指示优先级的程式化管理科学研究方法——治理学术界与企业界脱节顽症的一种手段

为治理管理学领域学术界与企业界脱节的顽症,基于法理学和指示优先级程式方法,提出指示优先级的程式化管理科学研究方法:将研究复杂管理问题的过程分解成相互关联的4个活动方面和8个主要活动,构成管理科学研究中的"指示优先级轮",以保持各个活动方面和主要活动的均衡为原则,纠正研究过程中的不平衡现象.分析了该方法的理论含义,剖析这一方法为什么有助于促进理论与实践相结合,从而解决理论与实践脱节问题,并阐述指示优先级程式方法的实践应用.实践应用表明:该方法的应用,可避免管理科学研究中重理论轻实践或重实践轻理论2种偏向,使管理研究过程的管理科学理论与管理实践行为相结合.     

基于CI-TOPSIS的梯形直觉模糊多准则群决策分类方法

模糊群决策分类方法广泛应用于政治、经济与社会生活各个领域,可有效避免个人知识与经验局限性所导致的决策失误。针对信息不完备的多准则群决策问题,提出基于CI-TOPSIS的梯形直觉模糊多准则群决策分类方法。首先,给出梯形直觉模糊集及广义梯形直觉模糊几何聚类算子,兼顾考虑群决策中相应依赖属性与决策者的决策偏好。其次,给出基于离散Choquet积分的TOPSIS算子（CI-TOPSIS）,以此为基础,进一步给出基于CI-TOPSIS的梯形直觉模糊多准则群决策分类步骤,用于确定具有最大可信度群体一致案例比较信息集,并逐步引导决策者给出部分及全部方案的精确分类,充分考虑模糊决策环境下决策者偏好与案例比较信息的级别关系。最后,通过一个投资决策实例对所提出的多准则分类方法进行验证。实例分析表明：该方法克服了决策过程中信息的遗漏,充分保留了决策过程中信息的完备性,更适用于直觉模糊群决策环境下的决策实践,是一种非常有效和科学的方法,可应用推广到更多决策领域。本文所得结论,对于有效解决多人多投资方案的群决策问题,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于愿景满意度函数的多属性群决策方法

针对定性和定量属性相混合的多属性群决策问题,提出基于愿景满意度函数的多属性群决策方法。该方法从损失和收益的角度考虑问题,通过计算标准化的愿景值和属性值之间的距离,建立考虑专家不同风险态度的愿景满意度函数,求得专家各自的满意度,最后应用简单加权算子集结专家的排序结果。通过案例分析和算法对比说明了该算法可适用于不同风险态度的专家进行决策,而风险态度和愿景值的分析结果表明当属性不确定性较大时,专家看重损失或者收益取决于专家的风险态度和愿景值的高低,该方法可为参与决策的双方提供有价值的参考意见。     

融合知识图谱与神经网络赋能数智化管理决策

知识图谱是感知智能通往认知智能的重要桥梁，基于知识图谱的知识表示、融合、推理将对管理决策产生深远影响.知识图谱能够有机集成符号表示和神经网络进行更有效的知识推理与决策.本文提出一套基于知识图谱的神经符号集成推理框架及三个技术方法，包括融合本体知识和生成模型的零样本决策、知识图谱嵌入表示学习增强结果异质性和可解释性、基于知识图谱的预训练模型增强面向下游任务的自动决策.该“1+3”技术体系实现了“模型驱动+知识增强”,在数智化管理决策中具有技术创新性.该体系已在实际商务管理实践中落地与应用，充分彰显场景创新性.该体系也具备通用性，可适用于多领域多情境的管理决策.     

基于离差的区间二元语义多属性群决策方法

针对具有多粒度区间语言评价信息的多属性群决策问题,提出一种基于区间二元语义信息处理和离差最大化的群决策方法。该方法首先针对由基本语言评价集表示的区间二元语义信息,采用了多粒度区间语言评价信息一致化的方法;然后对属性权重信息完全未知的情形建立基于离差最大化的目标规划模型,得到一个求解属性权重的公式,从而获得相应的属性权重;再利用区间二元语义的集结算子对评价信息进行加权集成,通过区间二元语义信息的可能度公式对集成结果进行排序和择优;最后由实例分析说明该方法的有效性和可行性。     

供应链组织信任危机可能性灰色群诊断方法

组织信任危机现象是我国当前供应链合作运作中存在的关键问题之一.为了有效避免供应链合作中企业间组织信任危机的发生,进而保证供应链合作的有效性,该文提出了一种进行组织信任危机可能性诊断的灰色群诊断方法.在对组织信任基本特征归集的基础上,使用能够体现信任者经验知识和主观意愿的诊断指标体系构建了一种主观意愿隶属度的量化准则.在分析了信任危机可能性诊断基本特征的基础上,提出了供应链企业信任危机可能性诊断的框架模型.针对该框架的技术实现层,通过形式化技术分别构建了信任危机可能性诊断中的信任者代理主观意愿白化处理机制、多代理灰色群诊断机制和信任危机可能性灰色群诊断集成等关键技术.将该方法应用到一个实例中取得了较好的应用效果.     

群决策理论、方法及其应用研究的综述与展望

群决策是近年来决策理论研究的热点课题,它在现代政治、管理、军事和科技等重大决策问题中起到了越来越重要的作用.对群决策的定义与理论基础进行评述,分析群决策理论、方法及其应用研究的现状与存在的问题,最后展望群决策的发展方向与趋势.     

基于案例信息的多准则群决策分类方法

针对多准则分类问题中决策者难以提供分类模型参数以及多人参与决策的复杂性,给出了基于案例信息的多准则群决策分类方法.该方法首先根据效用函数分类模型的基本性质定义了案例信息的一致性,根据决策者的不同决策权重定义了案例信息的可信度.然后,建立整数规划模型从各决策者的案例信息中挑选出可信度最大的一致案例信息,并利用该信息和一致性条件对所有待评价方案分类.在分类过程中,直接利用案例信息分类,不需要设置分类边界参数.最后,通过一个MBA项目分类的实例说明了方法的可行性与合理性.     

权重信息未知情况下的多属性群决策方法及其拓展

本文针对群决策中专家权重及指标权重难以确定的问题,提出一种在权重信息完全未知情况下的基于证据距离和模糊熵权变换的多属性群决策方法,其核心在于如何仅通过决策矩阵客观地确定决策者权重及指标权重。通过信息熵和证据距离确定专家权重,并利用模糊变换原理,将专家权重向量与指标熵权矩阵合成,得到统一的群体决策指标权重;最后使用线性加权法集成所有专家对备选方案的评价信息,得到整个方案集的排序。实验结果及相关讨论表明,该方法概念清晰,计算量适中,具有较强的客观性,而且易于机器实现,是一种可行、有效的多属性群决策方法。最后将该方法推广到属性值由精确数、语言值、区间数、直觉模糊数等多种形式构成的混合型多属性群决策中。     

多属性群决策的混合结构偏好识别与融合方法

为有效应对现有群决策偏好一致性检验方法的系列弊端,针对目前群决策情景所展现的决策导向多元、方案属性构成迥异和偏好结构复杂等特征,在解析群决策偏好一致性判定复杂性、刻画群决策偏好信息表征假设情景的基础上,对常规多属性群决策问题进行公理化描述。依据从方案层面到属性层面的整体决策信息判定策略,给出决策导向层面的整体判断偏好一致性检验方法、决策群体偏好类型识别方法、同种偏好内部及偏好间累积判断偏差求解方法、偏好整体相对一致性检验方法和多轮次非一致性决策信息调整策略。案例应用结果表明,上述所构建的方法和策略有效、可行,能够为决策导向多元、备选方案差异显著情景下的混合结构偏好一致性检验、调整与集结提供借鉴。     

An efficient approach for large scale graph partitioning

In this paper, we consider the problem of partitioning the set of vertices of a graph intok subsets of approximately the same cardinality in such a way that the number of edges whose endpoints are in different subsets is minimized. A greedy heuristic, called Procedure1, based on the independent growth of each subset by fronts is proposed for constructing a good-quality graph partition. In addition, we present a more sophisticated version of the greedy heuristic, called Procedure2, which periodically calls a routine to refine the partition being built. We show that the partitions generated by Procedure1 are competitive with those obtained by several constructive heuristics in the literature, e.g. spectral, geometric, as well as other greedy heuristics. Moreover, the partitions produced by Procedure2 are compared with those produced by a leading graph partitioning method in the literature.     

National Networks of Corporate Power: An Irish Perspective

This paper maps the network of interlocking directorships formed by the boards of the top 50 financial and 200 non-financial companies in Ireland. The Irish network is compared with those in ten countries, based on the same sample size and selection criteria as used in this paper, using the methods and theory of Social Network Analysis (SNA). Fundamental to the paper is the idea that the network of interlocking directorates is in some way structured, and not the result of random processes.Irish boards were found to have a relatively loosely connected network structure which is sparser and less dense than those of other countries. This is reflected in the relatively low percentage of multiple directors and the relatively fewer number of directorships per multiple director.In general, indigenous Irish public companies tended to be central in the network, while a disproportionately large number of foreign and private companies were isolated on the periphery. However, a number of foreign-owned companies were central to the network -- in particular, those which started as indigenous Irish companies which were subsequently taken over.When account is taken of the nature of the Irish economy and business, in comparison with that of the ten other countries, it is seen that the opportunities for company interlinking at board level in Ireland are relatively fewer. However, within these constraints, there is a thriving network of corporate power in Ireland.     

Individualism–collectivism orientation and employee attitudes: A comparison of employees from the high-technology sector in India and Ireland

In this study, we examined the effects of individualism–collectivism (I/C) orientations on organizational commitment (affective and normative), tenure intent, and willingness to expend effort among Indian and Irish employees. Results indicated that Indians exhibited higher willingness to expend effort, affective and normative commitments than the Irish employees. Irish employees, however, reported higher tenure intent than Indians. The self-reliance dimension of I/C predicted commitment and tenure intent in the hypothesized direction. The competitiveness dimension of I/C predicted tenure intent in the hypothesized direction but predicted commitments and effort opposite to the hypothesized direction. Supremacy of individual goals dimension of I/C predicted effort and solitary work preference dimension of I/C predicted effort and normative commitment in the expected directions. Implications are discussed.     

Planning in Ireland

Ireland's First Economic Programme was initiated and devised by Dr. T. K. Whitaker, then Secretary of the Department of Finance, and Head of the Civil Service during 1957 and 1958. He produced a planning system suited to the needs of the country, simple and unsophisticated. The First Programme restored confidence in the viability of the Irish Economy and its potential for growth. This article charts the course of planning in Ireland during the sixties. Dr. Garret FitzGerald is at present the Irish Shadow Minister of Education. He was Alternate Member of the General Purposes Committee of the National Industrial Economic Council from 1963–1969, and he is author of the book: “Planning in Ireland” published by P.E.P. and the Institute of Public Administration in 1969.     

A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE: THE CULTURE OF HONOR AND HOMICIDE IN THE US SOUTH

The paper tests the popular hypothesis that the high prevalence of homicide in the South of the United States originates from the settlement by herders from the fringes of Britain in the 18th century. I find that historical Scots‐Irish presence is associated with higher contemporary homicide, particularly by white offenders, and that a culture of violence was transmitted to subsequent generations—but only in the South and, more generally, where historical institutional quality was low. The interpretation is that the Scots‐Irish culture of honor prevailed and persisted as an adaptive behavior to weak institutions. As institutional quality converged between the South and North over the last 200 years, the influence of the culture of honor has been fading over time. The results are robust to controlling for state fixed effects and for a large number of historical and contemporary factors, as well as to relying on instrumental variables for historical settlements. The results are also specific to a particular type of homicide and background of settlers.     

Short-term international assignments. Military perspectives and implications for international human resource management

Short-term international assignments have been under-explored in international human resource management (IHRM) literature and research. Equally, there is a dearth of studies on international mobility beyond multinational corporations. Drawing on an exploratory study of short-term international assignments in the Irish Defence Forces, this paper considers the implications for IHRM.     

State-Owned Enterprise Policy and the Loss of Economic Sovereignty: The Case of Ireland

The global financial crisis that erupted in 2008 has had enormous implications for the composition of the state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector in many advanced economies around the world. The crisis resulted in the nationalization of financial institutions in a number of economies, but has also led to a number of countries pursuing policies of privatization to raise much needed revenue to tackle high levels of indebtedness. This article describes the changes to the composition of the Irish SOE sector since the onset of the economic crisis in 2008, as well as its impact on the stated plans for the future of the SOE sector. It addresses the question of privatization and the conditionality for the sale of state assets contained in the bailout agreement signed between the Irish government and the IMF/ECB/European Commission (the “Troika”). It finds that Ireland has been afforded a degree of discretion with regard to the choice of assets to be sold and the application of proceeds. Revenue targets, however, have been dictated by the Troika. This contrasts with the agreements forged between the Troika and the governments of Greece and Portugal where there has been a far greater degree of conditionality attached to SOE divestments.     

Non-Standard Employment in Irish Manufacturing: Do Firm Characteristics Matter?

Non-standard or atypical employment in Irish manufacturing more than doubled between 1987 and 1995. This paper attempts to analyse empirically the nature of non-standard employment in Ireland using plant-level data for 1995. We focus on firm characteristics as explanatory factors. Our econometric results indicate that there are significant differences in the use of atypical employment between small and large firms, and between indigenous and foreign-owned firms.     

Wie kann die Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastung gelingen?

The execution of the risk assessment of mental stress is legally required for all companies in Germany. Although the concrete implementation often presents itself as a major challenge. The author describes from her practical experience the most important success factors and obstacles, which must be heeded. This overview can be very useful to the responsible personnel in the company as a valuable guide. For example The Moderated Procedure of the B·A·D GmbH, outlines the process of risk assessment of mental stress.