社会学的传记取向：当代社会学进展的一种维度

20世纪80年代前后,传记取向成为社会（科）学中众多转向或取向的一种。相较于20世纪二三十年代由芝加哥学派引领的传记研究,这一取向的范围更为宽广。它关注个人经历、历史与文化之间的交互作用,反对奉实证主义为圭臬的社会科学研究,重视人的主体性与能动性。这一取向消解或者说超越了传统的二元论或二分法,促使社会学家反思自己的概念架构、研究方法以及书写实践。虽然在晚近的发展中,一些学者甚至提出了自传/传记社会学这一具有分支学科性质的指称,但这一取向还是“浮现中的实践”,尚处于晚熟状态,因此还存在不少争议,布尔迪厄甚至从根本上将传记视为一种幻觉。随着“传记时代”的来临,传记社会学势将成为一个开创性的研究领域。     

Causality in Contemporary American Sociology: An Empirical Assessment and Critique

Using a unique data set of causal usage drawn from research articles published between 2006–2008 in the American Journal of Sociology and American Sociological Review, this article offers an empirical assessment of causality in American sociology. Testing various aspects of what we consider the conventional wisdom on causality in the discipline, we find that (1) “variablistic” or “covering law” models are not the dominant way of making causal claims, (2) research methods affect but do not determine causal usage, and (3) the use of explicit causal language and the concept of “mechanisms” to make causal claims is limited. Instead, we find that metaphors and metaphoric reasoning are fundamental for causal claims‐making in the discipline. On this basis, we define three dominant causal types used in sociology today, which we label the Probabilistic, Initiating and Conditioning types. We theorize this outcome as demonstrating the primary role that cognitive models play in providing inference‐rich metaphors that allow sociologists to map causal relationships on to empirical processes.     

超越嵌入性范式：金融社会学的起源、发展和新议题

金融处于当代社会生活的核心，可视为一种社会现象。自M.韦伯开始，古典社会学已论证了社会学研究经济和金融领域的正当性。随着美国新经济社会学的兴起，社会学学者在新经济社会学框架下，以“嵌入性”为理论起点，从社会结构和社会建构两个理论维度研究了金融现象。欧洲学者则挑战了美国新经济社会学的嵌入性范式，为我们提供了研究金融现象的新视角。在新技术和全球化背景下，社会学能从更多角度对金融领域展开研究。     

将生命还给社会:传记法作为一种总体叙事方式

在田野民族志和历史编纂学中，传记法是一种重要的叙事方式。本文从分析林耀华的作品入手，将其置于20世纪20年代以来的社会学和人类学思想脉络中，并在此基础上探讨传记法在中国历史和社会研究中的潜力与可能性。本文将谱系法、个人生命史和社会生命论归纳为“传记法三角”。在（扩展）谱系法和社会结构论的基础上，生命传记法可以呈现一个或多个人的生命历史，作为大历史中的片段。不过，现象学路径有其自身的限度，不能离开对中央政权本身和总体结构的考察。在“时势”和“社会结构”的变迁过程中呈现生命传记，才不会只是个体的故事，而有希望成为一种对中国“总体”社会生活的有力叙事方式。     

The impossibility of sociology as a science; arguments from within the discipline

This paper addresses a key moment in the development of sociology when its status as a science was criticised from within by ethnomethodologists (Harvey Sacks and Harold Garfinkel), post‐Althusserian Marxists (Barry Hindess) and Michel Foucault. These criticisms seemed to come from different sides, but they converged in arguing their positions from the point of view of a proper conception of science through which mainstream sociology was found wanting. Neither secured its own position and each had a similar legacy of a form of interpretivism hostile both to scientific sociology and its critical project. The paper situates this moment and its legacy where both correspondence and coherence criteria for sociological knowledge claims come to be undermined.     

试论城市社会学的跨学科研究

跨学科研究是城市社会学学科建构的重要途径。由于城市社会的多系统性,学科划分的局限性和城市社会学研究的问题取向,城市社会学自诞生起,经历了芝加哥学派的生态学研究,新城市社会学的政治经济学思考,以及当下多学科综合的微观研究。城市社会学依据跨学科研究特定的方法和路径,知识存量不断丰富,交叉学科得到发展,学科结构日趋完善。展望城市社会学未来的发展,将有更多的学科被整合进来,城市社会学的学科框架会更加丰富和复杂。     

社会学的春天和社会学家的任务

当今中国进入了社会主义建设的新时期,要构建和谐社会,实现经济社会协调发展,需要社会学的支撑,这给社会学提供了难得的大好发展机遇,社会学的春天来了。社会学家要在迎接社会剧烈变革所带来的机遇和挑战的过程中承担起自己的历史责任,提供社会学理论和方法的支撑、发挥社会学学科描述记叙的功能、加快社会学学科建设。     

双重抛弃：社会与社会学的张力——兼与肖瑛商榷

摘要：没有社会的社会学和没有社会学的社会是社会与社会学彼此抛弃的必然结果。社会学要回归社会,必须明确其知识体系的基础,即社会和社会性的概念界定、基本内涵、社会主体。但社会概念的空泛化、去人化使其合法性、根性得以丧失。肖瑛给出了回归社会学的辅路途径,布迪厄引入“场域”代替“社会”。社会与社会学的张力导致社会与社会学相行渐远,社会和社会学的双重失根也成为必然。社会的失序、社会性中介的断裂、媒体与大众单一化终结了社会性,也终结着社会学。社会与社会学的张力的化解成为社会和社会学发展必须跨越的一道坎。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： RELIGION AND SOCIETY： CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION：Beyond exclusive religions： challenges for the sociology of religion in China

中国宗教的快速发展及相关研究将有可能重塑宗教社会学的边界。由于过分强调对排他性宗教的研究,宗教社会学一度被称为“基督宗教社会学”。然而,非排他性宗教主导的中国社会却对此提出了挑战,同时也为其提供了发展机遇。在微观层面上,非排他性宗教的普遍存在对植根于西方社会的一些核心概念——如“改宗”和“委身”——构成了挑战。在组织层面上,它挑战着“教派-教会”理论,提醒我们要对非科层化的宗教组织给予关注。在市场层面上,社会学家可以考察非排他性宗教何以在中国宗教兴盛的原因。     

Moral decisionism and its discontents

Decisionists use decision/choice concepts to understand and represent X: bees, Deep Blue, and Ron Carter make decisions. Explicit decisionists argue that X should be understood and represented using decision/choice concepts: it's correct to speak of bees', computers', and jazz improvisers' decision‐making. Explicit anti‐decisionists disagree: bees, computers, jazz improvisers, algorithms, and drug addicts aren't correctly understood and represented as decision‐makers. Sociologists look at decisionism and explicit decisionism as social phenomena, which show up in discourses, practices, technologies, and organizations. I make a contribution to the sociology of decisionism and the sociology of morality by examining three kinds of explicit moral anti‐decisionism: Murdochian, sociological/structural, and Confucian/Daoist. I show why these discontents are discontent, what theories and evidence they draw on, what assumptions they make, and how they conceive of morality without decision/choice concepts. Then, I consider how moral anti‐decisionism might matter, how the sociology of decisionism might matter, and where to go from here (if anywhere).     

Symbolic Boundaries and Collective Violence. A New Theoretical Argument for an Explanatory Sociology of Collective Violent Action

The sociology of violence still struggles with two critical questions: What motivates people to act violently on behalf of groups and how do they come to identify with the groups for which they act? Methodologically the article addresses these puzzling problems in favor of a relational sociology that argues against both micro‐ and macro‐reductionist accounts, while theoretically it proposes a twofold reorientation: first, it makes a plea for the so called cognitive turn in social theory; second, it proposes following praxeological accounts of social action that focus on the dynamic interpenetration of cognition and socio‐cultural practices. The argument is that symbolic boundaries constitute the “missing link” that allows for overcoming the micro‐macro gap in violence research: Symbolic boundaries can cause people's participation in collective violence by providing the essential relational resources for violent action and by triggering the cognitive/affective mechanisms necessary for social actors to become drawn into mobilization processes that can cause their engaging in coordinated attacks on sites across the boundary. The article offers a new theoretical argument by drawing on knowledge from violence research, social action theory and cognitive science allowing for a non‐reductionist theory of action that explains how and why people engage in collective violence.     

Collective‐unconscious apologetics of plutocracy and oligarchy: Chicago economics' ideological preferences revealed by the sociology of knowledge

The article places and analyzes the Chicago school of economics within the framework of Mannheim's sociology of knowledge or ideas that posits and documents social determinants of ideas and ideologies. This framework reveals the Chicago school as the explicit or implicit ideology and utopia of plutocracy, oligarchy and aristocracy in the sense of apologetics of these social classes and/or systems, thus being the class form of ‘apologetic economics’. Specifically, first, Chicago economics reveals itself as the collective‐unconscious apologetics of plutocracy, oligarchy and aristocracy. Second, it appears as the ‘collective‐conscious’ apologetics in this respect. In addition, it come close to the mostly covert collective‐unconscious or conscious apologetics of theocracy and fascism. The article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the social, in particular class, factors of Chicago and related schools of economics and generally of economic ideas, theories and policies by applying Mannheim's sociology of knowledge, especially its emphasis on the collective unconscious as the source of ideology.     

提高《社会学概论》课堂教学质量的思考和实践

社会学概论是社会学专业入门课程,对学生专业兴趣的引导和培养有重要作用。本文总结了在教学内容、教学方法和成绩考核方面的一些尝试和体会。     

Contemplative Methods Meet Social Sciences: Back to Human Experience as It Is

The aim of this paper is to trace a pathway connecting contemplative knowledge and practices with the social sciences. Contemplative knowledge and practices offer material for reflection in social science even concerning their very foundation. I'll found an opportunity for meshing our disciplinary tools with this knowledge as I introduced it in a health promotion program. The result will be a transdisciplinary confluence of different lines of inquiry contributing to a new perspective of self and social action. First of all I will give a definition of contemplative knowledge and practices. Then, I will make a bridge between the contemplative approach and the social sciences, showing the contribution that symbolic interactionism can play. I will illustrate the perspective drawing on an action research program called Auriga aimed at smoking cessation and reduction among health professionals. The aim of this paper is focused on the specification of the conceptual background in which such kind of program has been developed. Finally, I outline some implications it could represent for what might be called transformative sociology. I believe that contemplative knowledge could contribute to disentangle some of the unanswered questions and concerns in the social sciences, once they dismiss for a while their scientistic perspective. The secular redefinition of tools mainly belonging to the wisdom traditions represents an innovation that can reshape what we intend by the self and experience, contributing to what is called the “social transformation from within,” a pragmatic and wise approach to change at any level.     

生成图式与反思理性——解析布迪厄的知识社会学理论

知识社会学思想是布迪厄社会学理论的有机组成部分,也是理解他的整个社会学研究工作的重要线索。布迪厄借用现象学概念,对知识与社会的关系等问题进行重新诠释,并为当代知识社会学的解释模式注入了新的活力。本文认为,布迪厄对知识社会学理论的贡献主要体现在以下两个方面：第一,借鉴现象学认识论,将人类的思维原则述作“生成图式”或“信念”,用二重性表述替代了认知范畴与社会范畴的二元对立;第二,通过对“实践知识”与“科学（含社会学）知识”遵循的相异逻辑进行说明,探讨了客观真知的生成所倚赖的具体社会条件。     

学术话语权与中国社会学发展(英文)

作为“权利”的学术话语权,主要有创造更新权、意义赋予权、学术自主权等类型;作为“权力”的学术话语权,主要有指引导向权、鉴定评判权、行动支配权等类型。这些也体现在中国社会学百余年的发展历程中。在中国社会学初创阶段,严复等人在社会学本土化和学术话语创新方面进行了尝试。费孝通经历了中国社会学前期发展阶段近20年及后期56年全过程,其学术历程对于中国社会学发展史具有典型意义。在理论自觉基础上努力达致学术话语权的制高点,是中国社会学从世界学术格局边陲走向中心的一条必由之路。     

现象学社会学的生命历程

面对韦伯所谓“现世的祛魅”所引发的共同时代问题，使此前由胡塞尔创建的现象学对欧洲诸经验科学产生了更为广泛的影响。现象学社会学虽然蕴含着多种可能进路，但长期以来只被当成舒茨作品的“代名词”。这种误识不仅遮蔽了现象学社会学的实情，而且阻滞了对其他现象学社会学进路的探索。本文将现象学社会学置于现象学运动的情境之中，试图阐明其发生之初蕴含的多种可能之样式，重点考察作为现象学社会学“正统”范例的胡塞尔-舒茨式进路由欧洲发生到北美发展乃至式微的生命历程。本文虽然偏重对胡塞尔-舒茨式进路的梳理，但也试图揭示拓展现象学社会学之可能，希望这种奠基性工作能激发对其他现象学社会学进路的探索。     

Where the Sidewalk Ends: The Limits of Social Constructionism

The sociology of knowledge is a heterogeneous set of theories which generally focuses on the social origins of meaning. Strong arguments, epitomized by Durkheim's late work, have hypothesized that the very concepts our minds use to structure experience are constructed through social processes. This view has come under attack from theorists influenced by recent work in developmental psychology that has demonstrated some awareness of these categories in pre‐socialized infants. However, further studies have shown that the innate abilities infants display differ in systematic and theoretically significant ways from adults' explicit knowledge. This paper moves beyond the constructionist/nativist dichotomy by outlining the complex relationships between innate intelligence and explicit knowledge. I end by suggesting that there are four, distinct ways the social world influences thought‐ facilitation, division, specification, and construction.     

走向开源的社会学——定量分析中的复制性研究

摘要：社会科学定量分析亟待建立一个透明和开源的学术机制,让研究数据和模型公开共享,使研究成果可以得到他人的验证和进一步拓展。这个学术机制的核心就是倡导“复制性研究”。本文结合近年来西方社会科学界围绕复制性研究的实践和讨论,提出了复制性研究对于社会科学特别是中国社会学定量分析的重要意义、操作可能性以及可能存在的争议。在此基础上,本文通过两个实证定量分析的例子,为如何进行复制性研究提供了简明的范本。最后,结合中国实际提出了就复制性研究所应达成的共识和建议。本文所论及的复制性研究,对社会科学定量分析其他领域也同样具有参考价值。     

Prototypes for modern living: planning,sociology and the model village in inter-war Romania

This article reassesses the concept of the ‘model village’ in the context of inter-war debates about rural development in Romania and in Europe more widely through the story of Dioti, a small locality in south-western Romania that was reconstructed as a model village after a great fire in 1938. Imagined by Dimitrie Gusti, the founding father of Romanian sociology, and realized under the auspices of the authoritarian King Carol II, Dio?ti was the outcome of a longer process of imagining a model of rural modernization for Romania that was tightly connected to and influenced by international agendas of reforming and improving rural living conditions. This project offers an opportunity to examine the interplay between the local, national and international levels of rural modernization as they were shaped by the disciplines of architecture, rural planning and sociology. Finally, the article also engages with the concept of the model itself, asking how and why models of rural living were used to produce or manage social change.