中国民族区域自治制度的历史与现实基础

中国是一个统一的多民族国家,各民族共同创造了中华历史.国家结构形式问题,对于我们这个多民族的国家来说,是关系国家前途命运和各民族根本利益的重大问题.中国共产党从成立起,就对采用什么样的国家结构形式,进行了不懈探索,总结和借鉴了世界各国处理民族问题的经验教训,将民族区域自治确立为解决国内民族问题的基本政策,并作为国家的一项基本政治制度长期坚持、完善,走出了一条具有中国特色的解决民族问题的道路.60多年的实践证明,中国的民族政策是正确的,是基本成功的.民族区域自治制度具有优越性,是中国解决民族问题的必要途径.     

民族区域自治作为当代中国一项基本政治制度的依据

民族区域自治制度在当代中国国家制度体系中的地位,经历了从作为一项"重要"政治制度到"基本"政治制度的发展演进过程。民族区域自治作为当代中国一项基本政治制度有着内在的依据:其一,民族问题和政策的政治属性及其在多民族大国的长期重要性;其二,民族区域自治在当代中国民族政策体系中的基础地位;其三,民族区域自治制度所要协调和处理的重大关系及其价值蕴含。     

我国民族区域自治制度的特点和优越性

我国是一个统一的多民族国家，有56个民族，民族问题具有很大的重要性、复杂性和长期性。但我国民族问题处理和解决得很好，这要归功于中国共产党把马克思列宁主义的民族理论与中国实际相结合，创造了一整套有中国特色的民族理论和政策。其中，民族区域自治就是中国共产党运用马克思列宁主义解放中国民族问题的基本政策，是国家的一项基本政治制度。实践已经证明了我国民族区域自治制度的巨大成功，成为解决中国民族问题的一把钥匙，表现了很大的优越性。邓小平同志说：“解决民族问题，中国采取的不是民族共和国联邦的制度，而是民族区域自…     

“新思路”的异思考——关于族群问题“去政治化”的若干刍议

近十几年来,族群问题"去政治化"以"理解民族关系的新思路"示于学界,直指社会主义国家的民族制度与古今中国民族政策的合理性问题,主张借鉴美国的族群问题"文化化"经验。然而,社会主义国家的民族制度与政策,本质上并非导向于"分",而是导向于"合";美国族群问题的"文化化"路径有其自身的局限性;作为社会主义多民族国家的新中国,继承的是清帝国这一征服王朝的多元民族格局,这是实行民族区域自治的历史基础。     

从政治制度的角度看民族区域自治的强大生命力

我国是一个统一的多民族国家,实行民族区域自治,是中国共产党对马克思列宁主义民族理论的深化与发展,是我国在处理统一的多民族国家内部民族问题方面的一项具有制度化意义的创举。实践证明,民族区域自治制度具有强大的生命力。中国民族区域自治制度的建立及运行符合中国的国情民族区域自治制度,是在中华人民共和国的领土范围内,在中央政府集中统一的领导下,遵循现行宪法的规定,国内各少数民族依照有关法律、法规以聚居区为基础,建立自治地方,设立自治机关,行使自治权,享受当家做主的权利,管理本民族内部事务的、综合民族和地区…     

浅谈民族区域自治制度——纪念《民族区域自治法》颁布实施20周年

民族区域自治是我国解决民族问题的基本政策,是具有中国特色的一项重要政治制度。它是在民主主义革命进程中经过长期的探索和实践,把马克思主义关于民族问题的基本原理同中国民族关系发展的具体特点相结合的产物。民族区域自治制度的实施,实现了少数民族当家作主,管理本民族本地区内部事务的愿望。通过划定自治区域,建立自治机关,实行民族区域自治,以此促进民族平等、民族团结和各民族共同繁荣进步。我国选择民族区域自治制度是由以下几个特点决定的。　　第一、从民族分布来看:我国是一个多民族国家,除了汉族外,其他民族有55个。其…     

多民族国家和谐社会的构建与民族问题的解决--评民族问题的"去政治化"与"文化化"

一种包容多元、融汇一体的族际关系,是统一的多民族国家和谐社会得以顺利构建的基本前提.族际关系的和谐首先来自于制度安排是否适合国情,其次来自于针对少数民族权利保障和特别优惠的政策、措施是否有效.尽管学术视角有所不同,但民族理论和政治学都将民族问题视为一个建构于民族利益之上的政治事项.试图将民族问题"非政治化"、"去政治化"和"文化化"显然是缘木求鱼.本文从构建多民族国家和谐社会的制度与政策层面入手,分别研究了多民族国家处理国内民族问题的制度架构和政策路径,同时对一些学者关于"民族问题‘去政治化'"的理论进行了分析和探讨.     

中国的民族问题与区域自治制度——纪念《民族区域自治法》实施20周年

中国是一个统一的多民族国家。“统一”是前提、是框架,是政治体制的范畴。“多民族”是基础,是内涵,是文化的范畴。这说明在我国的单一制的统一的框架中能够实现文化的多样性,充分地保护少数民族的权益。本文拟结合国外民族问题的发展现状与对策,谈谈中国的民族问题及民族区域自治制度。一、中外民族问题及其政策与法律的简略比较民族问题是关系民族团结、国家统一的重大问题。处理少数民族问题,关系到民族团结和国家统一。在处理少数民族问题上,各国因应自己的历史背景和文化传统,结合自身的民族情况,形成了各具特色的政策。相应地,许多国…     

从民族区域自治制度看马克思主义民族理论的中国化

民族区域自治制度是解决我国民族问题的基本政治制度和基本政策,是中国共产党结合中国的具体国情将马克思主义民族理论中国化的典范。本文主要从两个方面论述了这一主题:一、民族区域自治制度是解决我国民族问题的基本政治制度;二、确立和实行民族区域自治制度是中国社会历史发展的必然结果,是马克思主义民族理论中国化的产物。     

中国共产党民族区域自治政策的形成和发展--中国共产党民族纲领政策形成和发展研究之十

民族区域自治是中国共产党解决我国民族问题的基本形式、基本政策,也是我国的基本政治制度之-.本文论述了中国共产党在几十年的新民主主义革命过程中,把马列主义民族理论与中国民族问题实际相结合,探索解决中国民族问题的道路和基本形式、基本政策--民族区域自治政策的过程,论述了新中国建立50年来民族区域自治制度的发展和完善过程.     

略论民族地区政治文明建设

民族地区的政治文明建设是民族地区全面建设小康社会的重要内容。民族地区政治文明建设主要包括:坚持和完善中国共产党的领导,坚持和完善民族区域自治制度,贯彻和落实依法治国的方针,建设先进的政治文化。只有在民族地区全面建设小康社会的进程中,才能完善民族地区的政治文明。     

对新形势下民族院校思想政治工作的思考

随着时代的发展和社会的前进,民族院校与其它高校一样,思想政治工作出现新情况、新问题,面临许多新挑战。新形势下,思想政治工作必须增强时代感,提高认识,从思想、内容、方法手段、机制上予以创新,为培养四有人才,为高校改革、发展提供更好的服务和保证作用。     

西部女性劳动力资源开发问题研究

在我国广大的西部地区,妇女约占总人口的一半,是建设社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明和构建社会主义和谐社会的重要力量.受经济和社会发展水平及原有体制、观念、社会文化等因素的制约,西部妇女人力资源开发仍然滞后,全面促进性别平等和妇女发展还面临许多新情况和新问题.研究西部妇女人力资源开发,对于在和谐社会建设中发挥妇女的潜能,调动妇女的积极性,促进西部妇女与男子平等参与、共同受益具有重要现实意义.     

地域文化与国家政治融合互动——以柳宗元神灵形象与文教圣贤形象的建构为例

在传统中国的复杂社会系统中,地域文化与国家政治的融合互动奠定了地方社会与国家政治运行的基础。二者的双向融合互动,主要是以地方社会的主动参与为主,使地域文化与国家政治贯通起来,并随国家意识形态需要不断创新,保障了社会机制内部的脉络畅通。实际上,这种融合互动代表了传统中国社会"文化政治"的一般性运作机制。本文从柳宗元神灵形象与文教圣贤形象建构的视角出发,长时段考察地方社会与国家政治间存在的民间化--升华的双向融合互动,从下而上地对中国政治文化传统予以上溯,管窥其中蕴含的传统政治智慧与社会运作机制,以期为完善当前的社会治理体制机制提供一些借鉴。     

辽代捺钵制度研究

辽代的捺钵制度是中国历史上颇富民族特色和地域特色的一项政治制度 ,它起源于契丹人的游猎生活。所谓捺钵制度主要是指以辽代皇帝为中心 ,以狩猎活动为主要表现形式的巡守制度和游幸活动。四时捺钵是辽代政治体制的集中体现和契丹族狩猎文化的重要载体 ,也是辽代社会历史的一个缩影。作为一项政治制度 ,四时捺钵不仅对辽代社会产生了深远的影响 ,而且也影响到了后世的金、元、清三朝     

论我国民族法学学科体系的构建

新颁布的《民族区域自治法》是构建我国民族法学基本学科和学科体系的理论基石。本文所论述的民族法学虽然是法学与民族学相互衔接与交叉的学科 ,但该学科的内容主要是指建立在《民族区域自治法》基础之上的、关于多民族国家调整国内民族关系的法律规范的学说。其体系不同于过去从民族学、人类学的视角提出的框架结构 ,而是一门有别于“法人类学”、“法民族学”和“少数民族习惯法学”的新兴法学学科。民族法学作为法学的一门分支学科 ,它是在我国不断加强民族法制建设的历史条件下产生和发展起来的 ,体现了我国民族的进步和社会的发展     

邓小平关于民族区域自治的理论与政策--纪念邓小平诞辰100周年系列论文之四

邓小平关于民族区域自治的理论与政策,明确提出了民族区域自治适合中国的国情,是我们的制度优势;实行民族区域自治必须把经济搞好;要真正实行民族区域自治;搞好民族自治地方工作的关键是干部问题.     

族际政治民主化:多民族国家建设和谐社会的重要课题

多民族国家社会和谐的一个重要方面是族际关系的和谐。多民族国家族际关系的核心是政治关系。多民族国家采取民主的方式处理族际政治关系,不仅是主权在民原则的自然引申,也是国家公共权力合法性的题中之意,更是多民族国家创造各民族政治认同、维护民族团结、建构和谐社会的制度保障。当代世界许多国家的少数民族政策已经倾向于承认和重视少数民族政治权利的制度保障,表现出族际政治民主化的趋势。本文试从国际比较的视角,从理论和实践两个方面,对当代多民族国家内部族际政治民主化问题略做探讨,以期有助于我国在建设社会主义和谐社会中充分重视民族关系的政治协调和制度完善。     

福利慈善、社会资本与社会发展--论宗教在当代中国社会中的参与需要和可能

社会的成熟不仅仅意味着经济的发展,更是一个社会作为整体的全面发展,中国社会已经深刻意识到这一点,并大力提倡可持续发展社会以及和谐社会这样的概念。社会的和谐和健康发展所需要的也不仅仅是经济资本,也需要政治或政府力量,也需要社会各方面的参与。倘若将这些社会资源和力量视为社会资本,宗教无疑是其中一个相当重要的组成部分。根据1996年国务院《中国的宗教信仰自由状况》白皮书的数据,中国的宗教信徒有1亿多人①,本可以对社会的全面发展做出更多的贡献,但事实上在目前的社会发展场景中却很少看到宗教的参与。福利慈善的完善程度在很大程度上代表了一个社会成熟的程度,其中除了政府理所应当扮演的主导角色外,也是社会参与的最为广泛的领域。本文将福利慈善放置于社会发展的大场景之下来进行考察,从对宗教参与福利慈善的历史、现状的讨论开始,进而从宗教自身的角度来考察其对于社会参与的内在要求,最终探讨宗教在当前中国社会中的参与之可能前景。     

民国时期天山北麓东路城市多民族居民生活的变化

Although the Republican era of China did not last very long, it was a significant period in which China transformed from an agricul-tural to an industrial era, and from a traditional so-ciety to a modern one. During this period, not only did the politics and economics change dramatical-ly, but also the lives of urban residents. Although Xinjiang is located in the western frontier area of inland China, since the Qing dynasty, its politi-cal, economic and cultural connections with inland China gradually increased. Xinjiang is not an iso-lated region, it actually is located in the central ar-ea of Asia. So, its openness is very pronounced. Even though during the Republican era, inland China was gripped in the chaos of war, Xinjiang’s political, economic and cultural connections with the inland were never broken. Although sometimes the central government’s control in Xinjiang was not so strong, the central government’s policies had always impacted strongly on Xinjiang. In addition, due to the continuous migration of the inland popu-lation ( especially intellectuals, and political and military people) into urban areas, such as Dihua in Xinjiang during the Republic era of China, the politics, economics and culture of inland China had a big impact on the lives of Xinjiang urban res-idents. Moreover, Xijiang is neighbors with Rus-sia. Since the middle of the 19th century, Russia, whose industrialization and modernization occurred earlier and faster than China’s, often made political and military invasions, as well as cultural infiltra-tion, into Xinjiang. After the founding of the Sovi-et Union, its influence on the cities of Xijiang gradually increased. Especially during the period when Sheng Shicai managed Xinjiang, the influ-ence of the Soviet Union on Xinjiang was the stron-gest. In addition to political influence, economic and cultural influences became more pronounced, and numerous industrial and cultural products made in the Soviet Union were imported into Xin-jiang. This had a dramatic impact on the urban residents of Xinjiang. As a political, economic and cultural center of Xinjiang, Dihua was alive with many Russians who engaged in political, economic and cultural activities. Hence, their direct or indi-rect influence on the lives of Dihua residents was stronger than in other cities. At present, the research on Xinjiang during the Republican era of China mainly focuses on the political and economic domains , and less attention is paid to its urban life. However, the changes of modernization are not only reflected in the aspects of politics and economics, but also in the field of social life. Hence, to strengthen the research on the changes in social life in urban areas of Xinjiang during the Republican era of China is significant. The Republican era of China was an important pe-riod for Xinjiang society. Although if we compare it with the urban areas along the eastern coastal ar-ea of China, the impact of western culture on the lives of urban residents in Xinjiang during this pe-riod was not so strong, and the changes in social life also reflected multi - ethnic characteristics. The changes in urban life in Xinjiang were also an important part of the changes following China’s modernization. It reflected a both generalization and a diversity of the urban changes created by China’s modernization. In addition, one should note the impact of the changes in Xinjiang’s urban life during the Republican era on that of Xinjiang during the latter half of the 20th century. Thus, it is very necessary to conduct a research on the lives of Xinjiang’s urban residents during the Republican era of China. Xinjiang has been a multi-ethnic area since ancient times, a fact which contributes the ethnic diversity that characterizes the social life of Xin-jiang cities. During the Republican era, the mate-rial life of the various ethnic groups living in Xinjiang’s cities changed successively due to the impact of external cultures, and the wave of mod-ernization. However the changes to the material lives of the various ethnic groups were different. The content of material life is very broad. General-ly speaking, it comprises people’s daily life, inclu-ding clothing, food, shelter and transportation, all of which are regarded as basic essentials for peo-ple. In a period of scarcity of goods and materials, material life became the most important thing for most of the public. Hence, changes with regard to material life, to a large extent, is reflected in the changes in the social lives of urban residents. Generally speaking, compared with the situa-tion in the Qing dynasty, the clothing in Xinjiang cities such as Dihua exhibited a big change. How-ever , this change displayed multi-ethnic and diver-sified characteristics. Concerning the food culture of Dihua urban residents during the Republican era of China, it reflected more open, inclusive and mutually influential features. In other words, the existence of a diversified food culture and diverse development was an important characteristic of the time. Concerning shelter during this period, a big change in Dihua’s urban style was that some mod-ern buildings co-appeared alongside traditional style buildings, no matter whether it was in the pri-vate space or public space. Moreover, the trans-portation mechanisms also changed during this pe-riod. Roads for cars appeared in Dihua, which opened the gate for Xinjiang’s automobile age. During the Republican era of China, most ur-ban residents in Xijiang’s cities, such as Dihua, kept their traditional customs. However, there were also some changes due to the influence of ex-ternal cultures—these changes were presented as the characteristics of pluralism, diversity and a mixture of the old and new. Multiple ethnic groups concentrated in an area in the eastern zone line of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan. During the process of history, the different ethnic groups formed their own cultures and religious beliefs. In the Republican era of China, the various ethnic groups lived in harmony most of time, and the plu-ralism and inclusiveness of cultures gradually in-creased. Generally speaking, the lives and cus-toms of the Han in Xinjiang cities, such as Dihua during the Republican era of China, were almost same as those of the Han in inland China. On one hand, they kept many of their traditional customs;yet, on the other hand, they also gradually accept-ed some new ones from external cultures. The eth-nic minorities, such as the Uygur and Hui, were deeply influenced by Islamic religious culture. Their religious cultural life exhibited almost no change during the Republican era of China, and they, for the most part, maintained their tradi-tions. During this period, in keeping with the gradual consciousness of ethnic equality, although various ethnic groups kept their own traditions, and they did not reject each others’ traditions, and instead, there was some mutual exchanges among them. This made the urban culture more diversi-fied . Not only were the festivals of the Uyghur pop-ular among themselves, the Han were also invited to participate in them. Moreover, the Han’s festi-vals, especially the Spring Festival, Lantern Festi-val and others, were also gradually accepted by other ethnic groups, and, for example, the Uy-ghur, Hui, Mongolian and Kazakhs, and others all participated in these festivals. In the middle and latter period of the Republican era, the urban cul-ture of Xinjiang exhibited a sense of openness. Within the basis of maintaining their own ethnic cultural traditions, each ethnic group showed an opened attitude to new cultures, and, hence, ur-ban culture became more diversified and rich. During the time when agriculture was more dominant , traditional cities lacked of public cultur-al spaces. Hence, Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and mosques became the sites for organi-zing public cultural activities in the urban areas. Since modern times, the public cultural spaces in urban areas have experienced a great change. Parks, as a new mode of public space, began to appear successively in some important cities. At the end of the Republican era of China, the public cultural space of Dihua had been further expand-ed. In 1948, there were four such kind of public cultural sites in Dihua, such as Zhongshan Park, Hongyan Lake, Shuimo River, and Wulabai. In addition to these, the cinema also played a very important role in the new entertainment life of the urban residents of Dihua. In 1944, Dihua had three movie theaters which were run respectively by the government, a businessman and a Russian. Movies had a very direct impact on the residents’ vision and mind, especially on the youth. A new movie sometimes would change some people’s view of life or the rules of their behavior. In short, the Republican era was a dramatic period of change during which China transformed from a traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial one. Following the changes in politics, economics and culture, people’s material life and cultural life were also changed. Due to the vast territory, and uneven political and economic devel-opment of China, the changes differed in various regions. Xinjiang is a frontier area in western Chi-na. Its communication with the outside world was not so convenient. Hence, compared with the east-ern coastal region, the degree of change in Xin-jiang was lower, and the speed of change was also relatively slower. However, this kind of change ac-cumulated over several decades, so, with time, the changes also became very noticeable. Howev-er , due to the uneven regional development in Xin-jiang, the changes in some cities were slow while in some they were fast. Compared with other places of Xinjiang, the changes along the eastern line of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan, and taking Dihua as the center, were faster and more obvious in the Republican era. On one hand, Di-hua was more strongly influenced by the politics, economics and culture of inland China; and, on the other hand, Dihua was also influenced more di-rectly by the politics, economics and culture of the Soviet Union With the combined role played by the both sources, the material life of the urban resi-dents of Dihua, including clothing, food, shelter and transportation, as well as the customs, and cultural entertainments, changed dramatically. This change was not only similar to that of inland cities, but it also reflected regional characteristics of Xinjiang—the characteristics of ethnicity and di-versity wee more pronounced. In addition, com-pared with Tibet which is also in the western fron-tier of China, the changes brought by the urban modernization in Xinjiang was more dramatic. This was directly connected with Xinjiang’s geographical location, natural climatic conditions, as well as its political, economic and cultural development. Al-though Xinjiang lies in the western frontier of Chi-na, its transportation connections with inland Chi-na and the outside world were more convenient than those in Tibet. During the Republican era, the railways, highways and aviation routes devel-oped relatively well, the Xinjiang’s economic, and cultural connections with both inland China and the Soviet Union were also relatively close. In addi-tion, an important natural condition which also created good conditions for the opening up of Xin-jiang is that the elevation of most areas of Xinjiang is not high—the average elevation is around 1000 meters. Hence, the natural geographical conditions promoted a population flow between Xinjiang and inland China, as well as between Xinjiang and the Soviet Union. Moreover, after the settling of Xin-jiang province at the end of the Qing dynasty, the feeldings and unity with inland China were ensured from an institutional aspect. It was just under such kind of background that the lives of the urban resi-dents living in the eastern zone of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan experienced a dramatic change, and presented a characteristic of ethnic diversity, pluralism and mixture of old and new.