农业巨灾保险在我国强制实施的探讨

据统计,2008年全年我国因灾直接经济损失高达13547.5亿元,比上年增加473.3%,巨大灾害损失暴露出我国巨灾保险强制性的缺位及建立农业巨灾强制保险的迫切性.农业重大自然灾害的强制实施,是缓解政府压力,减轻农业企业及家庭巨灾损失的有效途径,也是完善我国保险体系的重要内容,具有极强的操作性和针对性.国外的农业巨灾保险强制实施的理论和实践,为我国农业强制性巨灾保险的进一步实施提供了有益的启示.     

论我国巨灾保险体系的构建

我国是世界上自然灾害频发的国家,自然灾害造成的损失往往非常巨大。可我国的巨灾保险补偿严重缺位,保险业所承载的损失补偿和社会管理功能尚未充分发挥,凸现了加快建立我国巨灾保险体系的必要性和紧迫性。我国建立巨灾保险体系存在的主要问题有我国巨灾保险法律制度缺失、巨灾保险缺乏国家财税支持、公众巨灾保险意识淡薄、对政府依赖性较强、我国巨灾保险风险转移机制不完善、保险公司欠缺巨灾保险险种开发及风险管理技术等。针对这些问题,我国应该从发挥政府在巨灾保险体系中的支持和引导作用、建立多渠道的巨灾保险风险转移机制、发挥商业保险公司在巨灾保险体系中的主力作用三大方面做出努力,逐步构建并完善我国巨灾保险体系。     

论政策性农业保险中政府的地位和职能

政府职能的合理界定是政策性农业保险健康发展的前提和基础.农业保险的理论研究表明,政府在农业保险发展中应居于主导地位.在明确政府角色定位的基础上,政府应进一步发挥其在财政补贴、税收减免、配套扶持、建立农业巨灾风险分散机制及监督管理等方面的职能,为农业保险的发展保驾护航.     

黑龙江省政策性农业保险的现状、困境与出路

黑龙江省是农业大省,也是较早启动农业保险的9个试点省份之一。2008年首次被纳入农业保险试点范围,得到国家财政给予的农险保费补贴,使全省政策性农业保险得到快速发展。但在发展过程中,也遇到了有效需求与有效供给不足、巨灾风险分散机制不完善、财政补贴制度不合理、缺乏完善的法律法规支持和专业农险从业人员匮乏等诸多困难和问题。必须加大对农险的宣传力度,刺激农民对农险的有效需求;构筑多层次农业巨灾风险分散机制;进一步完善政府财税政策,加大政府对政策性农业保险扶持力度;加快农业保险法律法规建设;加强农业保险人才培养。     

政策性农业保险的制度设计——以相互制农业保险为例

相互制农业保险作为政策性农业保险的一种模式,特别适用于农业领域,也是符合我国现实国情的一种农业保险模式。通过对国内外相互制农业保险的客观分析,设计出符合我国发展政策性农业保险的制度。建立合理的组织制度和经营制度,形成自下而上的管理体系和经营模式;通过合理的财政补贴制度调动保险人和被保险人参与农业保险的积极性;通过发展农业金融信贷,盘活金融资本在农村的市场化运作,增加农民收入,提高农民购买农业保险的能力;建立以农业巨灾风险基金和农业再保险为核心的风险分散转移制度,增加农业保险公司抵抗巨灾的能力,保证相互制农业保险的可持续发展。     

农业保险中的道德风险问题研究

农业保险具有分散农业经营风险和对农业风险损失实行经济补偿的职能.农民收入低和我国商业化经营模式是农业保险发展缓慢的重要原因.针对农业保险中道德风险的特点我国应加强保险立法,建立完善的保险法律体系.加强农业保险业务的技术管理,由国家专业保险公司负责业务技术指导.     

政策性农业保险的作用机制与效率研究——与农业灾后补贴的对比分析

农业保险是保障受灾农民利益的金融产品,相比受限于每年财政收入的农业灾后救助更符合市场需求。然而保险学原理指出,农业保险可能存在较严重的逆向选择和道德风险,可能存在补贴福利耗散。文章结合定性与定量方法,将财政支持的政策性农业保险和农业灾后补贴进行对比,分析政策性农业保险的作用机制,及相对于农业灾后补贴的支农效率。另外,通过博弈分析农业保险投资的资金需求,以便规划地方政府与中央政府对农业保险的财政责任分摊。     

南宁市农业产业化建设对策研究

在全面分析南宁市农业产业化的现状和存在问题的基础上,具体阐述了推进南宁市农业产业化发展的对策措施。提出要探索和实践农村土地流转管理方式、建立和完善农业资金投入机制、逐步建立现代农业资金体系和农业保险体系、建立健全农产品市场体系、完善农业产业化服务体系、加强农业基础设施建设、以农业产业化建设促进农民素质提高等具体对策建议。     

不同行为主体对政策性农业保险的影响分析

本文利用入户调查数据,从农户、政府、保险公司层面微观评价政策性农业保险情况。提出了加强农业保险政策宣传、进一步优化政策性农业保险保费的分摊比例、优化保费补贴资金的运行机制、简化赔付手续等优化政策性农业保险的对策建议。     

甘肃省农业保险发展对策探讨

农业保险作为一种有效的风险分散机制和经济补偿制度,对推动农业防灾减灾以及可持续发展有着重要意义。甘肃作为一个自然灾害多发的地区,开展农业保险的推广对区域经济的稳定和发展发挥着重要作用。因此,从甘肃农业保险的现状入手,探讨了甘肃农业保险目前仍然存在的主要问题,从法律制度、财政支持、农民思想认识、收入水平以及保障机制等方面分析了阻碍农业保险发展的诸多因素,为甘肃农业保险的长期持续发展提供对策建议。     

Choice of purchasing arrangements in insurance markets

A simple dynamic model helps explain why risk-pooling purchasing arrangements evolved for health, disability, and term life insurance but not for property, automobile, or homeowners' insurance, and why whole-life policies typify life insurance purchased on an individual basis. We show that risk-pooling purchases facilitate insurance against unpredictable changes in one's risk type, but such contracts prevail in competitive equilibrium only when the loss probabilities increase with age, as they do for health, disability, and life insurance. In contrast, when the loss probability declines with age (as it does for automobile insurance), then competitive equilibrium entails separating insurance contracts.     

Consumer Capital Market Constraints and Guaranteed Renewable Insurance

This paper analyzes a market in which individuals can purchase guaranteed renewable insurance policies to insure against the risk of loss in the current period and the risk of an increased probability of loss. Individuals who cannot borrow will purchase partially guaranteed renewable insurance at most. Relatively impatient individuals may purchase policies with no guaranteed renewability features. Without borrowing, the results are similar regardless of whether consumers can save.     

不确定性防范与城市务工人员主观幸福感：基于反事实框架的研究

本文基于2007年中国家庭收入调查数据,评估了不确定性防范对城市务工人员的影响,并获得了一些重要发现：(1)不同类型的不确定性防范措施对影响居民主观幸福感存在着显著差异,参与养老保险、失业保险和工伤保险能够显著提高城市务工人员主观幸福感,但参与医疗保险对城市务工人员主观幸福感没有显著影响;(2)四种不确定性防范手段对城市务工人员之间主观幸福感差异的总贡献率接近10%,其中参与失业保险的贡献率最大。进一步研究发现,城市务工人员主观幸福感变化符合享乐适应理论,即随着不确定性防范措施的逐步实施推广,城市务工人员的主观幸福感可能会返回到未采取不确定性防范措施前的水平。     

Guaranteed Renewability with Group Insurance

This paper investigates a multiple-period level premium insurance policy equilibrium in a model in which loss probabilities increase for a fixed time period for a set of persons buying insurance in a group. We show that a level-premium sequence which induces risk averse persons to become and remain members of the group exists. We also show that the availability of the Medicare program can prevent the emergence of optimal level-premium private group insurance, but that a system of bonuses for remaining in the group can permit optimality to be retained.     

Is the insurance aspect of producer liability valued by consumers? Liability changes and childhood vaccine consumption

Standard economic theory predicts that the forced tying of an insurance policy to the purchase of a risky product cannot be welfare enhancing. At best, such insurance is redundant due to cheaper methods of insuring against loss, and, at worst, such coverage is not demanded at all. Exploiting the change in the liability environment which occurred in the vaccine market in the early 1980s, this article seeks to identify the value that consumers place on the insurance component of producer liability. The principal finding is that the demand for immunization is not increased, and may have been reduced, by liability. This implies that consumers place no value on the insurance which they are forced to buy under this regime, leaving them worse off than they would have been without producer liability for vaccine injuries. The best estimate is that by 1985, the change in liability environment had reduced the number of children properly immunized with the DPT and polio vaccines by approximately 1 million.     

Insurance decisions for low-probability losses

It is widely accepted that individuals tend to underinsure against low-probability, high-loss events relative to high-probability, low-loss events. This conventional wisdom is based largely on field studies, as there is very little experimental evidence. We reexamine this issue with an experiment that accounts for possible confounds in prior insurance experiments. Our results are counter to the prior experimental evidence, as we observe subjects buying more insurance for lower-probability events than for higher-probability events, given a constant expected loss and load factor. Insofar as underinsurance for catastrophic risk is observed in the field, our results suggest that this can be attributed to factors other than only the relative probability of the loss events.

Social protection in the Republic of Korea: Social insurance and moral hazard

Abstract As reported in numerous studies, the system of social protection in the Republic of Korea long remained underdeveloped because of the priority given instead to economic growth. The past few years have seen major changes, however. The government decided to apply the theory of “productive welfare”, thereby committing itself to introducing a system of universal statutory social insurance which is intended to set the seal on a new social compact and which may, ultimately, impact on the model of socioeconomic development itself. This article outlines the recent changes in insurance against sickness, unemployment and old age and goes on to describe the moral hazard facing the new system of social insurance and the need for a form of joint management in order to minimize this hazard.     

法律视角下的海洋环境责任强制保险制度——墨西哥湾原油泄漏事件对我国海洋环境责任保险制度的启示

随着科学技术的发展,日渐频繁的海上石油勘探、开采、运输活动使海洋环境污染事故频频发生,对海洋生态环境造成恶劣影响。2010年4月,位于美国墨西哥湾的"深水地平线"钻井平台发生原油泄漏,造成了前所未有的环境灾难和难以估量的经济损失,而相关单位并未投保针对性较强的足额商业保险,充分暴露了当事国的海洋环境责任保险制度缺陷。我国目前尚未建立完善的环境责任保险制度,墨西哥湾原油泄漏事件对我国海洋环境责任保险法律制度的构建与完善,具有毋庸置疑的警示作用。     

Unemployment Insurance or Individual Savings Accounts: Can Chile'S New Scheme Serve as a Model for Other Developing Countries?

In 2002 the Chilean government implemented new legislation for an unemployment insurance scheme. It has been presented at both national and international levels as a model for other developing countries, because it provides protection against unemployment, avoids issues of moral hazard associated with traditional unemployment insurance systems, and has a relatively low public finance requirement. The insurance combines a system of individual savings accounts with a publicly financed contingency fund. This article examines how it will work in practice, and whether it can indeed serve as a model.