基于电子市场的供应链双渠道冲突与协调的契约设计

研究了一个制造商通过传统零售渠道销售产品的同时开辟网上直销渠道,采取混合双渠道来销售产品的供应链渠道结构。从分析消费者效用出发,建立了双渠道环境下需求依赖价格变化的需求函数,运用博弈论建立决策模型。结果表明制造商在保持传统渠道的同时,开辟电子渠道将导致传统零售商的市场份额减少,利润降低,引起渠道冲突。为了解决混合双渠道的冲突和协调,设计了批发价加电子渠道价格的合同实现了双渠道供应链的协调,通过改进的收入共享契约不但实现了双渠道供应链的协调,而且实现了开辟电子渠道后供应链各成员利润的帕累托改进,从而实现了供应链双渠道冲突的协调问题。     

品牌商主导的混合渠道OEM供应链价格折扣和收益补偿协调研究北大核心CSSCI

构建了一个由品牌商和制造商组成的贴牌渠道与直销渠道并存的混合渠道贴牌生产供应链模型,比较分析了品牌商作为Stackelberg主方时集中决策与分散决策下供应链成员的最优价格、销量和利润情况,从直销渠道与贴牌渠道合作的角度出发,研究了混合渠道贴牌生产供应链的价格折扣和收益补偿协调机制,论证了该机制能够使供应链总利润最大化并实现混合渠道供应链成员双赢的完美协调。最后,通过算例说明了渠道转移系数和品牌溢价对品牌商、制造商以及供应链系统利润增量的影响,验证了协调机制的有效性。     

从分销到直销：销售渠道关系的经济分析

在制造商主导的供应链中,分销商与制造商合作的程度,即销售渠道关系的强弱在[0,1]内的连续分布,可以看作市场化同企业化的不同组合。文章利用Stackelberg博弈分析了不同渠道关系对渠道产生的经济影响,将分销和直销分别看作[0,1]分布的两个极端情形,进行了重点探讨。在产品没有销售模式倾向的情况下,得出的一般性结论是:直销无论在产量还是价格,无论对制造商、整个渠道还是消费者都将产生积极影响。在理论上为解释渠道中的冲突和直销的成功提供了一个工具。     

考虑退货价格的易逝品供应链协调性研究

考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,制造商以批发价格为零售商提供一种易逝品,零售商再以零售价格将产品销售给顾客;零售商以一定的退货价格回收顾客的退货产品,制造商对零售商的顾客退货产品及销售季节结束后的剩余产品进行回收,零售商的退货价格不仅对产品的需求有影响,而且对顾客的退货率也产生影响.在这样的条件下,建立了需求不确定环境下顾客退货及制造商回收的模型,结果表明,制造商简单回收顾客的退货产品和销售季节结束后的剩余产品并不能实现供应链协调,而基于回馈与惩罚策略的制造商回收策略能够实现供应链的协调.最后,给出了供应链协调下的模型优化方法,并以数值实例计算了易逝品供应链协调下的最优退货价格和最优订货量,并分析了各种参数变动对最优退货价格、最优订货量和集中式供应链最优利润的影响.     

随机需求和联合促销下双渠道供应链的竞争与协调

针对制造商同时拥有零售渠道和网上直销渠道的双渠道供应链系统,在随机需求和联合促销情况下,对制造商和零售商之间的价格竞争和协调问题进行研究.研究表明价格的纳什均衡解存在,网上渠道的最优价格随零售商促销努力程度的增大而降低.当制造商分担促销成本的比例上升时,零售商促销的努力程度会增加.当比例值较低时,零售商的努力程度变化不大;当比例值超过一定数值时,零售商的努力程度会显著增加.回购契约能给制造商和零售商双方带来好处,但不能实现双渠道供应链的协调.     

汽车市场中租赁渠道对传统零售渠道的影响

在零售与租赁混合渠道供应链中,占主导地位的单个汽车制造商向单个零售商和单个租赁商分别销售产品,然后零售商在零售市场销售产品,租赁商在租赁市场出租产品。在两周期设置下根据制造商是否向租赁商提供回购合同,将渠道结构划分为独立式、冲突式和回购式三类,并分析了租赁渠道对传统零售渠道的影响以及对制造商的启示。     

成本信息不对称下零售商主导的混合渠道供应链决策分析

为研究零售商作为Stackelberg领导者的供应链中制造商的成本信息谎报行为对供应链的影响,本文建立了一条由一个共同零售商主导的包含一个拥有双渠道的制造商和一个仅拥有分销渠道的制造商的混合渠道供应链。首先讨论了供应链成员在制造商成本信息不对称情况下的最优定价问题和制造商追求自身利润最大时的最优谎报因子。然后将两制造商均谎报成本信息、其中一个制造商谎报成本信息与完全信息情况作比较,分析谎报策略对供应链的影响,并用算例通过MATLAB进行了仿真。结果表明:制造商为追求自身利润最大化将高报成本信息,且不同制造商的最优谎报因子与交叉价格敏感度和成本的关系不同;不同渠道结构的制造商谎报成本信息会对供应链造成不同的影响,且影响与顾客对商品价格敏感性有关;制造商谎报成本信息在特定情况下对某些成员有利,但对供应链整体始终不利。这些结论可以为混合渠道供应链中的参与者提供决策依据,提高供应链的效益。     

基于改进收益共享契约的双渠道供应链协调研究

在需求具有价格敏感性条件下,结合双渠道供应链的特点,研究了双渠道供应链中的两种协调方式,即传统分销渠道与电子直销渠道之间的协调及上下游节点之间的协调。首先,制造商将电子直销渠道所得收益按一定比例分享给零售商。其次,制造商提供给零售商一个较低的批发价格,而零售商将其在传统分销渠道的收益按一定比例分享给制造商作为补偿。从而构建了能够实现双渠道供应链协调的收益共享契约模型,给出了实现双渠道供应链协调时,契约参数取值范围的计算公式,并进一步探讨了双渠道供应链完美共赢协调存在的条件。最后通过算例分析,验证了所设计的收益共享契约模型对双渠道供应链协调的有效性。     

电子商务环境下双渠道供应链协调的补偿策略研究

构建了电子商务环境下由一个制造商与一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链模型,分析、比较了集中式决策与分散式决策下双渠道供应链的最优价格,从电子渠道与传统渠道合作的角度出发,研究了双渠道供应链协调的补偿策略,论证了这种补偿策略能够实现双渠道供应链协调,且在一定范围内可以保证双渠道供应链成员的双赢.最后通过算例分析,进一步检验了所设计的补偿策略对双渠道供应链协调的有效性.     

基于无缺陷退货下的三阶层易逝品供应链的协调性研究

通过将销售努力对需求和退货率的影响引入三阶层易逝品供应链,建立了需求不确定环境下顾客退货及制造商、分销商分级回收模型,指出分散式供应链在三方没有任何缔结契约条件下并不能实现协调,而基于回馈与惩罚策略下逐层回收顾客的退货产品及销售季节结束后的剩余产品能够实现供应链的协调。     

Supply chain coordination under discrete information asymmetries and quantity discounts

We consider a two node supply chain with a rational manufacturer–retailer pair, in which the retailer has private information that affects the nodes׳ reservation levels. Quantity discounts offered by the manufacturer is the mechanism we propose in order to achieve reduced costs for both supply chain nodes. We derive analytical expressions of the quantity discounts that minimize the manufacturer׳s costs, while enabling the establishment of the business. Furthermore, we show that perfect coordination is possible even under asymmetric information. Sensitivity analysis and numerical examples offer evidence of the robustness of the results and of the potential of the approach for applications to real-life business ventures.     

Channel Coordination for a Supply Chain with a Risk‐Neutral Manufacturer and a Loss‐Averse Retailer*

This articles considers a decentralized supply chain in which a single manufacturer is selling a perishable product to a single retailer facing uncertain demand. It differs from traditional supply chain contract models in two ways. First, while traditional supply chain models are based on risk neutrality, this article takes the viewpoint of behavioral principal–agency theory and assumes the manufacturer is risk neutral and the retailer is loss averse. Second, while gain/loss (GL) sharing is common in practice, there is a lack of analysis of GL‐sharing contracts in the supply chain contract literature. This article investigates the role of a GL‐sharing provision for mitigating the loss‐aversion effect, which drives down the retailer order quantity and total supply chain profit. We analyze contracts that include GL‐sharing‐and‐buyback (GLB) credit provisions as well as the special cases of GL contracts and buyback contracts. Our analytical and numerical results lend insight into how a manufacturer can design a contract to improve total supply chain, manufacturer, and retailer performance. In particular, we show that there exists a special class of distribution‐free GLB contracts that can coordinate the supply chain and arbitrarily allocate the expected supply chain profit between the manufacturer and retailer; in contrast with other contracts, the parameter values for contracts in this class do not depend on the probability distribution of market demand. This feature is meaningful in practice because (i) the probability distribution of demand faced by a retailer is typically unknown by the manufacturer and (ii) a manufacturer can offer the same contract to multiple noncompeting retailers that differ by demand distribution and still coordinate the supply chains.     

库存水平影响需求的变质性产品的供应链协调模型

在考虑市场需求是库存水平线性分段函数、变质性产品和零售商采用(S,s)订货策略的情形下,本文研究了由一个供应商和一个零售商构成的供应链系统运作协调问题。给出了可以实现供应链完美协调的数量折扣策略,理论证明了模型最优解的存在性和唯一性,同时提供了相应的求解方法。数值算例结果表明该折扣模型对于改善供需双方绩效和供应链运作协调是十分有效的。     

Coordinating contracts for a financially constrained supply chain

We consider a financially constrained supply chain in which a supplier (leader) sells products to a retailer (follower) who has no access to bank financing due to her low credit rating. However, the supplier can borrow from a bank and offer trade credit to the retailer to alleviate her financial constraint. Failure to pay off a bank loan or trade credit incurs a variable default cost. We analyze the centralized version of the supply chain to obtain new coordination requirements. We then examine whether revenue-sharing, buyback, and all-unit quantity discount contracts can coordinate our supply chain. We show that the all-unit quantity discount contract fails to coordinate. However, the revenue-sharing and buyback contracts can coordinate the supply chain, but only when the supply chain has a sufficient total working capital. Moreover, they cannot allocate profit flexibly unless the supplier has a large enough working capital. Finally, we design a generalized revenue-sharing contract that coordinates the supply chain with flexible profit allocation, and also show by numerical examples its superiority over the revenue-sharing and buyback contracts.     

一类仓库/零售商供应链运输问题的数学模型与算法研究

本文主要研究一类二级供应链中的运输问题,这里是指由若干仓库和零售商组成的供应链,物品从仓库运出,到达客户,以满足客户的需求.分单仓库、多仓库和多产品三种情形分别建立数学模型,设计相应的近似算法,并通过实例讨论了算法的有效性.     

供应链库存协调策略研究

研究和分析了直运型供应链通过共同补给期协调库存的策略问题。在该供应链中,单一供应商提供单一产品给面临随机需求的单一零售商。在所提出的库存协调策略条件下,供应商指定共同补给期,当零售商按供应商指定的共同补给期作为其订货周期时,供应商提供零售商一定的价格折扣。这种协调策略可以视为Stackelberg博弈。在阐述了解决该博弈问题的方法后,进行了数值实验,分析了采用这种协调策略的利益。     

混合碳政策下两产品供应链的协同研究

本文在碳税-碳交易并行的混合碳政策下，面对存在低碳偏好的市场，以单一制造商和零售商组成的二级供应链为研究对像，考虑其生产和销售存在一定竞争关系或替代关系的两种不同产品时，供应链企业的最优定价和减排决策，并改进收益共享契约，提出通过构造同解方程进行契约设计的新思路。研究发现，制造商和零售商采用改进的收益共享契约可以使得自身利益实现帕累托改进，并确保供应链的整体利润达到帕累托最优，而契约中的收益共享金额主要取决于双方的溢价能力和其在供应链中的地位，只要它在特定范围内波动，供应链就可以实现协同。最后，利用数值例子验证了上述结论。     

The Role of Slotting Fees in the Coordination of Assortment Decisions

Large numbers of new products introduced annually by manufacturers may strain the relationship between retailers and manufacturers regarding assortments carried by retailers. For example, many retailers in the grocery industry will agree to broaden their assortments only if the manufacturer agrees to pay slotting fees for the new products. We investigate the role played by slotting fees in coordinating the assortment decisions in a supply chain. To do so, we study a single‐retailer, single‐manufacturer supply chain, where the retailer decides what assortment to offer to end customers. Double marginalization results in a discrepancy between the retailer's optimal assortment and the assortment that maximizes total supply chain profits. We consider a payment scheme that is analogous to slotting fees used in the grocery industry: the manufacturer pays the retailer a per‐product fee for every product offered by the retailer in excess of a certain target level. We show that, if the wholesale price is below some threshold level, this payment scheme induces the retailer to offer the supply‐chain‐optimal assortment and makes both parties better off.     

碳限额与碳交易机制下考虑公平关切的供应链定价与协调研究

供应链企业的公平关切是发展与维持良好供应链上下游合作关系的重要因素。面对消费者的低碳偏好与碳排放规制约束,供应链企业在确定最优定价与减排水平等运作决策时,常常表现较强的公平关切倾向。探究环保规制下公平关切如何影响供应链的运作决策,可以为供应链合作提供对策。本文在碳限额与碳交易机制下,研究了由公平关切制造商和公平关切零售商组成的低碳供应链的最优定价和碳减排率等决策,分析了公平关切对最优定价和碳减排水平及利润的影响,并讨论了收益共享-成本共担契约模型对供应链的协调性,最后通过数值仿真验证了主要结论。结果表明：(1)制造商和零售商都公平关切时,收益共享-成本共担契约的参数若满足一定条件,供应链可以实现协调。(2)批发价与制造商公平关切系数正相关,零售价与制造商和零售商公平关切系数都正相关;若制造商考虑零售商公平关切则批发价的变化取决于碳减排成本系数的大小,碳减排率与制造商和零售商的公平关切系数是负相关;若制造商忽视零售商的公平关切,则批发价仅受制造商自身公平关切的影响, 碳减排率与制造商公平关切负相关,与零售商公平关切无关。(3)制造商公平关切对双方利润具有负向影响,零售商公平关切对制造商利润也有负向影响,而零售商利润随自身公平关切的变化情况取决于制造商是否考虑其公平关切,若考虑则两者正相关,否则两者负相关。     

Strategic Information Sharing in Competing Channels

We investigate strategic information sharing in two competing channels. The retailer in a channel can ex post decide whether to share private demand information with his upstream manufacturer after the content of information becomes known. We find that a retailer discloses low demand and withholds high demand to induce lower wholesale prices from his manufacturer. We show that a retailer should share less information when the retail market becomes more competitive, but should disclose more information when his capability to acquire information improves. When a decentralized supply chain competes with an integrated channel, we show that firms in the supply chain benefit from the rival channel's effort to improve information capability, that the incentive for the retailer in the supply chain to improve his information capability increases with the intensity of competition and with the rival channel's information capability, and that the retailer may not want to pursue perfect information acquisition even when doing so is costless. Extensive numerical studies demonstrate that similar results also hold for two decentralized supply chains competing with each other.