Communication, StrategicInteraction, Resource Utilization, and Leadership. Specific behaviors withinthese clusters are identified. The chief executive officer has an importantrole to play as the catalyst for strategic alignment, but the ultimate purposeof that role is to make it possible for the organization to see itself as abroader community responsible for the long-term success of the organization.     

Transformational Leadership,Organizational Clan Culture,Organizational Affective Commitment,and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Case of South Korea's Public Sector

The present study examines whether transformational leadership is associated with clan culture, affective commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior and whether affective commitment is positively related to organizational citizenship behavior. The study also examines whether affective commitment mediates the effects of clan culture on organizational citizenship behavior and whether clan culture mediates the effects of transformational leadership on affective commitment. The results of this study indicate a positive relationship between transformational leadership and clan culture as well as between transformational leadership and affective commitment; no significant relationship between clan culture and organizational citizenship behavior as well as between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior; and a significant positive relationship between affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior as well as between clan culture and affective commitment . Thus, the results clearly show that affective commitment fully mediates the relationship between clan culture and organizational citizenship behavior and that clan culture partially mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and affective commitment. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings as well as interesting avenues for future research are discussed.     

主动性-被动性员工创新行为:基于分布式领导的作用机制研究

员工创新是企业创新驱动的重要推动力和提升其核心竞争力的关键。当前中国组织情境中，存在着两种不同性质的员工创新行为：主动性员工创新行为和被动性员工创新行为，两者所产生的创新绩效存在巨大差异。然而，现有文献对被动性员工创新行为研究不足，理论研究已经无法适应实践的需要，因此，有必要将两种不同性质的员工创新行为放在一个框架下进行研究，以丰富创新行为的研究内涵。本文以新兴的领导发展取向——分布式领导为切入点，引入组织支持感作为中介变量，上下级关系和价值观匹配作为调节变量，构建了分布式领导对主动性-被动性员工创新行为的作用模型。为了验证该模型，以408名知识型员工为研究对象，通过多元回归分析的方法进行检验，研究结果发现：分布式领导对主动性员工创新行为具有正向影响，对被动性员工创新行为具有负向影响；组织支持感在分布式领导与主动性-被动性员工创新行为之间起中介作用；上下级关系和价值观匹配正向调节分布式领导与组织支持感之间的关系，并进一步验证了有调节的中介作用。同时，上下级关系和价值观匹配交互调节了分布式领导与组织支持感之间的关系。本文研究为解构中国创新管理实践中纷杂多样的创新行为提供了理论诠释，丰富了中国情境下的创新管理理论。     

Individual and organizational strategies for coping with organizational change

During times of significant change to organizations in strategies and structures, employees can experience high levels of stress as their jobs, areas of responsibility and roles also change. Yet research is curiously silent about how people react to organizational change, especially towards promoting healthy responses to change. As a first step to outlining areas for future research this paper considers a range of individual and organizational strategies that may be effective in reducing employee stress and related problems. Prior to the implementation of these strategies, however, organizations must empower employees to adopt the role of change agent and encourage them to take action to solve the problems that stress them. At the individual level, employees can respond to the stress created by organizational change by using problem- and emotion-focused strategies. Also important in coping with change are the personal resources of employees, including a sense of hardiness, beliefs about having control over their work environment, and the availability of social supports within and outside the organization. Although few organizations fully acknowledge their role in helping employees cope with change, there are a number of initiatives that organizations can pursue. Several strategies are discussed in relation to communication, leadership, job-related tasks and stress management programmes.     

Improving Teacher Instructional Behavior

Improving the productive use of employee time concerns most supervisors in organizational settings. In this paper, a time management program for organizational staff members (nine public school teachers) is described and evaluative results of the use of the program are reported. Using a multiple baseline across schools design, results suggest that training teachers in time management can increase and maintain the amount of time devoted to academic instruction of pupils. Limitations of the study are discussed and directions for future research are noted.     

组织免疫行为和机制研究

借鉴生物学领域的研究成果,从组织免疫这一新的视角研究企业的适应性问题.提出了组织免疫行为的理论维度,即将组织免疫分为组织非特异性免疫和组织特异性免疫2个维度,并将组织非特异性免疫分解为组织结构、制度规则和组织文化3个要素,将组织特异性免疫分解为组织监视、组织防御和组织记忆3个要素.阐述了组织免疫行为机制模型,对研究结果进行讨论和总结,并指出未来的研究方向.