谁动了我的工资条?

据相关数据统计,2009年城乡居民收入差距为3.33倍,行业收入差距为1593倍,地区收入差距为2.43倍,居民最高收入组与最低收入组相差23倍.在题为<深化改革,调整结构,促进形成公平合理的收入分配格局>的论坛主旨报告中,全国人大农业与农村委员会委员、中国劳动学会会长、原劳动保障部副部长华福周指出了我国收入分配领域改革的四大"病症":劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重和居民收入在国民收入中的比重仍然较低:收入差距继续扩大;分配秩序不规范;收入分配的宏观调控体系尚不健全.     

中国社会保障制度的收入再分配效应：一些新发现

共同富裕的实现离不开公平的收入分配制度。作为再分配政策的重要组成部分,社会保障制度应该发挥调节收入差距的作用。本文使用2002年和2018年中国家庭收入调查项目（CHIP）的数据,全面评估了21世纪以来中国社会保障制度的再分配效应。研究发现,随着中国的社会保障制度逐步完善,政府对社会保障项目的投入不断加强,居民的社会保障收入在这一时期有明显的增长。总体上来看,中国的社会保障制度是有助于缩小收入差距的且再分配作用在这一时期是不断增强的。其中,社会保障收入,特别是养老金收入,发挥主要的缩小收入差距的作用,而社会保险缴费仍是具有扩大收入差距的作用。本文研究还发现,2018年,社会保障项目对城镇居民收入再分配的调节作用要明显大于农村居民。分地区来看,社会保障制度能明显缩小东部地区居民的收入分配差距,而社会保障对中部地区收入差距的调节作用相对较弱。分人群组来看,社会保障收入对高收入组居民的收入再分配效应的贡献率是最高的,而对中低收入组居民的再分配效应的贡献率是较低的。相比于发达国家,中国社会保障制度的再分配效应仍有待提高,且中国社会保障的统筹程度较低。因此,要进一步完善社会保障制度,缩小社会保障...     

新个人所得税的再分配效应——基于CFPS数据的测算

基于CFPS2018年数据对于2018年个人所得税改革对收入分配的影响通过测算MT指数、K指数、基尼系数、再分配效应与泰尔指数进行了研究,并且分区域进行了考察。研究发现:2018年免征额提高与增加专项附加扣除标准后,居民的收入不平等程度提高;个税对收入分配的调节效应减弱,但累进性增强;分区域来看,个税改革前后收入不平等程度、个税再分配效应与累进性从高到低依次为东部、中部和西部地区。     

西亚北非诸国贫富现状

人均国民生产总值和居民的收入分配状况是分别用以衡量一个国家及其居民贫富程度的重要标准.本文拟对西亚北非诸国的贫富现状作一素描.一、国家的贫富现状西亚北非24个国家和地区的人均国民生产总值高低差距很大.世界银行发表的《世界发展报告》依据各国人均国民生产总值的多     

"股份+合作"宁阳县三万农户探索土地流转新模式

山东省宁阳县探索土地承包经营权流转新机制,建立起了"股份+合作"的土地流转路子和"底金+分红+劳务收入"的士地流转分配方式.农民反映,土地流转后收入多了、自己自由支配的时间多了,还省去了后顾之忧,旱涝保收,日子过得更加充实.     

给"薪酬"一个大特写--2004''''薪酬管理国际高层论坛侧记

最敏感的薪酬问题 劳动和社会保障部步正发副部长在开幕式上指出,目前宏观薪酬领域最突出的问题有四,即机关事业单位和企业之间的分配关系问题、薪酬水平、人工成本与企业竞争力的关系问题、垄断行业收入分配问题、弱势群体收入分配不合理问题.这些问题作为企业薪酬制度改革中的重要问题,必须认真研究解决.     

邱小平:五大措施调节行业收入分配差距

近年来,部分人大代表和有关人士对社会分配不公的问题反映较多,主要是收入分配差距问题,表现在城乡之间、地区之间、行业(企业)之间收入差距逐年拉大的趋势.城乡收入差距与我国传统的二元经济结构有关;地区收入差距既是长期历史形成的,也是我国改革发展过程中地区非均衡发展的反映.解决这两类收入差距逐年拉大的问题,需要一个较长的过程.     

公务员地区收入差距分析

收入分配问题是具有政治意义的社会经济问题,公务员工资分配关系到公务员队伍建设和政府行政效能的提高。不同地区公务员之间的收入差距是当前我国社会收入差距的表现形式之一。即使在公务员内部,不同地区公务员之间也存在收入差距。本文试图通过对不同地区公务员收入的比较,探讨其存在的收入差距和影响收入差距的因素,并且对不同地区公务员收入差距提出合理的解决措施。目的是进一步完善公务员工资制度,规范公务员工资分配秩序,合理调控公务员地区间工资差距,促进公务员工资管理的规范化、制度化、法制化。     

取缔非法收入,更待何时

由收入差距带来的贫富差距日愈拉大,已经成为构建和谐社会的一大障碍.2006年5月26日,中央召开政治局会议,正式启动收入分配制度的改革,确立了收入分配制度改革的四大内容:"提高低收入者收入水平,扩大中等收入者比重,调节过高收入,取缔非法收入",可简化为"提高、扩大、调节、取缔",途径是"规范个人收入分配秩序",目的是"缓解地区之间和部分社会成员收入分配差距扩大趋势".     

阿拉伯经济发展的几个主要历程

阿拉伯经济发展经历了漫长曲折的历程.在阿拉伯帝国建立以前,由于阿拉伯半岛气候炎热,干旱少雨,土地贫瘠荒凉,绝大多数居民以放养骆驼、羊和狩猎为生.在一些水源较充足、适宜耕种的地区或沙漠绿洲中,有一部分人从事定居的农业生产,种植椰枣、咖啡、葡萄和其他水果.也有一部分人以经商为主,谋求生活来源.这一时期,     

On power distribution in weighted voting

We study here the strategic possibilities in a voting system where, in weight terms, there is a single main agent and the others are equivalent. As an alternative to the coalition formation, we suggest for the minor agents a more discreet, anonymous and solidary behavior based on commitments referred to the size of the coalitions that they would agree to form. In order to analyze, in a coherent way, the effects of such commitments on the a priori power distribution, we use as measures of power the Shapley value and a certain class of semivalues closely related to it.Research partially supported by Grant BFM 2003–01314 of the Science and Technology Spanish Ministry. The authors wish to thank Professor Maurice Salles and two anonymous referees for their stimulating comments.     

The distribution problem and Rawlsian reasoning

The difference principle of Rawls has been wrongly translated in the formal literature on welfare economics and social choice theory. The difference principle is concerned with the welfare of the members of the least advantaged segment, and, thus, does not – as frequently argued – assign dictatorial power to the person in the worst off position in society. This distinction is important, and the focus on a leximingroup rule makes the Rawlsian position more plausible than it is in the `disguise' of the conventional leximin rule. However, there is a difficulty with this approach, to wit how to understand the least advantaged segment in society. Various definitions are considered in the paper, but it turns out that in most cases these definitions imply that we have to accept the leximin rule. We suggest one line of reasoning that makes the Rawlsian leximingroup rule a genuine alternative to the leximin rule. In this approach, an independent norm level is imposed on the analysis (i.e. a cut off line that is independent of the distribution of welfare under consideration), and the least advantaged segment is identified as those who have less than this minimum stipend. Received: 21 December 1994/Accepted: 15 June 1998     

Poverty, income distribution and CGE micro-simulation modeling: Does the functional form of distribution matter?

This paper explores income distribution modeling approaches for poverty analysis in a CGE micro-simulation context. Income distribution functional forms such as the lognormal, Pareto, beta distribution and empirical methods are currently used in CGE models in parallel with the estimation of FGT poverty indices. The particular methods or functional forms used in this context are not always clearly defined and justified. In this paper, we investigate and provide better criteria for selecting a functional distribution for poverty analysis. To achieve this, we apply parametric estimation to seven functional forms and compare the results to a purely “empirical” method. The results showed that no single form is more appropriate in all instances or for all household subgroups. The choice of a modeling approach should be motivated by a search for best fit and should be based on appropriate statistical tests. Selecting inappropriate distributional forms can lead to biased results in terms of poverty analysis. Introducing functional forms in the empirical approach can also provide greater confidence in the results obtained.

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An erratum to this article can be found at     

Survey nonresponse and the distribution of income

The paper examines the distributional implications of selective compliance in sample surveys, whereby households with different incomes are not equally likely to participate. Poverty and inequality measurement implications are discussed for monotonically decreasing and inverted-U compliance-income relationships. We demonstrate that the latent income effect on the probability of compliance can be estimated from information on response rates across geographic areas. On implementing the method on the Current Population Survey for the U.S. we find that the compliance probability falls monotonically as income rises. Correcting for nonresponse appreciably increases mean income and inequality, but has only a small impact on poverty incidence up to poverty lines common in the U.S. Martin Ravallion: Corresponding author.     

Income distribution determinants and public spending efficiency

This paper examines the impact of public spending on income distribution in OECD countries, paying attention in particular to the impact of the quality of education and public institutions. The paper assesses the efficiency of public spending in improving income distribution by using Data Envelopment Analysis. The empirical analysis shows the existence of both input and output inefficiencies across countries when relating public social spending to the inequality in income distribution.     

Constants and variables: Pareto's asymmetric distribution curve

The article sets out the classic Paretian theory of income distribution. As it does so, it seeks to highlight the constant elements in the human faculties represented, at aggregate level, by the invariability and persistence of the asymmetric income curve, and the variable elements connected with the same curve and manifest in upward and downward mobility – what Pareto calls ‘circulation’. The two theorems arising from Pareto's discovery constitute a specific theory of development which has been confirmed from two points of view: in the positive sense of development when – as in the West – the second theorem has been applied (also independently of Pareto) with the connected theory of the entrepreneur and innovation in democratic regimes; but also in the negative sense of underdevelopment, with the destruction of wealth and the consequent general impoverishment, when expropriation policies have been implemented in despotic regimes, or excessive taxation in others.     

Income distribution,economic growth and European integration

In this paper I discuss recent theories on the relationship between growth and inequality, and ask whether the two move together or not. Output growth can be due to increases in physical capital, human capital, employment or the level of technology, and I argue that each of these represents a mechanism that relates our two variables of interest. The European integration process has represented a major policy change that has affected not only the opportunities for growth but also the constraints faced by national governments. We can then ask whether such integration has had an effect on inequality, and to what extent it has resulted in a conflict between productive efficiency and distributive considerations.