贵州校外青少年高危行为与艾滋病易感性调查研究

贵州自1993年发现首例艾滋病病毒感染者以来,HIV感染者便以极快的速度蔓延,并且出现了感染者由高危人群向一般人群扩散的趋势。本研究立足于13-24岁的校外青少年群体,以贵州织金县太平社区、六盘水市人民西路社区/铜仁市太平村为例,通过对三个调查点校外青少年高危行为与艾滋病易感性的现状与特点进行分析,针对这一群体步上高危行为的原因提出对策思考,目的主要是呼吁社会去关注、关爱这一特殊群体。     

男男性服务群体的性、性网络、艾滋风险——以东北地区为例

男男性服务者是近些年来地下性产业中的新兴群体,其在性身份认同、服务分层、组织类别等方面呈现出比女性性服务者更为复杂的生存样态。同时,艾滋病在男男性接触群体的迅猛传播,也使男男性服务者成为艾滋病防治工作的重点干预对象。文章采用参与观察、个案深入访谈和专题小组讨论的定性研究方法,对我国东北地区男男性服务网络进行调研和分析,对商业性网络的隐秘特征和运行机制、男男性服务者的多元性存在状态进行文化阐释,并在此基础上分析不同性取向群体、不同场所、不同服务种类的艾滋病风险因素并给予社会科学的干预建议。     

云南流动人口与艾滋病扩散

人口流动既是社会经济进步的标志之一 ,也会带来一系列的社会问题。由于流动人口具有与常住人口不同的特征 ,在迁移过程中 ,他们不仅成为艾滋病的易感人群 ,同时也成为艾滋病扩散的重要媒介。这一点 ,可以从流动人口分布、流量与HIV/AIDS流行程度的时、空关系中得到清楚的印证     

中国艾滋病社会预防模式研究（Ⅲ）

在国际上，澳大利亚是艾滋病社会预防的典范。研究艾滋病社会预防模式，可以发现一个显著特点，既该模式是以社区为基础，通过政府与非营利组织、医疗卫生机构、研究部门和受影响社区之间的紧密合作开展艾滋病防治工作的。     

我国北部边境地区的人口安全流动和艾滋病预防模式探索

2005年开始,原国家人口计生委在联合国开发计划署的支持下,共同启动了＂中国北部边境地区安全流动和艾滋病预防＂项目。本文将对该项目6年的实施成果和项目模式进行总结,为在相似人口、社会、经济环境下,利用人口计生服务网络,提高流动人口及其家庭的艾滋病自我防护能力,进行多部门合作的艾滋病预防干预提供借鉴。     

中国艾滋病社会预防模式研究（Ⅸ）

中国艾滋病社会预防模式的建构和阶段性特征 在近20年的时间里，中国艾滋病社会预防模式的建构经历了几个复杂的历史性转变。研究发现，这种建构大致可以分为三个阶段：     

我国中部地区农村流出人口艾滋病预防知识、态度、行为分析

近年来,我国艾滋病疫情仍呈上升趋势。流动人口的数量和规模日益增长是艾滋病流行加剧的一个非常重要的促进因素,国内多个地区的艾滋病检测数据表明,流动人口HIV感染者均超过检测出的总感染人数的2/3,且新发现的感染者以流动人口为主,"流动人口‘艾’情紧急",流动人口艾滋病防治已经成为我国艾滋病防控中亟待强化的重点之一。为进一步了解流动人口     

艾滋病对江苏省人口安全的影响分析

为了研究艾滋病对江苏省人口安全的影响,本文通过对江苏省疾病控制中心艾滋病监测网收集的近五年来艾滋病流行数据的分析,发现艾滋病对人口、社会与经济发展都将产生一定影响,政府必须高度重视并制定出相应的对策。     

污名化与社会排斥：低度认知下的艾滋病防治——基于甘肃省一般人群的调查分析

公众对艾滋病的认知依然处于一种低度认知水平。而＂污名化＂标签与社会排斥已成为防治艾滋病工作中的重大障碍,为了更有效地预防和控制艾滋病的蔓延,首先要消除对艾滋病人的＂污名化＂标签,进而减少对艾滋病人的社会排斥,给艾滋病人一道平视的目光。     

中国艾滋病综合防治示范区模式分析

如果仅仅从艾滋病防治的工作职责上看，中国“艾滋病综合防治示范区”是合乎艾滋病防治需求的合理模式。但是，一旦从机构设置上看，却不难发现它依然是政府已有工作模式的重复，只是在职责分配上强调了多部门的合作与协调。由于这些部门原来都有各自的运作模式，因此艾滋病预防任务作为附加的工作，很难被纳入各部门的工作框架，从而导致流于政令形式的合作。正是由于该模式没有摆脱传统的政府行政工作框架，没有充分考虑艾滋病病毒／艾滋病社会预防行动的可操作性和实效性，因此，其缺陷是明显的：     

Crack users' intentions to use condoms with different partner types

Purpose. Evidence suggests that farmworkers are practicing high risk behavior, particularly crack cocaine use and unprotected sex, that consequently places them at an increased risk for HIV transmission. This study examined the intention to use condoms with four different sexual partner types (loved partner, casual partner, paying partner, and new partner) among a sample of farm workers who were also cr Methods. Personal interviews (n = 205) were conducted with male and female farm workers who were crack users (confirmed by urine test). Participants were recruited from a Florida homebase community for migrant farmworkers. The questionnaire assessed sexual activity (including number of partners and partner type), drug use and attitudes and beliefs about condoms. Results. Hispanic males reported a significantly lower likelihood of condom use for all partner types. For commercial partners, intention to use condoms was reduced dramatically for Hispanics but was markedly higher among steadily employed subjects. Finally, women were half as likely as men to report that they intended to use a condom with a loved partner. Conclusions. This study indicates that ethnicity and the nature of sexual relationships both play important roles in determining whether subjects report that they intend to use condoms, even in a population known for the presence of multiple partners and a widely perceived epidemic of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.     

Internalized Homophobia,HIV Knowledge,and HIV/AIDS Personal Responsibility Beliefs: Correlates of HIV/AIDS Discrimination among MSM in the Context of Institutionalized Stigma

ABSTRACT

There exists a paucity of research on the psychosocial risk factors of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men (MSM) in settings where they are stigmatized or face prosecution. The present study investigates discrimination against people living with HIV (PLHIV), internalized homophobia, HIV/AIDS personal responsibility beliefs and HIV knowledge in a purposive sample of 106 self-identified MSM obtained through a web-based survey disseminated by two voluntary welfare organizations. Results indicate that internalized homophobia is positively associated with discrimination against PLHIV. Internalized homophobia also substantially mediates the effect of HIV/AIDS personal responsibility beliefs on discrimination against PLHIV, highlighting the confounded nature of HIV/AIDS and homosexual stigma in a setting where stigma is deep-rooted and institutionalized. Internalized homophobia may thus serve as a barrier to the effectiveness of HIV prevention efforts among MSM in Singapore.     

“You Have to Keep Yourself Hidden”: Perspectives From Malaysian Malay-Muslim Men Who Have Sex With Men on Policy,Network, Community,and Individual Influences on HIV Risk

ABSTRACT

Malay-Muslim men who have sex with men (MSM) are marginalized and hidden in Malaysia, a predominantly Muslim country in southeast Asia. We explored the policy, network, community, and individual factors related to HIV infection among Malay-Muslim MSM through 26 in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion (n = 5) conducted in Kuala Lumpur and Kota Bharu between October 2013 and January 2014. As religion plays an important role in their lives, participants viewed homosexuality as a sin. Low risk perception and misconceptions about HIV/AIDS were common, and most participants expressed reluctance to consult a doctor unless they had symptoms. Additionally, buying condoms was embarrassing and anxiety-producing. Fear of discrimination by health care providers and community hindered participants from disclosing sexual behaviors and accessing health services. Homophobic comments and policies by the government and religious leaders were concerns of participants. A safe and enabling environment is needed to reduce HIV risks among Malay-Muslim MSM.     

Knowledge and Attitudes About HIV/AIDS Among Community-Living Older Women: Reexamining Issues of Age and Gender

ABSTRACT

Although older women face unique risks related to HIV/AIDS, little empirical data is available regarding HIV/AIDS among women over the age of 65. In the present study, 160 community-living older women and men completed questionnaires regarding knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS. Findings showed that although older women were less likely to talk to their physician about HIV than men, they maintained greater knowledge and generally dispelled myths about viral transmission. However, most older women believed that HIV/AIDS had limited personal relevance, possessed virtually no knowledge of age and gender specific risk factors, and professed HIV-associated stigma. These findings highlight the need for gender and age specific prevention programs.     

Attitudes and Stereotypes Regarding Older Women and HIV Risk

Persons aged 50 years and over will soon disproportionately represent the future of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It is estimated that by 2015 older adults will represent 50% of persons living with HIV in the United States. Despite the HIV/AIDS growing population among older adults, attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes toward older adults that exist in general society have affected HIV prevention, education, and care. Specifically, ageist attitudes about the sexuality of older adults in general and older women in particular, low clinical HIV suspicion among healthcare providers, lack of knowledge about risk among older women, and differentials in power related to negotiating sexual practices all lead to heightened concerns for the prevention, identification, and treatment of HIV disease in mature women. This article examines common attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes that exist within general society as well as health and social service providers that place older women at a disadvantage when it comes to HIV prevention, education, and treatment.     

性产业中老年客人群体艾滋病风险及性网络状况——基于广西某边境县的实证分析

近年来,我国艾滋病疫情发展显示,50岁以上年龄男性报告病例数增加明显,且以性途径传播为主。研究采取定性和定量结合方法,深入广西某边境县当地低交易价格性服务场所进行观察和访谈,并针对40名小姐,108名客人发放问卷、进行梅毒、艾滋病病毒抗体检测。对当地性网络的研究发现,当地低交易价格性产业已经形成较为稳定的性网络。小姐在其间有着较高的邻连度,而部分活跃的客人表现出更大的桥梁作用。同时,网络成员之间保持了相当长期的交往,网络成员之间的"熟悉"成为采取安全性行为的消解因素。诸多因素构成了通过该网络将老年人群暴露于艾滋病风险的可能性。     

Accessibility of health and human services for the HIV-infected

Most research on services for the HIV/AIDS population has focused on primary medical care or on service brokering by advocacy groups. Little research data exist on the extent to which services of programs that do not specialize in HIV/AIDS clients are available to these individuals who often have multiple and multi-dimensional problems. The reported research examines selected data from a sample of 236 medical, behavioral health and social service programs in Miami-Dade County, Florida. A constructed measure of involvement in services for HIV/AIDS clients, pertinent provider program and client characteristics are examined in the context of geo-distributed data on reported AIDS cases and census data. In logistic regression analyses, two aspects of race/– the population in the zip code area served by the program, and the clients or patients seen in the program – were significant in predicting program under-response, defined as level of response relative to cumulative reported AIDS cases from the program's zip code area. The analysis is briefly discussed regarding its relevance and methodological generalizability for HIV/AIDS and related public health policy and applied purposes.     

Stigma and Salvation: Advertising HIV Awareness in New York City: A Case Study

Popular culture representations and negotiations of HIV/AIDS have fluctuated over the last several decades, and awareness of the illness and its causes has grown due to better education and extensive cultural dialogue. The following examines two contemporary HIV/AIDS public health campaigns in the New York City area. Although there have been limited improvements in the portrayals of HIV-positive individuals, advertising focused on HIV awareness still does not directly address prevention. These two campaigns encourage two distinct messages; one that reinforces the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS and one that promises salvation.     

流动人口行为特征及其空间过程与HIV/AIDS扩散

流动人口的行为特征及其空间过程是HIV/AIDS扩散的重要因素之一,其行为特征的高危性和流动性使流动人口成为HIV/AIDS的易感人群,在其流动的空间过程中与不同类型人口的相互接触,当发生与HIV/AIDS人群的高危行为时,一方面容易使自己感染HIV;另一方面,流动人口成为HIV携带者后与其他人发生高危行为则会成为HIV的传染源之一,其结果是导致了HIV/AIDS在感染者数量和感染空间上的扩散。因而,针对流动人口高危行为特征及其空间过程提出防控HIV/AIDS扩散的对策是可行的。     

Demographic and Social Factors Associated with Homophobia and Fear of AIDS in a Community Sample

Examinations of demographic and social factors associated with homophobia and fear of AIDS are limited by the frequent use of homogeneous, college student samples and limited examination of interrelationships among variables. The present study examined community attitudes toward homosexuality and fear of HIV/AIDS as a function of age, education, race/ethnicity, religious affiliation, political party affiliation, and personal contact with homosexual individuals and persons living with HIV/AIDS. A community sample of 463 adults completed standardized measures of homophobia and fear of AIDS as well as demographic and social background items. When examined separately, each demographic and social factor assessed, with the exception of race/ethnicity, was associated with homophobia and all but race/ethnicity and political party affiliation were associated with fear of AIDS. However, when entered into multiple regression analyses, 24% of the variance in homophobia was predicted by a single variable, including only personal contact with homosexual individuals, while 18% of the variance in fear of AIDS was accounted for by five variables, including personal contact with homosexual individuals, religious affiliation, political affiliation, education, and personal contact with someone living with HIV/AIDS. Findings suggest that it is important to consider intercorrelations among social and demographic factors, particularly when considering homophobia.