汉语谚语语义性质及其关系研究

As the oldest and most frequently used conventional expressions,Chinese proverbs usually represent the way of thinking of the Chinese people.Metaphors,one typical type of Chinese proverbs,try to establish a relation of equality between two relatively dissimilar entities, such as time and money.The ability to understand and to use figurative language is related to one's social competence and professional achievement.In order to reveal the mechanism of proverb processing,the current study takes a close look at the nature of semantic properties and their inter-relationships in Chinese proverbs.522 Chinese sentential proverbs(the two clauses of the proverb are of the same syntax,e.g.,“人活脸,树活皮”)were presented to 360 university students.They were asked to rate the familiarity(1 for least familiar, 7 for most familiar), predictability(1 for least predictable, 7 for most predictable),agreement(1 for least matched between the two clauses,7 for most matched between the two clauses),degree of being understandable(1 for least understandable,7 for most understandable),and imaginability(1 for least imaginable,7 for most imaginable)based on a 7-point Likert Scale,as well as age of acquisition(AOA).Correlation and regression analysis were conducted based on these ratings. The results show a significant positive correlation between familiarity and each of the rest semantic properties,which are consistent with the findings of the previous work.A significant negative correlation between age of acquisition and each of the rest semantic properties is also observed in the current study.However,no significant correlation is found between familiarity and degree of being understandable,which might be due to the low rating of familiarity and the wide dispersity.In order to further reveal the inter-relationships of semantic properties, hierarchical regression analyses are carried out and show that familiarity,imaginabiltity,agreement,and age of acquisition significantly predict the degree of being understandable,while familiarity and age of acquisition significantly predict the predictability of proverbs. Our results demonstrate that familiarity and age of acquisition are two important factors which influence our understanding of Chinese proverbs. In addition, the semantic consistency between two clauses of a Chinese sentential proverb and degree of imagination also play an important role in understanding idiomatic strings.Imaginability is related to the theory of″Dual Coding,″which argues that visual and verbal information are processed differently and along distinct channels in the human mind, creating separate representations for information processed in each channel.The mental codes corresponding to these representations are used to organize incoming information that can be acted upon,stored,and retrieved for subsequent use.Both visual and verbal codes can be used when recalling information.The ability to code a stimulus in two different ways increases the chance of remembering that item compared to if the stimulus is only coded one way.Our results suggest that the processing of a Chinese proverb partially relies on the accessibility to visual code of a proverb which is primarily affected by culture. Therefore, Chinese culture could influence the understanding of Chinese proverbs. Specifically,in the creating process,a number of concrete concepts are used to express the abstract inter-relationships through their similarity,e.g.,the relationship between a person(人)and his/her reputation(脸)is similar to that between a tree(树)and its bark(皮).In other words,the reputation of a person is as important as the bark of a tree.In order to successfully understand the Chinese proverbs,it is important to learn about the deeper meanings of″face″and″reputation″in Chinese culture.That explains why the comprehension of a proverb is significantly associated with one's culture understanding.Based on the current study,more studies should be conducted with a focus on the understanding process of proverbs,which will help reveal the mental mechanism of Chinese and preserving Chinese culture.     

COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN NORWAY Notes from a visit in September 1996

This paper tries to give an outline of the Norwegian educational system for primary schooland middle school and as understood by me during my visit to Vorway in September 1996. Myunderstanding is based on a introduction meeting in the ministry of Education, Research andReligion, and through meetings and talks with representatives for "Norges skoleforbund"(Teacher's association of Norway)and personal talks with teachers.     

The First Chinese Emperor in Vietnam

Vietnam,a close neighbor of China,was influenced by the Chinese Culture for generations.In history,Vietnam had been under the administration and protection of ancient Chinese imperial court for a long period of time.The first Chinese emperor in Vietnam,who can be traced far back to Qin and Han dynasty,is referred to as the oldest emperor worldwide, His name was Zhao Tuo,     

A Study on the Chinese Students’ Acquisition of Collocational Knowledge

In China the acquisition of collocations is considered as one of the most difficult points for the Chinese students in their foreign language learning. So far there are few empirical studies involving the Chinese students‘acquisition of collocational knowledge. The author of the present thesis attempts to examine the acquisition of collocational knowledge in the Chinese students from the productive aspect by investigating the acquisition of collocations in the students at three proficiency levels : elementary, intermediate and advanced. The present study aims at finding out whether there are any proficiency-related differences in the acquisition of collocations, and which collocation types are acquired in the early stage of foreign language learning and which are acquired in the later stage. Altogether 110 students have participated in this study. The results have shown that there are indeed proficiency - related differences in the acquisition of collocations and that there are specific types of collocation that are acquired in the early stages of language learning, and some types are acquired in the later stages of language learning.     

THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH TO THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

1. Introduction In educational theory, as with most things, there exist fashions and trends. Within the field of foreign language teaching the communicative approach is with good reason very fasharable in the west. The name certainly makes it difficult to argue with, who would want to use the 'non-communicative' approach to teaching a foreign language? The need to communicate in a language is what makes language teaching different from teaching many other subjects. If you study geography, you learn about places, but if you only learn about a language it is not enough. I     

DEVELOPMENT OF A MORE MARKET-ORIENTED ECONOMY IN CHINA

SummaryAfter describing the economic institutions for agriculture and industry in China before 1978, this paper points out the reasons for and the key elements of economic reform. It then discusses the major issues currently being deliberated by the leading economic reform officials regarding reform of the price system, the administrative structure of state-owned enterprises, the banking system and macroeconomic control mechanisms, and foreign trade and investment. Finally future prospects of the reform and of China's economic development will be indicated.The transformation of the economy of the People's Republic of China from a planned to a more market-oriented economy is perhaps the most significant development in world history during the last quarter of the twentieth century what was the Chinese economic system like before 1979? why were reforms introduced? what are their essential elements? what are the important issues currently addressed by the reform officials? what are the future prospects? These are the questions to be answered in this paper. The Chinese economy is a complicated entity with many dimensions. Space permits discussion of only those aspects pertinent to the transition to a more market-oriented economy.     

给申请美国签证支招

一、你知道签证被拒的原因吗?大多数的学生都收到包括以下内容的信:This means you have residence in a foreign coun-try that you have no intention of abandoning; andsocial, economic, and other ties that would compelyour return after a temporary and lawful visit. UnderSection 214(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Actof 1952, as amended, a visa may not be issued to anyapplicant who is unable to overcome the presumptionthat he or she is an immigrant by demonstrating theabove factors to the satisfa…     

On Jinggangshan Creative Spiritand Its Contemporary Value

Abstract：Jinggangshan spirit, a product of its historical conditions, is a great spiritual monument in the history of the Communist Party of China. It has abundant connotation but it core content is the creative spirit that includes two basic senses： pioneering spirit and combination of theory with practice. The Jinggangsgan creative spirit expired the Communist Party of China in leading the Chinese people to overcome all dangers and difficulties, win the victory of the New Democratic Revolution, and establish the socialist system. In today＇ s situation of reforming and opening up to the outside world and in the effort to build up socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics, the Jing- gangshan creative spirit is still worth to inherit and carry forward.     

Gulliver''''s Travels and Tang-ao''''s Travels——A Comparison Study on their Similarities

Jonathan Swift is known to students of literature as one of thegreatest satiric writers.Gulliver's Travels is his most ambitious literarywork.In the nineteenth century Chinese literature,there is also a satiricnovel called Tang-ao's Travels by Li yu-zhen in the Qing Dynasty,the lastfeudal society in China.Although Tang-ao's Travels appears one centurylater and is less famous than Gulliver's Travels the two books resemble     

On A Telegram And Its Composition

Telegrams are an advanced means of communication. Even with the advent of the telex, telegrams play an important role in news transmission, information exchange, intercourse in public affairs, and foreign trade in particular. Therefore in the era with the motto of "Time is Money and Efficiency Means Life", it is necessary for us to know the characteritics and composition of a telegram.     

中国古代文人的砚文化活动

砚作为文房四宝之一，是中国古代文人用以研墨的工具。但是，中国古代文人不仅在文学写作与书画创作中使用砚台，同时还将其视为收藏、品评与记载的对象。而中国古代文人之所以积极地投入到用砚、藏砚、品砚与记砚的文化活动中，其原因在于砚台是中国古代文人不可或缺的书写工具，并且藏砚、品砚、记砚的活动可以使他们在身心俱疲时得到放松。     

汉语语法习得异同论

外国留学生汉语语法学习和中国儿童汉语语法获得既有相同的一面 ,又有不同的一面。相同之处表现为 ,同是汉语语法习得 ,习得的一般规律 (语言结构内化的规律等 )和汉语语法特点对两者是相同的。由于习得主体和环境不同 ,习得过程会表现出不同的特点。儿童认知因素发展是汉语母语语法习得的基础 ,留学生汉语语法学习更多受母语影响。此外 ,两者还在方式和动机方面存在不同。对两者异同的比较可以为对外汉语语法教学提供有意义的参考     

亚洲金融危机五年后看人民币汇率保持稳定的原因——关于人民币币值与中国进出口贸易关系的分析

亚洲金融危机之后 ,以及国际经济出现一些波动时 ,许多学者都主张人民币贬值 ,以抵消危机对中国外贸的负面影响。人民币贬值也曾是中国长期使用的促进进出口手段之一 ,为鼓励出口发挥了重要作用 ,但是其作用的发挥是有条件的。亚洲金融危机后 ,由于国际经济环境和中国外贸特征的变化 ,中国出口需求对人民币贬值的弹性趋于减小。本文从人民币币值与中国外贸关系的角度 ,揭示出在亚洲金融危机后人民币汇率保持稳定的基本原因。这种分析对于类似的国际经济与金融波动同样合适     

论钱钟书的《史记》研究

《史记》是中国第一部纪传体通史。20世纪以来,《史记》研究呈现出喜人的局面。其中,国学大师钱钟书先生的《史记会注考证五十八则》以中国古典文学特有的感悟式的评点研究为基础,重点考证、评点了《史记》中的疑难字词和精彩段落,利用古今中外事例阐发义理,研究方法形式多样。尽管是微观研究,札记式评点,但可谓字字珠玑,散金碎玉。     

江泽民中外文化观评析

正确对待中外文化是江泽民文化建设思想的重要内容之一。江泽民在尊重世界文化多样性的前提下,强调了一方面要批判地继承中国传统文化,另一方面要大胆地借鉴外国文明,在此基础上不断进行文化创新,建设中国特色的社会主义先进文化。     

民族志翻译与少数民族文学对外译介——以羌族文学为例

我国少数民族文学对外译介通常以民-汉-外的翻译方式进行,是一种二度翻译,存在着汉语译者和外语译者在视域上的二度融合。在以文化翻译而非语言翻译为取向的少数民族文学对外译介中,民族志翻译借鉴人类学和民俗学口头程式、表演和民族志诗学等理论和方法,在翻译中提供大量的民族志文化信息,充分体现少数民族文学口头性和创造性特点,为少数民族文学对外译介提供新的方法指导和研究视角。       

对外汉语专业古代文学课的教学研究

古代文学是对外汉语专业的重要课程,但人们往往将其定性为文学精典,忽视其经典语言载体的实际,导致教学与学习的偏颇,我们研究分析这一课程的教学现状,总结改进的措施方法,就是要发挥这门课程的文化价值与人文意蕴,更好地服务于对外汉语教学.     

学科确立时期的对外汉语课程设置综述

从1978年到1998年是对外汉语课程学科的确立时期。这个时期的国家政策作出了很大的调整,使得对外汉语教学走上了光明坦途。学科体系逐渐建立,课程设置也逐步走向合理和完善,开始走向科学化、规范化、标准化的道路,为对外汉语教学事业奠定了基础。     

山西民俗文化在对外汉语教学中的作用

民俗文化是对外汉语教学的一个视角。中国地域辽阔,不同地域的文化各具特色、璀璨多姿,共同构成博大精深的中华文化,在各地进行的对外汉语教学就不能不涉及当地的民俗文化。山西民俗文化积淀深厚、个性独特、遗风久远,在对外汉语教学中应很好地发挥它的优势。     

现代汉语外来词汉化轨迹及规律初探

外来词也称借词 ,是语言接触文化交流的产物 ,体现不同语言之间抗衡与妥协、异质和同化的过程。外来词的汉化 ,是指外来词从源语到汉语语言上的变化 ,其主要表现为语音、语义、语词结构与字形等的变化。现代汉语吸收外来词时也存在着一些规律 ,对这些规律的揭示 ,有助于人们更好地了解汉语自身的发展规律 ,以及推进外来词的合理吸收和规范化进程