试论葛兰西对马克思实践哲学的理论贡献

作为西方马克思主义思想的奠基人之一,葛兰西对马克思主义哲学理论的发展和创新做出了重要贡献。他的国家与市民社会理论、知识分子与文化领导权理论、社会进步与意识形态批判理论等在整个20世纪西方马克思主义理论发展中具有重要的学术价值并成为后马克思主义政治哲学的重要理论来源。然而,在我国西方马克思主义理论研究中,存在重卢卡奇而轻葛兰西研究的局面,葛兰西对马克思哲学思想的理论贡献远未被发掘出来。以往的研究和评价或者满足于对葛兰西实践哲学作定性研究,以判定其实践哲学属于“唯物主义”还是“唯心主义”哲学阵营为旨归;或者把葛兰西作为后马克思主义理论的思想源头,以探寻葛兰西实践哲学对后继者的影响为目的。但是,上述的研究恰恰忽视了葛兰西对马克思哲学思想的理论贡献这一最为重要的内容。在我们看来,葛兰西立足于民族文化传统对马克思哲学所作的解读、从哲学理解范式根本转换基础上对马克思实践哲学所作的全新诠释、以及在此基础上提出的重要理论观点其我们无论如何不能忽视的。     

改变世界:马克思哲学的主题

“改变世界”作为马克思哲学的核心理念,它所表达的正是马克思哲学的全新的主题。马克思哲学第一次自觉地把“改变世界”作为哲学问题提了出来,并从自己独特的理论立场出发,对这一时代性的哲学主题给出了独到的解答,从而为整个现当代哲学的发展开拓了新的思想空间和理论境界。     

马克思哲学的时代内涵及其与马克思主义哲学的关系

马克思哲学的时代内涵及其与马克思主义哲学的关系张奎良列宁说过：“马克思主义是马克思的观点和学说的体系”①。根据这个逻辑，马克思主义哲学就应理解为马克思哲学观点和学说的体系。观点和学说与体系是不同的，马克思哲学本身也并不等同于马克思主义哲学。从观点和学...     

哲学创新漫议

哲学主要是“思”,作为马克思“思”的结果的马克思主义哲学,其理论“硬核”是“实践思维”;“回到马克思”既要回到马克思的理论文本,更要回到马克思的思维逻辑;只有努力建设和不断改善哲学创新的生态环境,才能锻造出真正反映时代精神精华的哲学。创新无论是对个人、民族、国家乃至整个人类来说,都是进步的巨大动力。但创新的实质是去想、去做前人从未想过、做过的事情,自然而然地与风险、失败甚至牺牲连在一起。这不仅需要创新者自身的不懈努力,更需要一个宽松的创新环境和制度安排。     

人学冲击波--近年来人学理论进路回溯

20世纪80年代以来,中国学术界对马克思人学思想的强调和阐扬对传统的马克思主义哲学观念造成了一种“冲击”。如果全面、准确地理解马克思的学说,就不应该把其人学思想与阶级观念完全对立起来。对马克思人学思想的强调和阐扬,其实不是什么“冲击”,而恰恰是理论向前发展的具体表现。因此,变“人学冲击”为人学争鸣应当成为发展马克思人学思想的道路。     

马克思主义分化与危机问题的新探索

南斯拉夫实践派兴起于50年代末,迄今己有30余年的历史。对马克思思想和马克思主义的研究、批判与阐述始终是实践派哲学家理论活动的核心。50年代后期,他们主要阐发马克思的人本主义思想,批判斯大林主义;60年代与70年代,他们在进一步突破反映论和自然辩证法等旧有理论的同时,致力于把马克思主义哲学重建为“实践哲学”或“革命的思想”;     

马克思"实践的唯物主义"的文化哲学品格

马克思的“实践的唯物主义”创造了一种新的文化哲学传统,这种文化哲学传统是对维科文化哲学的批判继承。在继承方面,马克思的“实践的唯物主义”采取了文化哲学的范式,把实践看作是人的自我创造活动,从人的文化性和生物性的统一上说明人的文化创造是如何可能的,把人的历史创造、人的发展看作是不断克服自身的自然性而走向文化性的过程;在批判方面,马克思的“实践的唯物主义”以工业阐发人的理性,并以此作为人的文化创造的感性基础,把近代哲学的抽象的理性改造为人的现实的批判的活动,从而创造了自己的文化哲学品格。西方马克思主义哲学正是从“实践的唯物主义”的这种富有个性的文化品格中发展出马克思主义的工业文化批判理论。     

伊里因科夫:马克思主义辩证法研究的新坐标

作为苏联马克思主义哲学研究中一位“引人注目”的理论家,伊里因科夫在辩证法和认识论研究上提供了创造性的成果.但因其“在列宁《哲学笔记》指导下”开展的研究工作包含着对于传统斯大林辩证唯物主义历史唯物主义体系的挑战,在苏联国内和西方学界都引发了广泛的关注甚至是争论.回到伊里因科夫关于马克思《资本论》从抽象上升到具体、“观念东西”的辩证法、唯物辩证法与政治经济学批判的讨论,我们不难发现这位苏联马克思主义理论家复杂而可贵的理论创新,及其对于当代西方激进哲学的奠基性作用.得益于三十多年来中国马克思主义哲学研究的反思和深化,伊里因科夫的理论研究也构成了今天进一步推进马克思主义辩证法研究的重要理论参照.     

An Important Problem in the Holistic Study of Marxist Doctrine ——The Inner Logic and Implications of Marx＇s Philosophical and Economic Revolution

马克思的哲学革命与经济学革命的内在逻辑联系,是关于马克思学说整体性研究中的一个关键性问题。马克思的哲学革命与经济学革命的内在逻辑联系是在马克思超越政治经济学领域的政治经济学批判和超越哲学领域的哲学批判的过程中展现出来的,即：在超越哲学领域的哲学批判中构建政治经济学的方法论系统,同时在超越政治经济学领域的政治经济学批判中丰富和发展初步完成的哲学革命的成果,最后在这两种“互动”的批判中基本完成经济学革命并使哲学革命的内容和形式趋于完善。马克思的哲学革命与经济学革命的内在逻辑联系对当代中国马克思主义哲学研究的重要方法论启示是：作为马克思主义创始人的马克思（和恩格斯）,其学说的整体性实际上包含着对后人研究和发展其哲学的一个最为根本的方法论要求——从其学说的整体性出发来研究和发展其哲学。为此,就必须形成由批判理念、问题理念和时代理念构筑而成的跨学科意识。     

柯尔施的马克思主义哲学观及其当代意义

安德森在总结西方马克思主义的理论特征时指出,“哲学家在西方马克思主义传统中又重新占据统治地位,是1920年以后马克思主义文化发生普遍变化的迹象之一。”[1]西方马克思主义的理论重心不再像马克思那样从哲学转向政治学和经济学,而是相反,“取而代之的是哲学的讨论本身的复兴。”[2]在西方马克思主义理论中,柯尔施对马克思主义哲学性的强调最具有开拓性和代表性,正因如此,柯尔施的思想日益得到国内学界的重视。那么,柯尔施为什么要强调马克思主义的哲学性?柯尔施所谓的哲学是指什么?马克思主义是怎样一种哲学?柯尔施的马克思主义哲学观对…     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.