高压力工作情境下伦理型领导提升员工工作绩效和满意感的过程机制研究

本研究基于资源保存理论,旨在探讨高压力工作情境下,伦理型领导影响员工工作绩效和满意感的过程机制。研究采用两轮问卷调查的方式,以来自40个媒体节目团队的152名媒体从业人员作为研究对象。研究结果显示:(1)伦理型领导能够显著减少员工的挑战性和阻断性压力源;(2)挑战性和阻断性压力源对伦理型领导与心理授权、压力感知、公正感知间关系起到显著的中介效应;(3)心理授权、压力感知和公正感知对挑战性和阻断性压力源与员工工作绩效和满意度间关系起到显著的中介效应。文章最后讨论了本研究的理论意义和实践启示。     

管理人员工作压力源及其影响--国有企业与私营企业的比较

本文探讨了现阶段中国国有企业和私营企业管理人员的工作压力源的现状和特征,并对管理人员工作压力源与工作满意度进行了相关分析。研究结果显示,两类企业管理人员的工作压力源各自呈现出二维模式:国有企业为组织结构与倾向—工作条件和要求,而私营企业则为职业发展—组织中的角色。而且,影响国有企业管理人员工作满意度的工作压力源是“组织的结构与倾向”和“工作条件和要求”两因素;影响私营企业管理人员工作满意度的工作压力源是“职业发展”和“组织中的角色”。其他的工作压力源对目前中国国有与私营企业管理人员不产生压力感。     

时间压力对互联网企业“90后”员工创造力影响的双路径模型研究

基于压力—情绪理论，构建时间压力影响员工创造力的双路径平行中介模型，运用Mplus 8.0和SPSS 25.0软件，对来自我国互联网企业的280份“90后”员工的样本数据进行分析，探究二元时间压力（挑战性和阻碍性）对二元员工创造力（突破性和渐进性）的影响及其差异，以及在该关系中工作焦虑（促进性和抑制性）的中介作用。研究结果表明：挑战性时间压力对员工突破性创造力的正向影响大于渐进性创造力，阻碍性时间压力只显著负向影响员工突破性创造力；挑战性时间压力以促进性工作焦虑为中介，正向影响员工突破性创造力和渐进性创造力；而抑制性工作焦虑在阻碍性时间压力与突破性创造力和渐进性创造力之间的中介作用不显著。     

调节焦点视角下工作压力对员工创造力的影响

基于调节焦点理论,本研究探讨了促进型调节焦点在挑战性工作压力和员工创造力之间、防御型调节焦点在阻碍性工作压力和员工创造力之间所起的中介作用,并根据社会信息处理理论,进一步探究了参与型领导在此过程中的调节作用。通过对202份调查问卷进行统计分析,得出以下研究结论:(1)挑战性工作压力能够诱发员工的促进型调节焦点,阻碍性工作压力能够诱发员工的防御型调节焦点;(2)促进型调节焦点在挑战性工作压力与员工创造力之间起中介作用,即挑战性工作压力通过增强促进型调节焦点继而提高员工创造力,防御型调节焦点在阻碍性工作压力与员工创造力之间的没有起到中介作用;(3)参与型领导增强了挑战性工作压力与促进型调节焦点之间的正向关系,并在这个模型中起调节作用;(4)参与型领导削弱了阻碍性工作压力与防御型调节焦点之间的正向关系,但并没有在整个模型中起到调节作用。以上研究为"如何使员工在沉重的工作压力下提高创造力"等问题提供了一个新的解释,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

认知评价视角下工作压力对员工幸福感的影响机制研究——工作反刍和特质正念的作用

本研究以压力认知交互理论与持续性认知理论为基础,引入工作反刍(问题解决沉思和情感反刍)与特质正念作为中间变量,基于385份纵向问卷的结构方程建模结果,得到如下结论：(1)员工对工作压力源同时产生挑战、阻断和威胁性评价。挑战性压力源主要引发挑战性评价,而阻断性压力源主要诱发威胁性评价。(2)挑战性评价引发了员工在非工作时间的问题解决沉思,阻断和威胁性评价则诱发情感反刍。“压力源→认知评价→持续性认知→幸福感”的链式中介关系成立。(3)特质正念强化了员工对挑战性压力源的积极评价,减弱他们对该类压力源的负面评价,但员工对阻断性压力源的初步认知评价不受正念影响。(4)特质正念加快将员工对压力源的积极初步认知转化为积极持续认知,同时减缓他们对压力源的负面认知转化为负面持续性认知,最终有利于提高他们的幸福感。研究揭示了压力对幸福感的复杂作用机制,为管理者制定针对性的压力干预措施提供了启发。     

信息性与控制性:工作压力源的性质研究

本研究在自我决定理论(self-determination theory,SDT)的框架指导下,对264名企业员工所感受的压力源的性质进行了分析.结果发现,根据作用方式或者个体评价方式的不同,同一个压力源可以再分为信息性或控制性;信息性压力源所产生的压力感受显著地低于控制性的压力源所产生的压力感受;人际与角色压力、工作特征压力、组织结构和氛围压力均可以再分为信息性与控制性,两种性质的压力源产生的压力感受均存在显著性的差异;对不同代际的员工而言,两种性质的压力源所产生的压力感受存在显著性的差异.研究结论启发管理者应关注员工对压力源的个人评价,同时注意不同年龄的员工所感受到的压力特点,在压力源无法改变的前提下,为员工创造信息性的环境,可以显著缓解员工的压力感受.     

企业新员工工作压力与工作绩效的关系研究

本研究通过对187位企业新员工工作压力与工作绩效的调查研究发现:(1)组织管理氛围压力、职业生涯发展规律与工作本身压力是企业新员工感受到的最主要的压力;(2)企业新员工工作压力在企业性质上存在显著性差异;(3)企业新员工工作压力和工作绩效间存在显著的正相关关系,并对企业管理提出了相应的建议。     

管理者工作内源压力与外源压力的结构模型研究

工作压力是影响工作行为的重要因素.本研究提出工作压力源可分解为工作内源性与外源性两类压力因素;据此构思认识,以管理者为研究样本对象,运用结构方程方法,探讨分析了压力源系统的结构模型及其相应影响效能.研究结果表明:①工作压力系统可由工作内源压力与工作外源压力两类因素构成;两类压力源因素相互独立.②来自工作活动本身的内源性压力对管理者工作压力有较大影响.③来自工作以外的外源性压力对管理者工作压力影响较弱.④多数管理者具有寻求紧张、有挑战性的工作的倾向.     

工作压力管理研究综述

压力是常见的社会心理现象,各领域的学者从不同角度都进行工作压力方面的研究。在当今快节奏的工作世界里,这种心理反应常常会失去控制,不但严重影响员工的工作效率、扰乱员工内心的平静,而且还会损害员工的身体健康。对员工工作压力源的深度认识与了解是寻求有效压力管理方法的基础和前提,本文旨在通过对以往压力管理的研究成果进行整理与简单分析,为工作压力管理者提供借鉴。     

挑战性压力与阻碍性压力情境下工作重塑的原因、路径及优化策略

挑战性压力与阻碍性压力并存的双元压力情境下,员工面临着资源失衡与认知失调。资源失衡激发了员工对个人资源投入和工作资源获取两种选择的平衡意识,按照任务重塑—关系重塑—认知重塑的顺序进行工作重塑。认知失调激发了员工减少失调和避免增加失调的动机,按照改变行为—改变态度—建立认知重叠的顺序进行工作重塑。为优化员工工作重塑效果,在实际工作中要保持员工个人资源投入与工作资源获取的相对平衡,提高员工对不同工作重塑行为之间的认知协调程度,同时领导者要引导组织内部形成包容开放的工作重塑氛围,形成工作重塑良性循环。     

The stressor–strain relationship in diary studies: A meta-analysis of the within and between levels

Daily diary studies use the same set of measures repeatedly for several days. Within the work stress domain, these studies are able to isolate the effects of daily exposure to stressors within people from the general level of stressors between people. This meta-analysis investigated both content-related and methodological aspects of workplace stressor–strain relationships in diary studies. Results from 55 unique samples (a combined sample size of 5409) indicated that the magnitude of the stressor–strain relationship was stronger at the between-person level than the within-person level. Further, when the stressor was measured prior to the strain (within the same day), the relationship was somewhat stronger than when stressor and strain were measured concurrently. This suggests that stressor–strain effects might take some time to fully manifest. Differences were also detected among types of strains: affective strains had stronger relationship with stressors than behavioural strains. There were also differences in the stressor–strain relationship depending on both the type of strain and the timing of their respective measurement (concurrent versus predictive), suggesting that certain strain responses require more time to manifest. Overall, this meta-analysis elucidates important considerations in the design and interpretation of diary studies on occupational stress.     

An expanded typology of conflict at work: Task,relationship and non-task organizational conflict as social stressors

This study investigated the roles of three types of conflict at work – task, relationship and non-task organizational – in predicting employee strain. These conflict types refer to disputes over issues that are, respectively, work-task specific, driven by emotionally charged interpersonal animosity or rooted in more broad organizationally relevant issues. Findings from a sample of 260 working adults from various organizations in the United States supported the notion that the three types of conflict function as social stressors and are related to a variety of psychological, behavioural and physical strains. They extend previous research based primarily on relationship conflict. Non-task organizational conflict emerged as a key predictor across strain criteria, thus highlighting the importance of including a more complete conceptualization of the conflict construct in social stress research. The results for task conflict are at variance with findings that it can be beneficial, and suggest that its negative relationship with well-being may be due to its co-occurrence with the other forms of conflict. These findings provide support for an expanded typology of conflict.     

The importance of self-efficacy in the moderating effects of social support on stressor–strain relationships

Abstract

Occupational stress research offers inconsistent findings on the moderating effects of social support on the stressor–strain relationship. This study contributes to the research literature by examining how social support's moderating effect is dependent on one's self-efficacy. Ninety-six US military police soldiers completed two surveys 3 months apart. The results showed that three out of four regression equations had significant three-way interactions. Organizational constraints×supervisor support×self-efficacy had statistically significant interactions in the prediction of job satisfaction and psychological well-being. Organizational constraints×co-worker support×self-efficacy had a significant interaction in the predicted of psychological well-being. These interactions explained between 5% and 10% of the variance in the dependent variables. Social support buffered the stressor–strain relationship when self-efficacy was high and reverse buffered the relationship when self-efficacy was low. These results indicate that interventions aimed at reducing strains by increasing social support should consider an individual's self-efficacy. Future research should consider incorporating content of communication to determine if high and low self-efficacy individuals receive or react differently to different types of communication content.     

Learning to Manage the Multirisk World

Risk assessment, perception, and management tend to focus on one risk at a time. But we live in a multirisk world. This essay in honor of the 40th anniversary of the Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) and the journal Risk Analysis suggests that we can—and have already begun to—strengthen risk analysis and policy outcomes by moving from a focus on the single to the multiple—multiple stressors, multiple impacts, and multiple decisions. This evolution can improve our abilities to assess actual risks, to confront and weigh risk-risk trade-offs and innovate risk-superior moves, and to build learning into adaptive regulation that adjusts over time. Recognizing the multirisk reality can help us understand complex systems, foresee unintended consequences, design better policy solutions, and learn to improve.     

Building a Human Health Risk Assessment Ontology (RsO): A Proposed Framework

Over the last decade the health and environmental research communities have made significant progress in collecting and improving access to genomic, toxicology, exposure, health, and disease data useful to health risk assessment. One of the barriers to applying these growing volumes of information in fields such as risk assessment is the lack of informatics tools to organize, curate, and evaluate thousands of journal publications and hundreds of databases to provide new insights on relationships among exposure, hazard, and disease burden. Many fields are developing ontologies as a way of organizing and analyzing large amounts of complex information from multiple scientific disciplines. Ontologies include a vocabulary of terms and concepts with defined logical relationships to each other. Building from the recently published exposure ontology and other relevant health and environmental ontologies, this article proposes an ontology for health risk assessment (RsO) that provides a structural framework for organizing risk assessment information and methods. The RsO is anchored by eight major concepts that were either identified by exploratory curations of the risk literature or the exposure‐ontology working group as key for describing the risk assessment domain. These concepts are: (1) stressor, (2) receptor, (3) outcome, (4) exposure event, (5) dose‐response approach, (6) dose‐response metric, (7) uncertainty, and (8) measure of risk. We illustrate the utility of these concepts for the RsO with example curations of published risk assessments for ionizing radiation, arsenic in drinking water, and persistent pollutants in salmon.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.