The Leader as the Face of a Crisis: Philip Morris' CEO's Speeches During the 1990s

This research investigated Philip Morris' crisis communication management strategies during the 1990s through the study of its CEO's speeches. This analysis explored the company's maneuvers to camouflage controversies in acceptable social expectations. Pairing framing theory with centering resonance analysis, this research found 3 distinct frames: profitable multinational (1994–1996), litigation target (1997–1998), and corporate good citizen (1999–2001). Avoidance of talk about health issues indicated the company's strategic adaptation to a shifting legal and public opinion climate, as it sought to authenticate its right to do business by reframing the notion of corporate responsibility away from healthy products and toward high-price philanthropy.     

Where angels fear to tread: Richard Schoenherr (1935–1996)

Richard Schoenherr, professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin — Madison, passed away unexpectedly on 9 January 1996. He is memorialized in this essay for his scholarly contributions in the areas of teaching, research, and service.     

Why youth run: Assessing run function to stabilize foster care placement

Youth running away from foster care placements is a serious problem that can significantly impact health and well-being. Given the severity of the problem, it is important to identify reasons youth run away because this information could help to identify effective intervention strategies. This paper describes results from focus groups conducted with child welfare providers, educational personnel, and youth with histories of running away from foster care placements. The qualitative analysis revealed that youth's motivation for running, or the function of running away, fell into two general categories: running “to” something (friends, activities, etc.) or running “away” from something (aversive placements, etc.). Suggestions are provided for how understanding the reason for running away could help in determining successful prevention and intervention strategies that result in stable placements.     

Welfare‐to‐Work Reform and Intergenerational Support: Grandmothers' Response to the 1996 PRWORA

The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA; Pub. L. 104‐193) in the United States aimed at encouraging work among low‐income mothers with children below age 18. In this study, the author used a sample of 2,843 intergenerational family observations from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate the effects of the reform on single grandmothers who are related to those mothers. The results suggest that the reform decreased time transfers but increased money transfers from grandmothers. The results are consistent with an intergenerational family support network where higher child care subsidies motivated the family to shift away from grandmother provided child care and where grandmothers increased money transfers to either help cover the remaining cost of formal care or to partly compensate for the loss in benefits of welfare leavers.     

REVIEWS

PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996). Narrative therapy: The social construction of preferred realities.
PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Boyd-Franklin, N., Steiner, G. L., & Boland, M. G. (Eds.). (1995). Children, families and HIV/AIDS: Psychosocial and therapuetic issues.
PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Nichols, W. (1996). Treating people in families: An Integrative framework
GENERAL INTEREST BOOKS: Borcherdt, B. (1996). Head over heart in love: 25 guides to rational passion
GENERAL INTEREST BOOKS: Mirkin, M. P. (1994). Women in context: Toward a feminist reconstruction of psychotheraphy.
SELF-HELP BOOK: Gordon, L. (1996). If you really loved me
COMPUTER SOFTWARE REVIEW: Practice Magic.     

Coming out of the dark: content analysis of articles pertaining to gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues in couple and family therapy journals

The present study seeks to extend previous research regarding literature related to gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) issues published in couple and family therapy (CFT)-related journals by presenting the results from a content analysis of GLB studies in CFT-related journals from 1996 to 2010. Results of the analysis revealed a 238.8% increase in total GLB content published since the original review. Articles pertaining to therapy with GLB clients continue to represent the largest area of publication. With one exception, all surveyed journals showed an increase in the percentage of GLB content since the first study. Emerging areas of research include studies related to supervision and training, GLB mental health and substance use, and sexual minority adolescents. A movement away from deficit-based perspectives could open a new lens on family life.     

Serb Returnees in Croatia – the Question of Return Sustainability1

The authors report on representative field research dealing with ethnic Serb returnees to Croatia. The total sample consisted of 1,500 randomly chosen persons from a population of 120,000 officially registered Serb returnees to Croatia. The main questionnaire was answered by 403 respondents. Drawing on references relating to the concept of sustainability, they further develop it through differentiation of seven sustainability aspects or dimensions: safety; socio‐demographic structure of returnees; socio‐economic conditions of return; refugee experiences; citizenship and minority rights; and subjective perceptions of sustainability. According to field findings, between 35 and 45 per cent of the registered returnees reside permanently at the addresses they reported upon return, and an additional 3,5 per cent moved to other locations within Croatia. At the same time, between 35 and 42 per cent actually reside in their refugee countries (mostly in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina). Some 6 per cent of returnees occasionally stay in Croatia and occasionally outside of it. The interviewers were unable to get any reliable information regarding permanent stay for 15 per cent of the people from the sample. Finally, 11 per cent of them have, in the meantime, passed away since registered return started in 1996. The research results confirm the prevailing impression that Serb returnees are predominantly old people. The average age of all interviewed family members is around 51. The findings and conceptualization suggest the need for a differentiated approach to a returnee body to better understand the complexity of a return. First, we have to distinguish among refugees potential returnees from non‐returnees (political and economic ones). Returnees themselves can then be grouped into several types: I) unconditional permanent; II) conditional permanent; III) semi‐returnees or trans‐national; IV) non‐formal and V) formal or quasi‐returnees.     

A History of Psychological Research into the Runaway Phenomenon: From Delinquent to Street Kid

Abstract

A PsychINFO search and literature review revealed five major movements in the psychological study of runaway youths in the 20th century. These movements were: (i) A conceptual shiftfrom the study of running away as a behavior of delinquents to the study of runaways whose behavior is often delinquent. (ii) The influence of the Great Depression and subsequent changes from models of intellectual deficit and psychopathology to broader, multi-causal explanations, including running away as a normal reaction to adverse conditions. (iii) The sharp decline of publications related to runaways in the 1950s and reversion to deficit models. (iv) the influence of the Counterculture movement and return of multi-causal and normalized models of running away behavior. and (v) the cultural creation of the “street kid”.     

Academic freedom and the university

Abstract

A review article of Louis Menand (ed) 1996: The Future of Academic Freedom. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press and Bill Readings 1996: The University in Ruins. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press.     

BOOK AND CD REVIEWS

ABSTRACT

THE NEW COMMUNITY NETWORKS: WIRED FOR CHANGE. D. Schiller. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996. Reviewed by John G. McNutt.

THE WIRED NEIGHBORHOOD. S. Doheny-Farina. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Reviewed by John G. McNutt.

HEALTH ONLINE. Tom Ferguson. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996, $17 US, $23 Canada. Reviewed by Jerry Finn.

COMPUTERIZATION AND CONTROVERSY: VALUE CONFLICTS AND SOCIAL CHOICES, 2nd Edition. Edited by Rob King. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996, 961 pages, $44.95, paperback. Reviewed by Mona Acker.

VIRTUAL INDIVIDUALS, VIRTUAL GROUPS: HUMAN DIMEN SIONS OF GROUPWARE AND COMPUTER NETWORKING. J. A. Oravec. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN: 0-521-45493-X, $49.95, hardback Reviewed by Goutham M. Menon.

COMPUTER RESOURCES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES: A GUIDE TO EXPLORING TODAY'S ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY, Second Edition. The Alliance for Technology Access. Alameda, CA: Hunter House, 336pages, $17.95, paperback. Reviewed by Peggy Quinn.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Laird, J., & Green, R. (Eds.). (1996). Lesbians and gays in couples and families: A handbook for therapists.
Levant, R., & Pollack, W. (Eds.). (1995). A new psychology of men.
Combrinkc-Graham, L. (Ed.) (1995). Children in Families at risk: Maintaining the connections.
Dishion, T. J., & Ptterson, S. G. (1996). Preventive Parenting with love, Encouragement, and limits: The preschool years.
Quick, E. E. (1996). Doing what works in brief therapy: A strategic solution focused approach.
Chevalier, A. J. (1995). On the client's path: A manual for the practice o solution-focused therapy.
Carlson, J., Sperry, L., & Lewis, J. A. (1997). family Therapy: Ensuring treatment eficacy.
Rosen, R., & Leiblum, S. (Eds.) (1995). Case studies in sex therapy.
Fenell, D., & Weinhold, B. (1997). Counseling families; An introduction to marriage and family therapy
Hofman, S., Gafni, S., & Laub, B. (Eds.). (1995). Cotherapy with individuals, amilies, and groups.
Bloomquist, M. L. (1996). Skills training for children with behavior disorders: A parent and therapist guidebook.
GENERAL INTEREST BOOKS: Weakland, J. H., & Ray, W. A. (Eds.). (1995). Propagations: Theirty years o inluence from the Mental Research Institute.
GENERAL INTEREST BOOKS: Anderson, C., & Stewart, S., With Dimidjian, S. (1995). Flying solo: single women in midlife.     

An informationally parsimonious impartial observer theorem

In Harsanyi's impartial observer theorem, an impartial observer determines a social ordering of the lotteries on the set of social alternatives based on a sympathetic but impartial concern for all individuals in society. This ordering is derived from a more primitive ordering on the set of all extended lotteries. An extended lottery is a lottery which determines both the observer's personal identity and the social alternative. We establish a version of Harsanyi's theorem in which the observer is only required to have preferences on the extended lotteries in which there is an equal chance of being any person in society. Received: 19 June 1996 / Accepted: 30 December 1996     

An extension of a theorem on the aggregation of separable preferences

An Excess-Voting Function relative to a profile π assigns to each pair of alternatives (x,y), the number of voters who prefer x to y minus the number of voters who prefer y to x. It is shown that any non-binary separable Excess-Voting Function can be achieved from a preferences profile when individuals are endowed with separable preferences. This result is an extension of Hollard and Le Breton (1996). Received: 16 December 1996 / Accepted: 8 October 1997     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Environmental Sociology: A Social Constructionist Perspective, by John A. Hannigan. New York: Routledge, 1995, 236 pages. Paper, $18.95. It is important to note, however, that environmental risks and problems as socially constructed entities need not undercut legitimate claims about the condition of the environment, thereby denying them an objective reality…. Similarly, social constructionism does not deny the independent causal powers of nature but rather asserts that the rank ordering of these problems by social actors does not always directly correspond to actual need. (p. 30) Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age, by Alberto Melucci. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996,441 pages. Cloth, $34.95. Reconfiguring the Truth: Postmodernism, Science Studies, and the Search for a New Model of Knowledge, by Steven C. Ward. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Little-field, 1996, 184 pages. Cloth, $52.50; paper, $21.95. One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866–1928, by Matthew J. Mancini. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996, 293 pages. Cloth, $34.95. Becoming American, Becoming Ethnic: College Students Explore Their Roots, edited by Thomas Dublin. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996, 241 pages. Paper, $18.95. The Occupation of Alcatraz Island: Indian Self-Determination and the Rise of Indian Activism, by Troy R. Johnson. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996, 273 pages. Paper, $16.95. The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity, by George L. Mosse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 232 pages. Cloth, $25.00. Women, Work, and Gender Relations in Developing Countries: A Global Perspective, edited by Parvin Ghorayshi and Claire Belanger. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996, 246 pages. Cloth, $59.95. Muslim Politics, by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996, 235 pages. Cloth, $39.50; paper, $13.95. Asian American Women and Men: Labor, Laws, and Love, by Yen Le Espiritu. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997, 146 pages. Cloth, $35.00; paper, $14.95. Desert Capitalism: Maquiladoras in North America's Western Industrial Corridor, by Kathryn Kopinak. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996, 232 pages. Cloth, $45.00.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Figley, Charles R., Bride, E., & Mazza, N.(Eds). (1997). Death and trauma: The traumatology of grieving .
Butt, M.S., & Burt, R. B. (1996). Stepfamilies: The step by step model of brief therapy .
Fron, J.B., & Lund, T.W. (1996). Narrative solutions in brief therapy .
Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1996). Adolescents after divorce .
Smith, C., & Nyland, D.(Eds.) (1997). Narrative therapies with children and adolescents .
Miller, J.B., & Stiver, I.P.(1997). The bealing connection: How women form relation-ships in therapy and in life .     

PR goes to the movies: The image of public relations improves from 1996 to 2008

This qualitative analysis of public relations in popular Hollywood films from 1996 to 2008 looks at three questions: first, how is the PR practitioner portrayed in recent films? Second, what kind of public relations activities and models of public relations are depicted? Third, how do other scholars’ results in prior studies apply to the portrayal of public relations in current films? Results show that for major films from Mars Attacks! (1996) to Hancock (2008), public relations practitioners are more credible, respected and influential, and PR work is more varied and complex than found in studies of films through 1995.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
The Spectacle of History: Speech, Text, and Memory at the Iran-Contra Hearings, by Michael Lynch and David Bogen. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996, 348 pages. Cloth, $49.95; paper, $18.95
The Lynching of Language: Gender, Politics, and Power in the Hill-Thomas Hearings, by Sandra L. Ragan, Dianne G. Bystrom, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Christina S. Beck (eds.). Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1996, 293 pages. Cloth, $39.95; paper, $15.95.
"Media events are ceremonial hybrids: part spectacles, part festivals, part texts, part performances." (Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz in Durkheimian Sociology: Cultural Studies, ed. by Jeffrey C. Alexander, 1986, p. 166)
New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, by Hanspe-ter Kriesi, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Marco G. Giugni. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995, 344 pages. Paper, $21.95.
Leading Sectors and World Powers: The Coevolution of Global Economics and Global Politics, by George Modelski and William R. Thompson. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1996, 263 pages. Cloth, $29.95.
The Agony of Education: Black Students at White Colleges and Universities, by Joe R. Feagin, Hernan Vera, and Nikitah Imani. New York: Routledge Press, 1996, 22 pages. Cloth, $55.00; paper, $17.95.
The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance at NASA, by Diane Vaughan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, 575 pages. Cloth, $24.95.
The Myth of Social Action, by Colin Campbell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 199 pages. Cloth, $49.95.
Organizing for Equality: The Evolution of Women's and Racial-Ethnic Organizations in America, 1955–1985, by Debra C. Minkoff. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995, 176 pages. Cloth, $48.00.     

适合居住的城市和可持续的交通

介绍联合国第二次人类居住区大会专题报告:“未来城市交通”、“可持续的交通”和“城市化世界——1996年人类居住区全球报告”的结论与建议。     

Examining Missing Person Police Reports to Identify the Service Needs of Runaway Youth and Their Families

Abstract

This study examined situational and demographic characteristics in a sample of 47 children missing person police reports obtained from a law enforcement agency to identify the service needs of runaway youth and their families. Results show that runaways represented the only category of missing children contained in the data. The present findings are consistent with national data which suggest that: a typical runaway youth is most likely engaging in acting out rebellious behavior; more girls than boys ran away; most were 14 or 15 years old and most had a prior history of running away. These results support the need for a comprehensive integration between social work research and practice and are used to provide recommendations for the service needs of runaway children and their families. Social work practice recommendations include: (1) community campaigns, (2) training, and (3) increased collaboration between law enforcement and child welfare agencies.     

Time,Space, and Memories

ABSTRACT

This article traces the ways that gendered and generational family practices were remembered across time in the context of working-class homes in Victorian Britain. Two everyday domestic objects—the father's chair and the grandfather clock—are examined and analyzed, drawing on John Gillis' work on ritualized family spaces and contested notions of time (Gillis 1996). Both these objects resonate with the contested use of domestic space and the layered meanings of family time in working-class lives, not least because both are often remembered in autobiographical accounts of home and family. The special place of the father's chair highlighted the feminizing of the home and accompanying development of rituals to welcome and ensconce the father in his domestic domain each day. The sound of clocks underpinned the bringing together of industrial time, separating leisure and work for those at school or employment away from home, and at the same time conveying the cyclical nature of family life and its everyday routines from day to day, year to year, and generation to generation. Memories of chairs and clocks embedded in autobiographies offer important evidence about the images, sounds, and sensory experiences that resonated most powerfully when remembering and composing the hierarchies and tensions of working-class family life.