西藏红色旅游SWOT分析与发展对策研究

西藏红色革命历史在中国近现代革命历史上占据重要的地位,是“老西藏精神”和“两路精神”的重要发祥地,红色旅游开发潜力巨大。目前,西藏红色旅游的发展机遇和挑战并存,需从深挖红色旅游资源、传承红色文化、发展红色旅游;加强红色资源宣传、树立红色旅游品牌形象;整合红色旅游资源、综合开发;加强区域合作、实现红色资源共商共建共享等方面.着手施策,从而促进西藏红色旅游高质量发展。     

西藏扶贫:文献综述及研究展望

1995-2019年中国知网关于"西藏扶贫"的文献统计,从时间序列上分析,1995—2011年,呈现一个较为平稳的状态,2011—2013年,出现小幅度上升的态势,2014—2016年,呈现稳步上升的态势,2017—2018年,再次呈现上升态势并出现研究热点;从研究内容上分析,主要包括扶贫政策实施历程梳理、贫困特征和致贫原因、面临的问题、制约因素、脱贫攻坚的创新路径等方面。2020年后,西藏贫困治理应重视返贫问题和相对贫困问题;重视扶贫绩效测评及评估纠偏;实现与其他公共政策的有机衔接;重视直过和人口较少民族贫困治理;重视经验推广和应用实践。     

西藏职业教育研究述评

我国职业教育的发展已为经济建设培养了大批初中级技术人员和生产第一线的劳动者。西藏职业教育相对内地发达地区来说存在很大差距。研究西藏职业教育问题是十分迫切和必要的,文章综述了近年来有关西藏教育和职业教育的著作和论文,并作简要评价,提出作者的看法。     

基于SWOT分析下的湘西州旅游扶贫发展战略思考

旅游扶贫是近年来国际上反贫困的一种新方式。它利用旅游业广泛的联带性以及旅游资源的可循环利用特点,带动区域经济社会发展。本文在对湘西州旅游资源开发现状进行SWOT分析的基础上,提出了"大湘西,大旅游,大扶贫"的扶贫发展战略目标,阐述了实施扶贫旅游发展战略的重大意义并提出了相关的措施对策。     

西藏农村的贫困状况与财政反贫困政策

文章首先阐述了贫困的定义和贫困标准等一般性问题,并就西藏执行的贫困标准作了对比分析,进而对西藏农村居民的贫困状况进行了判断和描述。在此基础上,对西藏农村居民的贫困特征及财政反贫困政策等问题作了阐述,并就相应的政策创新问题提出一些建议。     

组织、市场与技术——西藏珠峰保护区参与式扶贫实践的探讨

1995年开始,联合国开发计划署和西藏自治区政府联合在珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区实施旨在探讨资源保护和缓解贫困相结合的“珠峰保护区21世纪人类可持续发展”项目。作为这个项目的一个重要组成部分,参与式扶贫成功地在项目区建立了参与式发展的机制,项目农户的能力得到明显提高,     

美国《西藏政策法》研究——历史追溯、立法分析与政策评估

形成于本世纪初的《西藏政策法》是美国近30年来涉藏政策的总结,也是当前美国国会和行政当局操纵“西藏问题”的纲领性文件。文章从中美建交以来美国介入“西藏问题”的历史出发,介绍了当前美国涉藏政策的形成过程,论述了美国《西藏政策法》的政策渊源;分析了《西藏政策法》的立法过程,指出《西藏政策法》是美国国会两院之间、政党之间妥协的产物;分析了《西藏政策法》的文本信息,对其中涉及的政策内容和机构授权进行了重点研究;对《西藏政策法》实施至今的绩效进行了评估,重点论述其对于中美关系的破坏性以及由于自身政策动机的不合理导致的不可完成性。     

西藏德吉新村扶贫综合开发绩效研究——基于农村公共产品供给的视角分析

文章以西藏自治区扎囊县德吉新村扶贫综合开发为例,以公共产品理论为指导,考察了政府提供的农村公共产品在德吉新村扶贫综合开发建设中的绩效问题。首先,基于政府供给农村公共产品的角度,分析了政府在德吉新村所提供的一系列农村公共产品对扶贫搬迁群众走出贫困所发挥的积极作用;其次,重点基于德吉新村搬迁群众实际需求的视角,分析了政府所提供的农村公共产品在德吉新村扶贫综合开发中存在的问题与不足;最后,文章就提高西藏农村扶贫综合开发成效,即提高西藏农村公共产品供给效率提出几点政策建议。     

花垣扶贫:长远、踏实

由于自然环境恶劣,经济基础薄弱,在历史已踏入21世纪的今天,花垣还有一部分边远苗乡人民生活在贫困线以下。为此,省、州直单位派出了一支又一支的工作队深入到苗山峻岭开展建整扶贫。勤劳勇敢的花垣县人民与各工作队万众一心,众志成城,战天斗地,谱写了一曲曲扶贫攻坚的动人壮歌。一2003年初,省民委、省农业厅建整扶贫工作队驱车千里,风尘仆仆地深入到该县的麻栗场镇老寨村和龙潭镇大坪村开展建整扶贫。入村伊始,两支工作队员,来不及卸下浑身的疲惫,就组织实施了村情调查。无论是在麻栗场镇老寨村,或是在龙潭镇大坪村的土地上,每一道山梁,每…     

生态合作社:西藏乡村振兴可持续发展研究

文章基于对西藏自治区日喀则市聂拉木县C村的实地调查,对该村乡村振兴的可持续路径,即“生态合作社”模式进行了分析。经田野调查发现,该模式以基层政府为主导,将生态保护与经济可持续发展纳入乡村振兴的范畴内,建立“党组织+合作社+农牧户”的经济发展模式。通过政府项目扶持地方生态保护、垃圾分类换物激励模式、生态燃料加工、农产品加工等具体途径,让当地老百姓有机会入股“生态合作社”并获得年底分红。C村“党组织+合作社+农牧户”的富民模式,不仅给C村的村民带来了实际上的经济收入,还为巩固西藏偏远地区的脱贫攻坚胜利提供了直接的经验。     

乡村振兴战略下民族地区产业扶贫路径研究——以甘孜道孚为例

乡村振兴战略是解决新时代“三农”问题的重要决策部署,也是指导民族地区脱贫攻坚和精准扶贫的理论基础。基于乡村振兴战略的总体要求,以产业兴旺为前提,综合考虑产业与生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效和生活富裕的关系,摸清民族地区产业精准扶贫的基本情况。以乡村振兴战略为指导思想,采用模糊综合评价方法定量评价道孚县产业精准扶贫绩效。实证分析发现,道孚县产业精准扶贫绩效综合评价良好,在精准识别、脱贫成效上成果显著,但是在定点帮扶和资金扶贫上仍然有待提高。从落实乡村振兴战略的角度出发,制定基于扶贫共同体的产业精准扶贫思路,建立由“政府—企业—贫困户”“政府—农村经济组织—贫困户”“企业—农村经济组织—贫困户”组成的三大扶贫共同体,为民族地区产业精准扶贫工作献计施策。     

西部民族地区相对贫困：现状、困境及治理

后脱贫时代,贫困地区巩固脱贫成果、缓解相对贫困是扎实推动共同富裕的重要关切。西部民族地区相对贫困呈现出贫困人口规模大、相对贫困程度深以及相对贫困维度广的现实图景,又面临着显著的空间贫困特征、多元的特殊性贫困、返贫致贫风险高以及内生动力不足的困境。基于此,西部民族地区的相对贫困治理要不断完善绿色减贫机制和风险防范机制、坚持综合治理和差异化治理、实施“常态化”“制度化”治贫以及提升贫困人口的可持续发展能力。     

语言扶贫与普通话技能的减贫效应

语言扶贫是通过提升贫困人口的语言能力来增强其脱贫能力的过程,对解决中国精准扶贫最后一公里难题具有重要的价值。然而,现实中的贫困户,虽然对普通话的需求比较明显,但其拥有的普通话技能却严重不足,这不仅对他们的收入尤其是打工收入有重要影响,还对其脱贫具有显著的作用。因为数据显示,在控制其他变量的情况下,会普通话家庭的年收入比不会普通话家庭显著地增加了60%以上,脱贫率稳健地增加了20%左右。究其原因,普通话技能可以增加贫困户的收入,增强贫困户人力资本与社会资本积累,提高贫困户的信息获取能力、资源利用能力和政策理解能力,能够转变贫困户的思维与认知,后者是他们可持续脱贫的关键。为此,应采取多种举措来提高贫困户的普通话水平。     

论武陵山片区扶贫开发的价值取向

价值取向是行动的先导。作为新阶段扶贫开发战略的试点,武陵山区一定要把握政策导向,分析自身实际,明确发展取向,寻找到实现价值目标的最佳途径。     

金融知识和社会网络对民族地区减贫的影响研究

本文利用中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据,研究了金融知识对民族地区贫困主体稳健脱贫的作用。使用工具变量控制了金融知识可能存在的内生性问题,并考虑了民族地区社会网络的特性对金融知识减贫效应的影响,发现金融知识对民族地区贫困减缓具有显著促进作用。但民族地区贫困主体的基本金融知识还较为匮乏,实施金融教育项目改善金融知识,是民族地区现有帮扶措施的有效补充。此外,社会网络也能够通过同伴效应对民族地区金融知识的行为转化产生影响,但要规避社会网络较高维系成本带来的负面影响。     

新农合对四川藏区的减贫效应分析

The New Rural Cooperative Medi-cal System ( hereafter NRCMS) in Tibetan areas of Sichuan was started in Wenchuan in 2005 , and by 2008 covered all of the province’s Tibetan areas. This paper studies the effects of the NRCMS on im-proving the health of and alleviating poverty for farmers and herdsmen in Tibetan area of Sichuan. Most parts of the Tibetan areas of Sichuan are located in high altitude districts. Thirty two coun-ties of these areas are classified as “National Pov-erty Counties”. Poverty and disease go hand in hand in these regions. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are the major endemics in the pas-toral and agro-pastoral areas of Sichuan. Endemic, infectious and chronic diseases are widespread in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas. More than 70% of pa-tients are workers from 20 to 60 years old. Disea-ses are more prevalent in women than in men. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are cur-rently incurable. Patients suffer from health prob-lems, which leads to a decrease in their income and the heavy burden of medical expenses. The new rural cooperative medical system alleviates the negative effects of farmers’ falling into, or back in-to poverty due to disease. However, the existing medical compensation mechanism is not sufficient to solve the problem. The greatest impact of NRCMS on the farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is that the system has gradually changed local people’s medi-cal behavior, as well as their underlying ideas a-bout medicine: they begin to believe in hospitals. In particular, more pregnant women are choosing to give birth in hospitals, which reduces the rate of infant mortality and postpartum diseases, and im-proves the health of women. Since the full coverage of the NRCMS in 2008 , the number of people participating in the system has reached the overall average level of Si-chuan province. By analyzing the data before and after the implementation of this system, and meas-uring the impact of the system on people’s health, it can be found that the NRCMS’s role in serving the vulnerable population, such as the elderly and infant children, is more marked. Since the implementation of the NRCMS, all administrative villages in Sichuan Tibetan areas have established village clinics, which solved the problem of a shortage of medicines and doctors in those areas. Farmers and herdsmen have conven-ient access to medical treatment, enhancing the ac-cessibility of medical service. After the implemen-tation of the NRCMS, the health of the elderly population in rural areas has improved. Infant mor-tality rates have dramatically fallen. The implementation of the NRCMS improved the medical service capacity of township hospitals and village clinics. And the NRCMS has brought the township hospitals and village clinics into its scope of compensation, which greatly promotes the utilization of primary medical services in Tibetan areas. The poverty reduction effect of the NRCMS can be analyzed from two aspects:Firstly, the im-
provement in health leads to increased income, be-cause good health can promote labor productivity. Meanwhile, the increase in income will in turn im-prove the overall level of health. Secondly, the in-patient and outpatient compensation rate is raised year by year, which reduces the medical fees of farmers, and prevents them from falling back into poverty.     

青海职业教育发展的形势、机遇和对策分析

近几年青海职业教育既有新的发展也面临很多困难和矛盾,新世纪新阶段是发展职业教育的大好机遇。今后几年加快青海职业教育发展应考虑以下几个方面问题:进一步扩大中等职业教育的规模;建设一批骨干示范学校和示范专业;加快技能型人才培养;大力发展农牧区职业教育;加强东西合作;以改革创新为动力,促进职业教育健康发展、建立现代招生制度和职业教育学生自主制度、进一步打造职业教育发展的良好环境等。     

四川少数民族村寨旅游扶贫模式转变研究

In 2012 , State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission of the People’ s Republic of China( hereaf-ter SEAC ) announced an outline concerning the protection and development of‘ethnic minority vil-lages with special characteristics ’ . The develop-ment of such villages is one of the important tasks of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission:this devel-opment aims to foster the conservation of ethnic culture and to accelerate the development of the ethnic areas in which these villages lie. On Sep-tember 23 , 2014 , the State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission announced guanyu minming shoupi zhong-guo shaoshu minzu tese chunzhai de tongzhi ( No-tice on the Naming of the First Group of China ’ s Ethnic Minority Villages with Special Characteris-tics):340 villages in total were inscribed into the list of this so-called ‘First Batch ’ , among which four villages of Sichuan province were included:( i) Jiefang village of Haqu in Leshan, ( ii) Mutuo Village of Maoxian in Aba, ( iii) Shangmo Village of Songfan in Aba, and ( iv) Guza Village of Seda in Ganzi. With the support of the so-called‘Poverty Al-leviation Policy’ , tourism in ethnic minority villa-ges has been booming; however, this has also re-sulted in a new series of related problems that need to be addressed. Tourism development obviously had reduced regional poverty. Since the 1980s, the promotion of economic development through tourism in the ethnic areas ( with a corresponding improvement of people ’ s living conditions ) has been widely accepted by society. Also in the prov-ince of Sichuan the ‘poverty alleviation through tourism’ policy has led to economic growth and has reduced the poverty of the people in the ethnic mi-nority areas. From 2011 to 2014, the SEAC has invested 57. 8 million Yuan in the development of ethnic minority villages in Sichuan province. This has led to the implementation of 73 projects and has benefited around 100,000 people, 7 indige-nous ethnic groups, and 11 prefectures and munic-ipalities in Sichuan. It seems that this‘poverty al-leviation through tourism ’ ( hereafter PATT ) has resulted in good economic and social effects. Ethnic minority villages in Sichuan share sim-ilar challenges: ( i) a low level of production and productivity,economic backwardness, simplistic e-conomic infrastructure, cultural narrow-minded-ness, a low level of education and personal devel-opment, and a fragile condition of local nature and cultural surroundings. Moreover, tourism has since deeply altered previous development models for these regions: this has also brought many new problems, like e. g. how to correctly distribute the newly acquired economic benefits and profits, as well as cultural and environmental protection is-sues. Many of these problems seem to be only tran-sitional;however, these challenges do ask for the necessary tweaks of the PATT policies. This article thus tries to review the model of PATT as imple-mented in the ethnic villages of Sichuan. The arti-cle explores its different stages/aspects:( i) adap-tation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the gov-ernment, ( iii) an evolving profit model for local people, and ( iv ) evolving local talent discovery and activation. The first aspect of PATT is the change of the development goals. At first, the priority is to get rid of poverty through tourism. To initially boost local tourism, the government must make major in-vestments: enhancement of the basic infrastruc-ture, creation of a touristic brand and initial adver-tising for the ethnic villages. However, when the PATT has been effectively implemented, and reached a mature stage of development, i. e. the village has become relatively popular and annual numbers of tourists have reached a stable good lev-el, the goals must be adapted: economic develop-ment should change to sustainable development. The new goals would be a combination of local tourism and local related industries, such as handi-craft products, catering and other hospitality busi-nesses etc. When all of this takes place, the eth-nic villages and areas seem to be able to arrive at a green and sustainable development path. The second stage is the change of the role of government. As said, in the beginning large in-vestments in infrastructure, tourism marketing and publicity are needed. In this start-up stage, the village needs quite a lot of human and material re-sources. Without the financial and human aid of the government, it’ s very hard to change a local ethnic minority village into a tourist destination. Hence, the government should play a supportive role during the initial stages of tourism develop-ment, while taking the local villagers ’ will and ethnic culture into consideration: the government should consult with the villagers and encourage the villagers’ participation in the whole development process. When indeed the PATT reaches a mature phase, the local people can take over. By then the locals have gained much experience;their attitudes and business skills have sufficiently improved so the government can take a step back, leaving the villagers to further develop the villages by them-selves. The third aspect is an ‘evolving profit model for local people ’ . During the initial stages of PATT, it’ s all about developing basic tourism pro-jects: at this moment, the main profit models for businesses rely on ( a) ethnic culture projects with distinct characteristics, ( b ) establishing high quality modes of the tourists route, and ( c) pro-moting the unique name and fame of the villages. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the villagers themselves must further develop and maintain their unique brand and fame. As said, the government takes a step back while local peo-ple are to develop new related sustainable profit models. The fourth issue is the further evolution of‘local talent discovery and activation ’ or‘talent mechanisms’ . Before the initial stages of PATT in Sichuan, the local villagers of the ethnic minorities had been engaged in traditional agriculture for many years;hence it was difficult for them to tran-sition into modern industries such as tourism and hospitality. Moreover, there were very few locals who had any knowledge of this tourism/hospitality industry. E. g. only some elderly people conducted simplistic tour guide practices for tourists: they were unable to provide any in-depth explanations of the traditional ethnic customs and culture due to language barriers. Thus, outsiders ( including gov-ernment staff and tourism professionals ) had to come in and provide advanced concepts, methods, and training. More importantly, a new ‘local tal-ent team’ had to discover and activate local people with tourism talents/abilities. This allowed for a genuine local tourism industry to come into exist-ence and further evolve. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the government should re-turn the economic benefits back to the local people and give them the dominant right to further self-de-velopment. A newly developed professional middle class will then allow the local people to further de-cide on the future of the ethnic villages. After the initial ‘local talent discovery and activation ’ , a more mature ‘talent mechanism ’ should be formed. Led by the best local talents, people from all circles should be encouraged to take part in the further development of the local villages and areas:this allows for greater stability and continuity, while new talents can develop more. This article has analyzed the implementation and adaptation of PATT in the province of Si-chuan, including the ( i) adaptation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the government, ( iii) an evol-ving profit model for local people, and ( iv) evol-ving local talent discovery and activation. Howev-er, the development of ethnic minority villages still seems to face many difficulties and challenges, and need to be studied and discussed more.