工作转换对农民工职业流动的影响效应

农民工就业流动频繁已经成为当前劳动力市场的普遍现象和重要特征,而工作转换能否带来农民工职业向上流动,实现职业地位提升？文章采用RUMIC面板数据,进一步估计工作转换对农民工职业流动方向的影响。结果发现：工作转换对职业流动产生显著负效应,工作转换导致农民工职业向下流动,职业流动没有呈现“U”型特征,但存在一定的跨期效应,重新定义工作转换进行稳健性检验仍然支持这一结论。而从根本上消除劳动力市场的制度壁垒,强化农民工职业技能培训,无疑是未来劳动力市场政策调整的主要方向。     

流动女性职业地位获得及其影响因素分析

本文运用多元线性回归模型对流动女性职业地位及其影响因素进行分析,研究结果表明,流动女性的职业地位普遍不高。本研究所构建的流动女性职业地位获得的理论模型具有较强的解释力,受教育程度、是否掌握专业技能、成就动机、社会网络规模、社会网络顶端、进城务工时长、到过的打工地区数等是影响流动女性职业地位获得的主要因素。     

有多少农民工实现了职业上升? ——人力资本、 行业分割与农民工职业垂直流动

基于2010年全国106个城市的流动人口动态监测数据,对农民工的职业上升及其影响因素进行分析,结果显示,农民工在行业内的职业垂直流动已经成为一种常态,并且可以通过个人努力实现职业地位的上升.初次进城务工时职业为一般劳动者,目前职业为管理或技术人员的农民工比重为7.12%.初次进城务工时无固定职业者实现职业上升的比重最高,其次为商业服务业员工和产业工人.在控制了一些可能影响农民工职业发展的行业因素(比如行业性质、 企业所有制类型)之后,以文化程度、 进城务工时间为标识的人力资本显著地影响了农民工从一般劳动力上升为技术精英或管理精英.这些研究表明,市场经济发展带来了资源分配机制和机会结构的变化,也为农民工群体打开了职业上升通道.     

新型城镇化进程中新生代农民工职业转换能力驱动因素

新生代农民工较之老一代农民工职业流动性更强,职业转换频率更高,其职业转换既包括横向上职业间的转换,也包括纵向上职业升级导致的职业转换。新型城镇化视角下,新生代农民工为了更好地实现城市融合,就有必要强化自身的职业转换能力。本文通过设计问卷对1350名样本进行实地调研,并运用SEM模型对新型城镇化进程中新生代农民工职业转换能力提升的驱动因素进行实证检验,结果表明,性别、年龄、受教育程度等个体因素对其职业转换能力有一定的驱动影响,职业培训与受教育经历等人力资本因素对职业转换能力有正向驱动作用,工资待遇及福利、就业机会、职业升迁、新型城镇化等外部因素对职业转换能力也呈现正向驱动作用。     

利,还是弊:广东农民工短缺现象的分析与思考

农民工及农民工的流动既是我国改革开放进程的必然结果,也是我国从农业社会向现代工业社会迈进的历史产物。改革开放以来,广东在经济社会发展中处于全国排头兵的地位。农民工及农民工流动,对广东省工业化和城市化取得积极作用的同时,也带来了一些社会问题。本文以珠江三角洲出现的“民工荒”为切入点,利用相关调查数据对广东出现“农民工短缺”的现状、特点及存在的问题进行分析,并提出了几点政策性意见和建议。     

人力资本、阶层地位、身份认同与农民工永久迁移意愿北大核心CSSCI

文章运用结构方程模型探讨人力资本、阶层地位和身份认同影响农民工永久迁移意愿的具体路径。研究发现,农民工永久迁移意愿较低,青年农民工的意愿高于中年农民工。阶层地位、身份认同对农民工永久迁移意愿具有直接的正向影响,阶层地位还通过身份认同产生间接影响。人力资本对农民工永久迁移意愿没有直接影响,但通过阶层地位、身份认同产生间接影响。农民工永久迁移意愿的影响机制存在代际差异,青年农民工的意愿同时受阶层地位和身份认同的影响,而中年农民工主要受身份认同影响。由此,当前新型城镇化的政策设计应注重农民工人力资本质量的提升,并积极推进农民工城市的社会文化融合,以促进农民工的向上流动和城镇身份认同,从而推动农民工的永久迁移。     

农民工留城意愿再研究——基于代际差异和职业流动的比较分析

本文将中国农民工流动特征与新迁移理论相结合,系统分析农民工留城意愿的内在机理,从代际差异的角度实证检验两代农民工留城意愿的延续与分化及其影响因素。研究发现:新生代农民工有着更强的留城意愿,但受结构性因素制约,两代农民工留城意愿并未发生根本性变化。职业阶层和职业流动相互作用,职业阶层越高,工作越趋于稳定,农民工越倾向于留城;职业流动次数反向作用于留城意愿。农民工越年轻,人力资本、社会资本越高,居住条件越好,留城意愿越强。农民工城市社会满意度、生活水平变化、工作认知是影响农民工留城意愿的重要因素。建议建立以均等公共服务为核心的新型社会保障制度,提升农民工人力资本水平,创造更好的就业机会,实现农民工市民化。     

高龄农民工的心理健康及其社会支持机制

农民工因迁移造成的空间场域转换、社会适应难、经济地位低等是影响其心理健康的重要因素。高龄农民工是农民工中的特殊群体,其心理健康状况堪忧。社会支持已被证实对心理健康具有重要的保护作用,据此,本文研究社会支持对高龄农民工心理健康的作用。结果发现,社会支持"量"的特征对心理健康不存在显著影响,而社会支持"质"的特征则显著促进心理健康并有明显的调节作用,高龄农民工心理健康差于中青年农民工,但感知城市户籍人口支持减缓了高龄农民工在城市生活中的心理负担;此外,在高龄农民工内部,跨省农民工心理状况劣于省内流动者,而感知城市户籍人口支持减缓了跨省流动者的心理压力。     

城市农民工在城乡两地社会地位的比较分析及相关探讨

我国大多数城市农民工长期流动于城乡之间,同时与其户籍所在的农村及工作所在的城市保持密切联系。分析表明,农民工在农村地区的社会地位普遍高于城市地区,并且这种社会地位的相对差异无论是对农民工自身的发展还是我国的城市化进程,均表现出一定的负面作用。要改变这种状况,相应的制度改革是必要的,但更具有现实可行性和紧迫性的应是大力发展农村教育事业及各种面向农民工的职业培训工程。     

流动,还是留守?——农民工子女流动与否的决定因素分析

日常生活中的家庭结构及其与父母的居住模式是流动和留守儿童各种问题的根源。本文利用2006年的珠三角农民工抽样调查原始数据,从农民工子女流动或留守的两种生存状况出发,探索了决定这两种生存状态的各种因素。结果发现,农民工子女的流动与否在很大程度上受制于自己的年龄、农村社会支持、迁移距离和父(母)在城市生存状态,他们的流动与否不仅是作为农民工父(母)理性选择的结果,还与国家、地方、生产等方面的制度有关。也就是说,与人口迁移中推拉理论的论述一样,农民工子女的流动与否也是由农村社会和城市社会各自的推拉合力作用的结果,也是作为父母的农民工经过利弊权衡后的理性选择结果。     

流动人口在城市劳动力市场中的地位:三群体研究

关于流动人口在城市劳动力市场中的地位问题,过去已有大量文献,但研究重点是农民工。这里把外来市民纳入观察视野,利用2008年"迁移和流动劳动力与中国大城市发展"调查数据,分析工资收入和社会保险参与的影响因素。主要研究发现:在工资收入上,不同户籍身份劳动者之间没有净差异;在养老保险和工伤保险参与上,本市居民、外来市民和农民工参与的可能性依次递减。这意味着,工资收入已经基本上由劳动力市场决定,而社会保险参与依然与户籍身份有关。不过,这种关联方式已经从过去的城乡户籍身份歧视转向本地/非本地权益差异。     

Labor Market Segmentation and the Earnings of German Guestworkers

In this paper we study the occupational progress and earnings attainment of immigrants in Germany and compare them to native Germans. Our analysis is guided by the human capital, segmented labor market, and discrimination theories. To assess the separate effects of occupational segmentation and discrimination in the allocation of occupations and wages, we conceptualize the process of earnings attainment as occurring in three stages: initial occupational achievement, final occupational achievement after the accumulation of experience, and, contingent on the former, final earnings attainment. Our analysis of data from the German Socioeconomic Panel suggests a high degree of initial occupational segmentation, with mmigrants being less able to translate their human capital into a good first job than natives. We also find that immigrants experienced significant discrimination in the process of occupational attainment, yielding little job mobility over time, and a widening of the status gap between Germans and guestworkers. Holding occupational status constant, however, we find less evidence of direct discrimination in the process of earnings attainment. Although immigrants achieved lower rates of return to technical or vocational training than natives, their wage returns to experience, hours worked, years since migration, and academic high school were greater, yielding significant earnings mobility over time.     

Receptivity Attitudes and the Occupational Attainment of Male and Female Immigrant Workers

This paper seeks to extend assimilation scholarship by focusing on the impact ofimmigrant receptivity attitudes. We test the hypotheses that receptivity attitudestoward immigrants held by citizens of metropolitan and regional labor marketswill have a direct impact, and/or interact with the educational human capital ofimmigrants, in explaining the occupational attainment of male and female immigrantworkers. Multi-level modeling is used to test the impact of aggregated immigrantreceptivity attitude measures, derived from the General Social Survey, which arespatially merged with immigrant worker human capital, individual-level assimilation,and area labor market indicators to predict managerial/professional and service/laboroccupation attainment of immigrant workers from a merged 1995–97 CurrentPopulation Survey data file. The results provide support for the receptivity attitudesthesis with statistically significant effects on service and labor attainment, but showminimal effects on managerial and professional occupational attainment. The keyreceptivity dimensions affecting occupational attainment are native-born citizens'attitudes concerning the impact of immigrants on American society, and attitudeson English-only language policies. The results show no systematic support for thereverse causation hypothesis that the occupational patterns of immigrants determinethe immigrant receptivity attitudes of citizens.     

知识型移民的社会适应优势

"知识型移民"是指受过高等教育、掌握相应知识技能,在不同地域之间进行流动,以在新的移入地为定居目标并定居一年以上的迁移人口.在知识型移民的社会适应过程即基本生活适应、发展满足适应和文化心理适应中"才识"起着主导作用,这是知识型移民社会适应的主要优势."才识"对这一群体社会适应发挥作用的机制依托于知识型移民自身的客观条件、主观心理和他们所生活的环境这三类因素.     

U.S. internal Migration and Occupational Attainment: Assessing Absolute and Relative Outcomes by Region and Race

This paper investigates the occupational implications of contemporary migration flows by region and race. Even though the expectation of a positive link between geographic and social mobility is a central tenet in the stratification literature, empirical assessments are rare and have produced inconsistent results. Our analysis departs from traditional frameworks by integrating both absolute and relative notions of occupational standing for evaluating migration outcomes, comparing migrants against non-migrant peers both at origin and destination. Results document that for whites, migration is associated with higher occupational attainment both in absolute and relative terms, irrespective of the regional direction of the move. For blacks, on the other hand, absolute occupational gains are markedly absent for migration to the South, which is instead characterized by significant improvement in relative terms. The differences in absolute and relative gains by race and direction of the move helps contextualize the considerable black over representation in north–south migration and highlight the implications of current internal mobility for racial stratification.     

基于就业稳定性差异的农民工创业影响因素研究

从就业稳定性差异的视角,基于不同就业特征农民工群体进入自雇创业因果机制的差异,对人力与社会资本在稳定就业与不稳定就业农民工自雇创业中的作用进行比较研究。利用实地调查数据的检验,发现人力与社会资本对不同就业特征农民工群体自雇创业的作用方式不同:不稳定就业群体人力资本中的教育程度越低,社会资本桥梁性越高,越可能进入自雇创业;稳定就业群体人力资本中的城市工作时间越长,社会资本内聚性特征越强,越有可能进入自雇创业。     

The intergenerational transmission of noncognitive skills and their effect on education and employment outcomes

We use information on second-generation migrants to study the existence of a cultural component on the formation process of noncognitive skills and its effect on education and employment outcomes. Our measures of noncognitive skills include: personality traits that children are encouraged to learn at home and inherited civic capital. Individuals whose cultural heritage places a relatively higher value to independence and, in comparison, a relative lower value on child qualities positively associated with the conscientiousness personality factor, i.e. hard work and thrift, report lower education, worse occupational status and lower wages on average. Individuals with a higher inherited civic capital declare a higher educational level, but we find no effect of inherited civic capital on adult labor market outcomes.     

Social Capital Associated with Quality of Life Mediated by Employment Experiences: Evidence from a Random Sample of Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China

Working-age migrants need to possess adequate social capital in order to secure a stable and satisfactory job so that they can pursue a better quality of life (QOL). The positive relationship between social capital and vocational experiences, including successful employment, has been well established. In this study we focused on testing a multi-step mediation model linking social capital with employment experiences, and further to QOL. Survey data from rural-to-urban migrants randomly selected from Wuhan, China were analyzed. Social capital, including bonding and bridging capital, was measured using the Personal Social Capital Scale; employment experiences were measured using five job-related items; and QOL was measured using the Brief Symptoms Inventory. Structural equation modeling analysis indicated that job security and job satisfaction were positively and significantly associated with QOL, and social capital measures were significantly associated with higher QOL (primarily for males). Furthermore, job security and job satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between social capital and QOL after controlling for covariates. Findings of this study suggest the significance of social capital, job security and satisfaction in improving migrants’ QOL, implying the importance of vocational experiences in mediating the effect from social capital to QOL. If the findings can be confirmed with longitudinal data, these factors should be considered in decision making to improve rural-to-urban migrants’ QOL in China.     

村落社会资本及其对老年人生活质量的影响

村落社会资本是一个群体概念,是指村落作为一个整体所拥有的社会资本状况,村民之间和村落内部的信任水平、团结互惠状况、集体行动能力等是衡量村落社会资本的主要指标。本文首先考察了黄果树社区的村落社会资本状况,然后利用多元回归分析模型检验村落社会资本的10个指标对老年人生活质量的影响。得出的结论是：在控制其他变量不变的情况下,只有村民之间的互惠状况影响老年人的生活质量。     

中国农民工的社会网络与性别偏好——基于深圳调查的研究

文章利用西安交通大学人口与发展研究所2005年中国深圳市农民工调查数据,基于社会网络理论定量研究了农民工的性别偏好现状及其影响因素。研究发现流动后农民工的生育观念与行为仍具有明显的男孩偏好特征;社会网络因素、流动因素和个体因素在一定程度上对农民工的男孩偏好观念与行为产生了影响。本文的研究结果对于理解中国城镇人口出生性别比偏高的现象和原因有重要作用。