农村一孩户再生育意愿研究——基于三省农村已婚有偶育龄妇女调查北大核心CSSCI

本文从生育决策行为的序次模式的视角出发,将农村一男户和一女户的再生育意愿在数量和性别两个维度上进行比较,使用中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心2010年采集的三省六地"家庭及生育状况研究调查"数据,运用样本选择的Probit模型,对其影响因素进行分析。研究发现一男户和一女户的意愿再生育孩子数量没有显著差异,都希望再生一个孩子;二者在意愿再生育孩子性别上表现出显著的差异,一女户更想再生一个男孩,而一男户更有可能想再生一个女孩。中国农村中"一儿一女"的孩子结构诉求仍是主流。理想孩子数量与性别结构、婚育新观念等文化因素显著影响再生育意愿。     

家庭因素对中国儿童健康的影响分析

利用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)2009年度数据,运用OLS及分位数回归计量方法,对1291名18周岁以下儿童的健康状况(HAZ)进行理论分析与实证研究后发现,在剔除了生理遗传因素的影响后,家庭所在的地理位置、家庭长期福利水平、父亲受教育水平、父母的职业类别以及儿童的年龄都与儿童的健康有显著的相关关系。同时,孩子的性别及家庭中孩子的性别组成显著影响我国儿童的健康。具体而言,男孩的健康状况优于女孩,双子女的家庭规模最利于儿童的健康,且与家庭中只有同一性别的孩子相比,孩子性别比例更为均衡的家庭更利于儿童健康。     

中国育龄夫妇的生育"性别偏好"

在对国内外"性别偏好"研究综述的基础上,利用1997年人口与生殖健康调查、2001年计划生育/生殖健康调查和2000年全国人口普查数据,通过计算育龄妇女最后一个孩子的性别比、按已有孩子性别的胎次递进比以及分析具有不同孩子性别结构的家庭状况和妇女所生孩子的活产及存活情况等,考察了中国育龄夫妇生育"性别偏好"和性别选择行为的基本状况与特征,强调生育"性别偏好"及其相应的生育性别选择行为是作用于人口出生性别比失常背后的关键性内在动因.     

计划生育利益导向的理论与实践——结合浙江实际的理论分析

家庭的生育决策选择取决于边际孩子预期成本与效益比较,通过利益调节,有效降低计划生育家庭的孩子成本和计划外生育家庭的孩子效益,提高计划生育家庭的孩子效益和计划外生育家庭的孩子成本,达到影响家庭生育决策的目的。本文结合浙江省计划生育综合改革的实际,对利益导向的理论、改革、实践、问题与启示进行比较深入的阐发。     

农村妇女生育意愿影响因素分析

低生育水平不代表我国农村社会生育意愿已经完成了从传统型向现代型的转变,因为生育意愿的变化受到社会和家庭多种因素的影响。借助莱宾斯坦孩子"成本-效用"理论,通过农村妇女边际孩子的选择对农村妇女生育意愿的影响因素进行分析。结果发现,性别偏好、孩子的经济成本以及抵御家庭风险、扩大家庭规模的效用在影响妇女生育意愿中起着较为明显的作用。了解农村妇女生育意愿影响因素,对建设先进生育文化有重要意义。     

家庭生育选择行为的经济学分析

本文认为人口增长的主要决策权分散在社会各个家庭单位,家庭选择孩子数量与质量。家庭生育孩子是由孩子报酬(包括非货币报酬与货币报酬)和成本差额确定的,家庭生育孩子遵循一系列经济选择过程,并对这些选择过程展开经济学分析。现代社会可以通过对生育选择行为的各个变量施加影响,使得家庭自动实施优生优育知识,达到合意的人口增长率。     

性别偏好如何影响家庭生育数量?——来自中国城市家庭的实证研究

家庭生育数量会受到性别偏好的影响,但影响方向和作用机制还未达成共识。文章利用全国城市青年调查数据,对性别偏好和家庭生育数量之间的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,性别偏好并不等同于男孩偏好,其内容呈现出多元化特点;无性别偏好在城市已婚已育青年中所占比重最高。不同性别偏好对家庭生育数量的作用方向和强度有所差异:性别数量双偏好会显著提升家庭生育数量;与无性别偏好相比较,单性别偏好也会提升家庭生育数量,但女孩偏好对家庭生育数量的提升作用更强也更显著。     

孩子质量与数量选择的理论模型及其应用

以贝克尔的孩子质量与数量选择的理论模型为基本分析工具,深入分析了母亲教育程度的提高会导致孩子质量的提高,而使孩子数量减少;同样,生育孩子的“固定成本”上升会导致有利于孩子质量的替代;最后还解释了为什么随着人们收入水平的提高,出生率反而下降和为什么在传统的农业社会,家庭普遍选择多生多育的生育模式。     

成本-效用视角下的单独二胎生育意愿影响因素研究——基于徐州市单独家庭的调查

随着我国"单独二胎"生育政策的逐渐放开和完善,单独二胎生育意愿抉择逐渐成为研究热点,本文通过设计出"孩子成本量表"和"孩子效用量表"对徐州市单独家庭的二胎生育意愿进行调查,并基于孩子的成本-效用理论对影响二孩生育意愿抉择的主要成本因子和主要效用因子进行研究。本文采用探索性因子分析法分别对"孩子成本"和"孩子效用"的主要因子进行提炼,并采用验证性因子分析法对因子进行验证,最终发现经济因素占主体,同时一些非经济因素仍然表现显著。     

生育与主观幸福感——基于生命周期和生命历程的视角

文章利用CGSS 2003 ～ 2013年数据通过APC模型来探讨以孩子数量和性别为特征的生育行为与父母主观幸福感的动态关系.结果表明更多的孩子会对处于中青年时期的父母产生负面影响,却会显著提升父母在老年时期的幸福感,并且这种效应在母亲中表现更为明显.出生在1940年代的父母享受了孩子数量对其幸福感的最高正向回报,而后随着计划生育政策的执行和人口转变的深入,孩子数量对父母幸福感的正向影响迅速消失.此外,对农村父母来说,生育儿子会在其整个生命周期内产生略微正向但不显著的幸福效应;但是对城市父母来说,生育儿子会显著降低其在中老年后的幸福感.养育女孩并没有明显的年龄和队列趋势,但都会为其个人的幸福感带来边际显著的正向作用.     

The quantity-Quality trade-Off of children In a developing country: Identification using chinese twins

Testing the trade-off between child quantity and quality within a family is complicated by the endogeneity of family size. Using data from the Chinese Population Census, we examine the effect of family size on child educational attainment in China. We find a negative correlation between family size and child outcome, even after we control for the birth order effect. We then instrument family size by the exogenous variation that is induced by a twin birth and find a negative effect offamily size on children's education. We also find that the effect of family size is more evident in rural China, where the public education system is poor. Given that our estimates of the effect of having twins on nontwins at least provide the lower bound of the true effect of family size, these findings suggest a quantity-quality trade-off for children in developing countries.     

Family size and children’s education in Vietnam

Data from the nationally representative 1994 Inter-Censal Demographic Survey are used to examine the association between family size and children s schooling in Vietnam. The data provide information on several education measures for all children over age 10, including children no longer residing in the household. Although a clear inverse bivariate association between family size and children s school attendance and educational attainment is evident, multivariate analysis controlling for urban/rural residence, region, parents’ education, household wealth, and child’s age, reveals that much of this association, especially that predicting educational attainment, is attributable to these other influences. Moreover, much of the effect that remains after statistical adjustment for the other influences is seen mainly at the largest family sizes. We consider the implications of these findings for current population policy in Vietnam and the possible features of the Vietnamese context that might account for the modest association.     

The Role of Family Policy in Explaining the International Variation in Child Subjective Well-Being

The article proposes an innovative analyse for cross-national differences in the subjective child well-being introducing new indicators and measures. This dimension addresses the issue of welfare support to parents and child early education. The question of this research is to what extend family policies can explain the variability of subjective child well-being components in different European countries. Based on this question, the two objective of this proposal are: (1) to review the existing literature with respect to conceptualization, measurement, and correlates of children’s subjective well-being, with a special emphasis on the context of family policies and family well-being in different European welfare states, and (2) to analyse the relation between these policies and subjective child well-being. In order to get these aims we have elaborated two indexes: the index of child subjective well-being and family policy index. Data for HBSC (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children) for the first index and data from OECD Family Database is used to build these indicators. We found that the index of child subjective well-being is comparatively higher in those countries where family policies are more generous in the areas of preschool education, family services, family spending and duration of paid parental leave.     

Family Size and Children’s Education: Evidence from the One-Child Policy in China

Population Research and Policy Review - Evidence on a causal link between family size and children’s education is still inconclusive. Recent empirical studies have focused heavily on China,...     

Child Well-Being in Advanced Economies in the Late 2000s

This paper aimed at comparing the well-being of children across the most economically advanced countries of the world while discussing the methodological issues involved in comparing children’s well-being across countries. A Child Well-being Index was constructed to rank countries according to their performance in advancing child well-being. The Index used 30 indicators combined into 13 components, again summarised in 5 dimensions for 29 rich countries. Data from various sources were combined to capture aspects of child well-being: material well-being, health, education, behaviour and risks, housing and environment. The scores for the countries on all variables and combinations of variables were discussed in detail. The Child Well-being Index revealed that the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries (excluding Denmark) did relatively better than the other countries while Romania and the United States performed well below the average. Overall, serious differences existed in child well-being across countries suggesting that in many, improvement could be made in the quality of children’s lives.     

Factors related to the intention to have additional children in the United States: A reanalysis of data from the 1965 and 1970 national fertility studies

Reproductive intentions of white mothers with no more than three children in 1965 and in 1970 were analyzed for their stability and change with respect to such factors as parity, age of the youngest child, wife’s employment, and husband’s education. Parity and age of the youngest child were found to have a much more important effect on the intent to have additional children than were such socioeconomic variables as wife’s employment and husband’s education. Parity and the interval since the latest birth (or the age of the youngest child) were found to have a nonlinear effect and to interact in affecting the reproductive intention. This suggests a convergence to a twochild family as the threshold size and that the length of childspacing is contingent on the parity. Change during 1965–1970 in this direction was found to be greater among mothers with husbands having college or higher educations.     

Mother’s home time and the production of child quality

This paper deals with the effect of mother’s time spent out of the labor force, and presumably in the home, on the “production” of child quality, where child quality is measured by intelligence (IQ), level of schooling attained, and market earning power. The results indicate that mother’s home time is most effective in producing (male) child quality for mothers who have attained relatively high levels of schooling. The results suggest that education programs which devote equal school resources to all (male) children do not necessarily provide equal educational opportunity and that the influence of family background on economic success is indirect, operating through home investments in children.     

Family size and maternal health: evidence from the One-Child policy in China

In this paper, we examine the impact of family size on maternal health outcomes by exploiting the tremendous change in family size under the One-Child policy in China. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1993–2006, we find that mothers with fewer children have a higher calorie intake and a lower probability of being underweight and having low blood pressure; meanwhile, they have a higher probability of being overweight. This would occur if a smaller family size increases the food consumption of mothers, leading underweight women to attain a normal weight and normal weight women becoming overweight. Robust tests are performed to provide evidence on the hypothesis that the tradeoff between children’s quantity and mother’s “quality” is through a budget constraint mechanism, that is, having more children decreases the resource allocated to mothers and affects their health outcomes.     

The Mediating Role of Perceived Parental Warmth and Parental Punishment in the Psychological Well-Being of Children in Rural China

Research has documented that parenting practices, such as parental warmth and parental punishment, play a mediating role in linking individual (e.g., age, gender) and familial characteristics (e.g., economic status, marital quality) to the psychological well-being of children. However, few studies have validated these connections with respect to the Chinese population, especially those in rural areas of China plagued with unfavorable conditions such as poverty and lack of education. In this study, we investigated whether child (age, gender, and sibship size), and familial characteristics (family wealth, parental education, and marital quality) indirectly contribute to the children??s psychological well-being (as indicated by their self-reported internalizing and externalizing problems) through their perceived parental warmth and parental punishment. Using structural equation modeling, we analyzed data collected from 2,000 children (ages 9?C13) and their parents in rural China. The results reveal significant, indirect relationships from family wealth and marital quality to these children??s externalizing problems through parental warmth and parental punishment. There are age and gender differences in the children??s experiencing internalizing and externalizing problems. Gender differences are also found in their perceived parental warmth and parental punishment. Directions for future research are discussed.