农村空心化背景下的青年发展与农村治理研究——以广西玉林市为例

农村空心化现象是农村青年劳动力转移就业造成大量劳动力流失而引起,农村空心化严重影响了农村可持续发展.本文通过介绍广西壮族自治区玉林市针对引导和支持农村青年的政策,并通过对农村土地资源的整合、土地经营权的流转和农业产业化实行的可能性进行分析,为引导当下农村青年发展、解决农村和农业生产所面临的问题、推动农村可持续发展提供有益的思路和政策参考.     

农村富余劳动力现状分析及就业途径创新探讨

在社会主义新农村建设时期,随着农村城市化进程的加速和农业机械现代化水平的不断提高,原有的农村生产模式和生活格局不断被打破,经济繁荣带动了农业生产结构的调整,农村富余劳动力呈不断攀升趋势。近几年来,各级政府部门虽然千方百计创造就业机会,但由于数额不断增加和农民科学技术水平有待提高等原因,农村富余劳动力就业问题仍十分突出。     

城郊“农民农”的生存现状、突出矛盾与对策分析

城市化的发展推动了我国农村劳动力在空间上的转移。越来越多的"农民农"来到经济发达地区的城郊从事农业生产,填补了当地居民由于"农转非"而形成的农业劳动力缺口。"农民农"为城郊的农村经济发展、农产品供应和农村市场的活跃贡献甚大,但他们在生产和生活中面临着许多突出问题,同时也对城郊农村的社会治理与农业发展带来了挑战。因此,亟须创新管理与服务模式,切实解决"农民农"的生产性、生活性与管理性矛盾,从而确保城市农产品食品安全、生态环境安全、社会秩序稳定。     

合作进行时——城镇化进程中的皖南乡村

在度过了前些年"农村真穷、农民真苦、农业真危险"的艰难阶段,农业生产和农民收入实现九连增后,当前农村和农业形势正在发生深刻的变化。面对城镇化大量吸附农村劳动力的境况,农业生产出现从承包户单干到培育新型农业经营主体的新动向。     

资源转移效应、劳动力分布与城市化

荷兰病是典型的资源转移效应,中国是人口大国,劳动力资源丰富,中国式荷兰病是中国典型的"资源"转移效应。三螺旋模型原指政府—产业—大学间相互作用的关系,本文以三螺旋算法为理论基础,类比于政府—产业—大学体系,用三螺旋模型研究在中国,资源转移效应—劳动力分布—城市化之间的关系。研究得出,由于全国的产业发展和地区经济发展的差距造成了中国的劳动力资源转移,使得劳动力集中分布在东部沿海地区、经济发达的城市和第一产业、第三产业中,这样的劳动力分布情况,使得人口逐渐从农村转向城市,许多乡镇也越来越小城市化,同时城市化也会加剧劳动力资源的转移效应。即资源转移效应影响劳动力分布,劳动力分布进而影响城市化,城市化也反过来对资源转移效应造成影响,他们三者是相互影响的,这就是他们三者之间的"三螺旋"。     

职业指导在促进农村劳动力就业工作中的作用和重要性

近年来,我国越来越重视农村劳动力的就业指导工作,各村镇通过各种各样的培训形式提高农村劳动力的职业能力水平,在一定程度上取得了一些效果。但是仍有很大一部分农村劳动力找不到职业方向。农村劳动力在寻找工作的大潮中并不顺利。社会公共就业服务机构的就业指导工作对农村劳动力的职业规划有着非常重要的作用。本文从农村劳动力就业现状、就业难的原因、公共就业服务机构职业指导的主要做法、就业指导的作用等方面进行阐述,并提出作者的观点。     

关于敦化市农村劳动力就业情况的思考

加快农村劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移,是增加农民收入、解决"三农"问题的重要途径。特别是在党的十八大提出"要推动实现更高质量的就业"目标后,如何进一步做好农村劳动力的转移问题显得尤为重要。本文以敦化市为例,重点阐述了敦化市农村劳动力转移的现状、存在的问题及对策,对农村劳动力转移问题提出了自己的见解。     

搞好农村职业教育的思考

我国是一个农业大国,也是农村劳动力 人口大国,农村富余劳动力大量存在。要开发 农村劳动力资源,实现农村富余劳动力有序、 稳定转移,必须加强农村职业教育,以提高劳 动者科学文化素质和劳动技能,培养大批生 产、服务、管理第一线实用人才,促使农村劳 动力的数量优势转化为资源优势,促进农村 经济健康稳步发展和经济社会和谐发展。     

农村劳动力外出就业与形成中的农村劳动力市场

通过对农村劳动力外出就业的调查，作者分析研究了形成中的中国农村劳动力市场。研究发现：中国经济的快速增长、城乡差异和地区差异形成了对跨地区农村劳动力的需求，但需求存在着结构性偏差；农村劳动力外出就业的信息主要由亲缘、亲缘关系者提供，但包工头也起了一定作用；大量农村剩余劳动力在数量上保证了供给，外出就业者身体素质较好，文化素质较高，但职业培训不足；外出就业者收入可以，但缺乏保障。因此，作者就如何克服农村劳动力外出就业中存在的问题以及如何完善和培育农村劳动力市场提出了自己的看法     

关于"阳光工程"培训转移农民的探讨

随着改革的深化和发展,农村剩余劳动力不断增加,但这些劳动力整体素质不高,缺乏转移就业的职业技能,难以提升从业岗位层次.开展农村劳动力"阳光工程"培训转移,是提高农村劳动力素质和就业技能、加快农村劳动力转移、促进农民增收的重要措施,也是提高农民就业能力、增强我国产业竞争力的一项重要的基本工作.在调查摸底的基础上,笔者所在技工学校广泛深入地开展了农村剩余劳动力转移培训"阳光工程"工作,有效地转移了农村剩余劳动力.     

Philanthropists,Professionals and Feminists: Refugee NGOs and the Empowerment of Syrian Women in Gaziantep,Turkey

The diversification of gender‐based priorities and the necessities of refugees have led refugee NGOs to launch activities specifically for women, or urged women‐only NGOs to take action particularly for refugee women in Turkey. Drawing upon a qualitative research in Gaziantep in Turkey, which host a large population of Syrian refugees, this study seeks to answer the question “How effective are NGOs in empowering Syrian refugee women in Turkey?” It is argued that NGOs working in the provision of assistance to refugees cannot be treated as a homogeneous group in terms of the degree and form of their influences on the empowerment of refugee women, and the individual NGO’s standpoints may shape their effects. Data from interviews with NGO representatives and Syrian women who have received support from NGOs indicate that the NGOs’ perceptions of women’s issues and their contribution to the empowerment of women are closely linked to their type.     

Identity Crisis and Integration: The Divergent Attitudes of Iranian Immigrant Men and Women towards Integration into Swedish Society

The main objective of this article is to show the divergent attitudes of Iranian immigrant men and women towards integration into Swedish society.
As several studies have shown, Iranian women have a better chance of adjusting to Western societies than Iranian men. This article discusses the notion that one of the important reasons for this is the determining role of professional position in the life of Iranian immigrants in Sweden.
As a result of the improvement in their work status and therefore an improvement in their social position, Iranian immigrant women now have greater possibilities than Iranian immigrant men to overcome the identity crisis which ordinarily makes ethnic groups and cultural minorities lose their sense of fitting into their new social reality.
This results, in its turn, in the women having a positive attitude towards the new society and increases the extent of their desire for integration into the new society.     

The lives and voices of highly sexual women

American women who experience very strong and frequent sexual desire have often been either ignored or stigmatized. This exploratory study of 44 highly sexual women ages 20 to 82, which used a convenience sample and a semi-structured in-depth interview method, allowed participants to describe their lives and how their sexuality has affected them. Highly sexual women reported that their lives have been strongly affected by their sexuality. First, the participants internally sensed demand for sexual excitement and satisfaction is too intense to be ignored. For some it was a major organizing principle of their time and energy. Second, their lives are lived in a society that often defines highly sexual women in pejorative ways. Women reported experiencing struggles and challenges in almost every area of their lives because of their sexuality, including feelings about themselves and their relationships with partners, female friends, and acquaintances.     

Making It In and Making Out: Women in Professional Occupations in Britain and France

The relationship between gender, work and organization in professional occupations can be shown to vary according to different work environments and national contexts. The career patterns of women in chartered accountancy and law in Britain and France are explored in different types of organization in order to determine whether the societal structuring of these occupations is gendered and whether women fare better in small professional practices or large bureaucratic organizations. The findings are derived from a comparative study which combined macro-level data with in-depth qualitative analysis of work and family life histories of a small number of women professionals. While women in the two countries and two occupations were found to share many of the same problems in establishing and pursuing a career, the evidence suggests that women in France may have a marginal advantage over their British counterparts, not so much because they have access to more extensive statutory employment rights but rather because they are more often employed in small practices where they are able to use their independence and their control over working conditions and work-time arrangements to structure their careers according to their own requirements and interests.     

Walking an Emotional Tightrope: Managing Emotions in a Women's Prison

Until recently, the emotional experiences of women in prison have been overlooked by symbolic interactionists and social scientists. Similarly, research relevant to the sociology of emotions has not been explored in the social context of a correctional institution for women. The purpose of this study is to investigate emotional experiences from the unique perspective of incarcerated women. This research examines how women in prison perceive and manage their emotional lives while confined and asks whether their chosen strategies have an impact on their interactions and thus affect the institutional environment. Data were collected through in‐depth interviews with thirty‐five women incarcerated in a correctional institution located in the midwestern United States. Using a semistructured interview schedule, respondents were asked about a range of topics, one of which involved their emotional lives while incarcerated. Findings indicate these women define their emotional experiences as being simultaneously provocative and constrained. Respondents suggest that their emotional resources are individually, contextually, and culturally grounded. They discuss employing various strategies to manage their emotional lives while incarcerated, including diversions, spiritual pursuits, blocking exercises, self‐reflection, and humor. The majority of the techniques employed to control emotions are intrapersonal. Respondents describe personal efforts designed to manage their emotional experiences rather than share their feelings with others.     

Growing Down Like a Banana: Solomon Islands Village Women Changing Gender Norms

This article presents Solomon Islands village women’s opinions about gender norms. It explores their perceptions of their ability to be involved in leadership roles and decision-making, and their analysis of how they conceive of their abilities changing. It attempts to unravel the ‘push-pull’ experience for Solomon Islands rural women—a push towards modernity equated with gender equity and development, and the pull of traditional gender roles for women embedded in notions of what it means to be a good Solomon Islander woman. It concludes that women’s empowerment must be viewed as a journey that encompasses women’s strategic and practical interests relating to agency in a variety of locations. This article contributes to understanding some aspects to women’s empowerment and how international NGOs and other development entities may have a role in creating space for women’s self-reflection, public commentary and visibility in secular social space.     

Why rural African-American women who use cocaine mistrust women

Little is known about the social networks of rural African-American women who use drugs, although the social networks of their urban counterparts have been characterized as small, mixed gendered, and distrustful of other women. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the characteristics of the social networks of rural African-American women, both users and non-users of drugs. Thirty rural women who used cocaine participated in in-depth qualitative interviews. Rural women who used drugs gave several reasons for their mistrust of other women and tended to have small social networks, which included family members and men to the exclusion of non-familial women. The findings of this study have implications for both research and practice.     

Autonomy,Dependence, or Display? The Relationship Between Married Women’s Earnings and Housework

I argue that both the dominant models of the relationship between earnings and housework, economic dependence and gender display, have fundamental defects. They focus on the effect of women’s earnings compared to their husbands’ on their housework and ignore the possibility of an independent relationship between women’s own earnings and their time spent on housework. Using a sample of 914 married women employed full time from the second wave of the National Survey of Families and Households, I show that women’s housework is affected only by their own earnings, not by their husbands’, and not by their earnings compared to their husbands’. Further, I show that findings suggestive of dependence and display in earlier research are more simply explained in terms of women’s absolute rather than relative earnings. These results invalidate the dependence and display models of the relationship between earnings and housework time and suggest that married women have a substantial degree of economic autonomy in the areas of domestic life for which they are normatively responsible.     

Muslim American Women in the Post-11 September Era

Political events can serve as an impetus for civic engagement or disengagement. The events of 9/11 have directed attention toward US Muslim communities and occasionally inflamed anti-Islam and anti-Muslim sentiments. This article explores the impact of the 11 September events on hijab-wearing Muslim American women. These events and the negative perception of Islam have paradoxically given rise to Muslim women's public presence and paved the way for their political engagement. Their efforts, however, have been hampered by Orientalist and Islamic fundamentalist ideologies, each advancing its own constructs of Muslim women; one seeking to ‘save’ them and the other to ‘protect’ them. Muslim women have found both ideologies oppressive. As a result, they have been actively challenging these ideologies in American society at large and within their own Muslim communities. Through civic engagement and participation in Muslim organizations, these women have been making efforts to redefine themselves, claim their space, secure their rights and advance the causes of Muslim American communities.     

Conundrum of Sexual Decision Making in Marital Relationships: Safer-Sex Knowledge,Behavior, and Attitudes of Married Women in Zambia

Recent research suggests that Zambian women face an increasing risk of contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within marital relationships. Married women's perceived ability to negotiate safer sex or adopt self-efficacy practices is recognized as critical in preventing new infections within marriage. Yet women's self-efficacy practices, such as requesting condom use or refusing sex within marriage, are influenced by individual and context-specific factors. Using the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey data from 4,306 married women, this article examines the association between married women's perceived ability to negotiate safer sex and a range of attitudinal, knowledge, and sociodemographic variables. Results from complementary log-log regression models reveal that married women who have factual knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention, as well as those who have been tested for their HIV serostatus, were more likely to report they can request that their husbands use a condom. Rural married women were more likely to report they can refuse their husbands sex compared to woman in urban areas. Likewise, married women who agree that a wife is justified in refusing her husband sex if he sleeps with other women were more likely to report they can negotiate safer sex compared to women who disagree. These findings suggest that married women are able to negotiate safer sex if they have correct factual knowledge about HIV transmission and are aware of their rights within marital relations.