深度贫困民族地区的教育扶贫：机理与路径

深度贫困民族地区的特殊性,要求必须采取超常规的教育扶贫手段才能阻断贫困的代际传递,使贫困群体跨越贫困陷阱。文章从教育扶贫的基本内涵和现实图景出发,指出深度贫困民族地区的教育扶贫应当从主体、对象和方式三个方面进行完善,并以四川凉山彝族自治州的教育扶贫模式创新为对象进行了分析。研究发现:针对深度贫困地区的特征和贫困群体异质性的教育扶贫模式创新,一方面可以直接提升不同群体的教育可得性、文化素养、知识技能和人力资本水平,改善多维贫困状况;另一方面,可以通过示范效应、邻里效应和回流效应等间接发挥扶贫作用,扩大教育扶贫的覆盖范围和整体效应。因此,在深度贫困民族地区,应改革并完善"主体多元化、对象全覆盖、方式多样化"的教育扶贫模式,助推深度贫困民族地区实现高效、高质量的脱贫。     

民族院校毕业生的就业对阻断贫困代际传递作用

提高农村人口的平均受教育的年限能够有效改善农村贫困现象,高等教育有助于贫困代际阶层向上流动以阻断贫困代际传递。在高等院校中,民族院校吸纳了更多的农村毕业生。民族院校毕业生就业后的月均收入明显高于全国农民工的平均水平,毕业生就业于教育行业的比例较高,多数毕业生乐意就职于就读院校所在地的民营企业,反哺地方经济建设。民族院校毕业生通过接受高等教育,提升了个人价值,增加了个人与家庭的经济收入,促进了地区经济的发展,不仅使自己也带动更多的人有机会告别贫困代际传递。本研究从理论上拓展了阻断贫困代际传递的研究范围,并从民族院校毕业生及其家庭、民族院校以及扶贫政策制定者三个角度提出了相应对策,以促进民族院校毕业生及更多的贫困地区人口尽早告别贫困代际传递,实现个人脱贫与地区脱贫的双丰收。     

民族地区产业振兴与农村职业教育的多维耦合机制与融合模式构建

民族地区乡村振兴是实现共同富裕的关键点,产业振兴是乡村振兴的重中之重。产业要振兴,人才必先振兴。农村职业教育具有为当地农村发展提供人才保障、智力支持和技术支撑之作用。然而,由于农村职业教育存在人才培养与市场需求不匹配,导致当前农业产业发展面临人才短缺困境。民族地区产业振兴与农村职业教育的多维耦合机制体现在背景耦合、目标耦合和供需耦合三个维度,通过识别民族地区产业振兴与农村职业教育的多维耦合机制,并以此为基础构建两者的融合发展模式。基于对民族地区产业振兴与农村职业教育的多维耦合机制的深度识别,提出从建立“农村职业教育院校与乡村企业”联合体、“农村职业教育院校与乡村产业相关政府部门”对话平台、“农村职业教育院校技术认证平台”联盟和完善国家及地方层面的政策支持系统四个方面来构建民族地区产业振兴与农村职业教育的融合模式。     

农牧民增收与西藏反贫困攻坚的基础：乡村建设

西藏的社会经济发展水平在中国的区域发展格局中一直处于相对滞后的状态 ,究其根源 ,自然地理所导致的发展环境约束是最基础的原因。因此 ,尽管 5 0年来西藏社会经济发展已经发生显著变化 ,但西藏农牧区社会经济发展的基础仍十分薄弱 ,乡村呈现出整体的相对贫困状态。本文认为西藏农牧民增收与反贫困攻坚的基础 ,归根到底就是乡村建设。西藏的贫困现象是一种综合性状态 ,对西藏贫困现象的治理也必须有一种综合、整体的系统思想。乡村建设正是从乡村农牧民的生存环境、生产生活条件和行为方式上进行有针对性的改进 ,从基础性和长期发展的角度考虑扶贫行动和扶贫资源的配置 ,把扶贫行动与乡村社区建设有效地结合起来 ,体现新阶段反贫困的深化和系统化 ,使西藏 2 1世纪的扶贫工作上一个新台阶。     

贫困文化理论对文化扶贫的启示及对策建议

贫困文化理论是人们对贫困现象思考的一次转向,是从纯粹经济理论解释转向文化理论解释的一次转向,对文化扶贫的启示性体现在以下两点:第一,重视贫困文化的正功能,文化扶贫要有“破”有“立”、破立结合.第二,重视贫困文化的代际传递机制,加大力度促进子代贫困群体的文化脱贫.因此,文化扶贫应该注重以下两个方面的对策:第一,大力弘扬贫困文化中的有利于社会发展和人类幸福的文化特质;第二,加强对贫困文化传承载体——子代贫困群体的文化扶贫.     

社会分层视角下四川藏区贫困代际传递形成机理研究

运用社会分层和贫困代际传递理论,按照精准扶贫的要求,对四川藏区贫困代际传递进行中观和微观形成机理分析.按照地理空间的牧区、农区和半农半牧区的贫困代际传递进行研究,发现不同区域的地理环境、经济发展水平和社会服务水平差距较大,受家庭因素和社会外部因素的影响,孩子的受教育程度差异,贫困代际传递程度呈现农区、半农半牧区和牧区递增的情况.因此,重点加强对牧区社会服务质量的提升尤其是义务教育质量的提升.     

赋权视角下社会组织承接民族地区乡村扶贫研究

在乡村扶贫进入后扶贫时代,民族地区贫困治理由绝对贫困治理转向相对治理,社会组织将继续深度参与民族地区乡村相对贫困治理。民族地区乡村相对贫困治理具有脆弱性、动态性的特征,需要激发贫困主体的内生动力和社会组织的深度参与。民族地区相对贫困治理在对象、目标、内在逻辑方面与赋权理论拥有高度的一致性。运用赋权理论,通过实施自我赋权、个体赋权、组织赋权、社区赋权,探索社会组织承接民族地区乡村扶贫的路径,提升民族地区乡村相对贫困治理效能,助力民族地区乡村振兴发展。     

“三区”“三州”深度贫困地区脱贫奔康与可持续发展研究

运用新经济地理学和新结构经济学的基本框架,分析“三区三州”贫困的特殊性、“三区三州”的禀赋特征对贫困的影响,发现通过提升禀赋结构可实现减贫与可持续发展。具体而言,“三区三州”深度贫困地区不异地搬迁的村组应考虑就地发展,切实提高农村幼儿教育、基础教育与职业教育水平,产业发展中要厘清发展主体、产业选择和发展方式,以及民族文化产业是分散发展还是集聚发展的问题;易地搬迁村组应整村搬迁、集中居住,搬迁与景区建设相结合,与城镇化相结合,与特色小城镇建设相结合,把民族文化融入异地搬迁并实现产业化。在精准扶贫方面,扶贫政策设计要考虑激励相容,实施贫困家庭振兴计划;理解贫困群众行为逻辑,体现精准帮扶的因势利导和顺势而为;完善社会保障/保险,实现分层次的社会救助与保障。     

“获得感”提升视角下民族贫困地区教育扶贫的困境与出路

教育扶贫力度的持续增加与贫困群体"获得感"的提升不相匹配,是当前民族贫困地区教育精准扶贫必须解决的难题。横向对比的剥夺感、生计压迫的无力感、文化否定的隔阂感以及"读书无用"的焦虑感,都极大地诱发了民众的不满情绪和不平衡心理。民族贫困地区教育扶贫政策精准度不高,是限制贫困群体"获得感"提升的最大障碍。总量平均的投入方式、一元性的文化范式、升学主导的教育模式和功利化的教育导向,一同把扶贫对象挤入了深深的教育疑虑中。要最大限度地提升扶贫对象的教育获得感,就必须结合民族贫困地区的区域特点和发展需求,强化贫困群体在教育扶贫中的主体性地位,提升扶贫对象的文化素质、技术能力和心智水平,培养其生存和发展的核心能力。     

扶贫攻坚 要抓关键———怀化民族地区扶贫开发调查

湖南怀化民族地区在扶贫工作中，各级政府部门注意根据自己的实际，确定最佳方法，变“输血”功能为“造血”功能，搞开发开放性扶贫，使扶贫效果明显增强。我们把所调查的典型方法事例归纳为以下四个方面。一是选准路子，指导扶贫开发。贫困乡村大多集中在边远山区，但这...     

革命,民族,现代性——关于中共陕甘宁边区政府回族干部的考论

抗日战争时期,在团结抗日的目标条件下,群众团体成为中国社会各阶层的动员和组织的重要形式。在众多回族抗日群众团体中,成立于1938年的中国回民救国协会是影响深远的回族群众团体,为了更好地动员和团结各民族,1940年在延安成立了第一个少数民族抗日群众团体—延安回民救国协会,同年还成立了中国回民救国协会陕甘宁分会。通过对延安回民救国协会的观察和研究,以及对回族基层干部的关注,可以了解到回族基层干部主要是中共中央基层组织培养和教育的结果。本文以金浪白和马文良为例,研究他们的经历、参加中国革命的契机,以及他们在中国共产党回族政策中的作用。此外,通过对其他回族干部来源调查,研究中国共产党如何选拔录用回族干部,并与鄂豫皖根据地选拔与录用干部方式的加以比较,探讨回族干部选拔录取方式的特点,提出有关回族妇女干部的新观点。     

The Socioeconomic Attainments of Non-immigrant Cambodian, Filipino, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, and Vietnamese Americans

Using recent American Community Survey data, this study investigates socioeconomic attainments of six ethnic groups of Southeast Asian Americans. Findings show that the educational attainment of Filipinos, Vietnamese, and Thai is higher than that of whites, while the educational attainment of Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians is lower than that of whites. Regarding earnings, Southeast Asian American women are generally not disadvantaged relative to white women, but Southeast Asian American men tend to have lower earnings than white men after controlling for education and other demographic factors such as age, metropolitan residence, and region. We conclude that Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians are the most disadvantaged groups among Southeast Asian Americans and that most Southeast Asian American male groups tend to be at least slightly disadvantaged in the labor market at least after controlling for metropolitan residence and region.     

Islam,Moderation, Radicalism,and Justly Balanced Communities

If media outlets and political rhetoric are to be believed, then the way to counter “radical” Islam is through “moderate” Islam. Seemingly, “moderate” Islam is that which “radical” Islam is not. In appointing “moderate” Islam as an antidote to “radical” Islam, the implication is that, conceptually at least, the two terms are contradistinctive. Yet, while much is, perceivably, known about “radical” Islam, with its associated ills of an unequivocal Islamic worldview, very little attention has been afforded to this signifier, “moderate”. Inasmuch as this term is bandied around, even scholars of Islam will acknowledge that, within Islamic education, understandings of and debates on conceptions of moderation, and moderate Muslim communities, have been somewhat overlooked. What, therefore, is a “moderate” Islam? What is a “moderate” Muslim community and how would it act? What are the implications for a “moderate” community in relation to pluralist societies? And, can such a “moderate” community offer a practical response not only to “radical” Islam, but, perhaps, more importantly, to increasingly antagonistic, liberal contexts?     

Migration,masculinity, and family

Previous studies of migration, family, and gender have shown that migration is not only an event that changes family life, the change itself is a gendered process. How migrant women develop strategies to cope with challenges posed by either their own migration or their husbands’ migration has been widely studied. However, how migrant men adjust and change their care practices and domestic roles to accommodate challenges brought about by migration to their family lives has not been as extensively explored. Using interview data gathered from male rural-to-urban migrant workers in South China, this paper fills this gap by studying male migrants’ agency and masculinity through the concept of masculine compromise. Masculine compromise delineates how migrant men strive to respond to changing family circumstances triggered by migration while maintaining the gender boundaries that underpin their dominance within the family. As a concept, masculine compromise underscores the material impact of migration on gender practices and family life; and the limited effect it has on gender attitudes and identity. Masculine compromise provides a feminist lens to analyse the complex effect of migration on changing masculinity and gender relationships within the family.     

Bushfire catastrophe in Victoria,Australia: public record,accountability, commemoration,memorialization and heritage protection

In Australia, 7 February 2009 has become known as ‘Black Saturday’ because of the bushfire catastrophe that took 173 lives and devastated communities in the central parts of the State of Victoria. The paper considers how the 2009 fires have been recorded, how the issue of accountability has been dealt with, particularly in relation to the State and its agencies but also individual residents in the fire-devastated areas, and how bushfire deaths and other losses have been commemorated through remembrance events and museum collection projects and memorialized through the creation of new monuments and the protection of remaining physical structures as official heritage. Despite the major impact of bushfires on the State, to date few bushfire-related places have been protected. The former Cockatoo Kindergarten, which acted as a community refuge during an earlier catastrophic Victorian bushfire on Ash Wednesday, 16 February 1983, is an exception. Inscribed in 2012, the former kindergarten is the only bushfire-related place inscribed on the Victorian Heritage Register, in this case for its historical and social value as a place resonating with other communities affected by other bushfires and helping the broader Victorian public to come to terms with bushfire catastrophe. But, while bushfire commemoration activities and physical memorials, like those relating to war, help many societies remember individual and community pain and suffering, they can divert attention from the more fundamental questions of why they were there in the first place and what must be done to ensure the same catastrophe does not recur in the future. In this regard, the paper questions the oft-cited claim that bushfires are embedded in the Australian psyche, seeing links between the rhetoric around bushfire survival and Australian myth-making and nation-building.     

Race, Genetic Ancestry, and Health

Knowledge from human genetic research continuously challenges the notion that race and biology are inextricably linked, with implications across biomedical and public health disciplines. However, biomedical research continues to explore health and disease under a racial framework ignoring and at times confounding the identification of true biological and/or environmental risk factors. Within this article, we present a brief overview of the use of race in biomedical research and studies of human genome variation and how genetic ancestry may help us understand health disparities. We believe that the casual use of “race” to define groups in biomedical research has contributed to our limited understanding of complex disease etiology and risk factors driving health disparities.     

Enoch Powell,empires, immigrants and education

2018 marks the 50th anniversary of Enoch Powell’s infamous ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech, an intervention that is still viewed as one of the most incendiary statements of the perceived decay and violence likely to follow legislation intended to assure minoritised British citizens of equal rights regardless of their ethnic origin. In this essay, Sally Tomlinson (one of Britain’s foremost multicultural theorists) reflects on Powell’s legacy and the contemporary scene where in the US, UK and across Europe, White resentment and fear is increasingly shaping ‘mainstream’ debates about nationhood, migration and education.     

企业创新:动力、要素、途径

企业在国家创新体系中处于核心地位,是自主创新的主体。企业持续创新的动力,包括企业利益、企业家精神、创新激励、企业创新能力等内源动力和市场需求牵引力、市场竞争推动力、科学技术驱动力、政府政策支持力等外源动力。观念创新是一切创新活动的先导,体制创新是企业创新的基础,管理创新是企业创新的支撑,技术创新是企业创新的关键。提升我国企业自主创新能力必须确立自主创新战略,完善创新法律体系,增加对创新的政府投入、税收优惠和金融支持,建立产学研相结合的体系和联动机制,实施知识产权战略,加强企业创新人才队伍建设。     

排、排瑶、瑶排、八排瑶等称谓之辨析

粤北连南排瑶的几个称谓:排、排瑶、瑶排、八排瑶等,在解说和使用上存在一定的分歧.本文通过梳理和辨析,认为"排"由动词"排年"、"编排"演变为名词"村庄"、"村寨",后来又指基层行政组织;"瑶排"、"排瑶"、"八排"、"八排瑶"语义明确,理解一致;"瑶排"、"排瑶"最早的出处是李来章的<风土记>,"八排"曩早出现于明末朱若适文;"八排瑶"最早出现于清·屈大均的<广东新语>,它与"排瑶"相通、与"八排"不同,但它们在使用上有交错代替的现象.