西北古代少数民族宗法文化起源的主要特征 --北方古代游牧民族宗法文化研究之一

本文认为,古代西北生态环境的变化影响着少数民族宗法文化的形成与发展,中原宗法文化的传播及其为西北古代少数民族认同和接受是个由近及远的渐进过程,宗法文化的同步起源及其形成发展的差异性是中华民族"多元一体"文化格局形成的重要基因.     

自然灾害与古代北方草原游牧民族

自然灾害与古代北方草原游牧民族梁景之自然灾害又称天灾，即由非人为的自然力的破坏所产生或造成的危害甚至灾难。因其常与自然界诸异常现象并发，故文献中多称灾异。历史上，自然灾害曾对游牧民族社会的诸多方面产生过不同程度的影响，甚至迄今仍可见这种影响的陈迹。本...     

游牧民族宗法封建关系的本质是什么

关于游牧民族宗法封建关系的本質問題,即它的主要生产資料是土地呢,还是牲畜?这个問題,早在馬克思的《資本主义生产以前各形态》一書中,已經闡述清楚。他說道:“在游牧的畜牧部落中——所有畜牧部落最初都是游牧的,——与其他自然条件相等的土地是以原始的无边无际出現的,例如在亞細亞草原上和亞細亞高原上。他們利用土地作为牧埸等等,畜牧民族所借以生存的畜群就是在这上面飼养的。他們把土地当作自己的財产对待,虽     

北方游牧民族勒勒车的传承

本文依据文献记载、出土文物和现存实物的纵向研究及横向比较，得出勒勒车起源于北方游牧民族并为这一地域生活过的民族所传承的结论；分析了勒勒车在北方游牧民族中得以传承下来的原因。     

北方游牧民族的发式传承

北方游牧民族的发式传承曹彦生髡发，即剃去部分或全部头发；辫发，即编发为辩。汉族受传统儒家思想影响至深，认为“身体发肤，受之父母，不敢毁伤，孝之始也”；①剃发本为刑罚之一种，称做“凳钳”。于是汉人蓄发盘髻，以剃发为辱。古代北方游牧民族及受其文化影响的东...     

古代游牧民族符号岩画考

古代贺兰山聚居诸多游牧少数民族,他们在山崖峭壁上创造了辉煌璀璨千古不朽的岩画艺术。符号岩画就是其中之一,它们大多是在对原物象进行写实性描绘的基础上的提炼和抽象概括,是经历了漫长的时期演化而来的具有固定意义的符号。在贺兰山岩画中,这些形象化了的符号,几乎占了岩画单体量的一半。主要有生殖符号、图腾符号、自然物象符号、"文字"符号、指示符号、数码符号等。这些符号岩画造型简单、程式固定、出现频繁,或写实、或写意、或抽象、或具体、或单独存在、或与其他具象型岩画相伴而存,形成一幅幅故事性很强的"连环画"。     

秦汉中国北方游牧民族服装初探

秦汉中国北方游牧民族服装的发展与演变在很大程度上取决于这些民族自身的社会经济发展状况和所处之自然地理条件。这些服装适合转徙流动的游牧生活,有着衣皮帽毛、简朴实用的特点,呈现出强烈的民族性与地域性特征,具有浓郁的草原民族气息。     

岁时节庆与北方游牧民族饮食文化

岁时节庆是民族风俗习惯的一种表现形式,可以分为时令节日、宗教节日、生产节日、娱乐节日等,它直接反映了民族文化的内涵,是一个民族的历史、经济、物质生活、宗教、道德、审美等文化现象的浓缩.     

魏氏高昌王国与北方游牧民族的关系

曲氏高昌王国是中同历史上一个以汉族为主,结合当地和其它邻近民族而建立的封建地方性政权.自北魏太和二十一年(公元497年)国人杀马儒立曲嘉为王,至唐太宗贞观十四年(公元640年)曲智盛降唐,历10王约140余年.其间尽管发生过政变和北方各游牧民族的侵袭,但同中原各王朝的频繁更替相比,曲氏在高昌的统治还是比较稳定的.     

我国北方游牧民族城市化进程的“三级跳”

我国的游牧民族大多分布在北方的青藏高原和新疆、内蒙古等自治区,主要有蒙古族、藏族、哈萨克族、裕固族、柯尔克孜族、塔吉克族等。在半个多世纪以前,这些民族逐水而居、逐草而牧,但是在一些与农业民族相邻或交往较多的地方,也有部分开始定居游牧,有的还从事一些农事活动。在游牧民族聚居的地方也出现了一些小城镇,成为游牧民族互市、交换、交流的场所。新中国成立后,在短短的50多年里,游牧民族的城市化进程大约经历了三次跳跃,我们把它称作“三级跳”。第一级跳是从游牧到定居游牧;第二级跳是从定居游牧到半农半牧;第三级跳是从农牧结合…     

昌吉市回族妇女社会参与和某些生活民俗的变迁

本文以田野调查材料为基础 ,通过对昌吉市回族妇女社会参与现状的描写及对回族妇女社会参与引起某些民俗变迁的研究 ,认为 :回族妇女在由传统单一的性别角色 (家庭主妇 )向家庭与社会二重角色的转变过程中 ,引发了自身观念的改变 ,观念的改变又是导致回族社会中某些民俗变迁的直接因素     

当代少数民族大学生宗教信仰状况与思考--西北民族学院大学生宗教信仰调查

本文作者通过发放问卷、抽样调查、统计分析、理论探索等手法，对当代少数民族大学生的宗教信仰状况以及他们对宗教信仰的认识，参加宗教活动的情况，获取宗教知识的途径，对宗教政策和宗教现状的评价，所关心的宗教问题，对宗教与邪教、宗教与迷信的区别以及对待宗教与科学之间的关系等方面进行了较为深入的调查研究，由此总结出少数民族大学生宗教信仰的自身特点，并提出了存在的问题及解决的思路与方法。     

台湾排湾族头饰特征及文化内涵

Among Taiwan’s aboriginal tribes, the Paiwan has the most exquisite decorative adorn￣ments on their costumes. In addition to the decora￣tions of their clothing, they also give importance to the decorations on their headdress. Every group designs different headdresses according to social status— this also reflects the cultural identity of the group. The headdress is an external marker of ethnic culture, the carrier of ethnic customs and aesthetic consciousness, and it helps to transmit and promote traditional culture.
The Paiwan people have various forms and shapes of headdresses which are designed freely according to the designer’s artistic inspiration. However , the snake form can only be used by trib￣al leaders. The headdresses are mainly made from natural materials, such as eagle feathers, animal hides, animal teeth, horns, flowers, grasses, seeds, colored glazed beads, shells, ceramics, metal, etc. However, eagle feathers, animal hides, animal teeth, horns, and colored, glazed beads can only be used by leaders and nobles;common people are strictly forbidden to use these materials.
The social organization of the Paiwan and their festivals and sacrificial ceremonies determine their various headdresses. The headdresses and head bands of the Paiwan are made mainly from black or red flannel; the shape and the use of the materials reflect hierarchical differences. Head￣dresses can be divided into those of leaders, no￣bles, warriors and commoners.
The form of the Paiwan people’s headdress consists of strong layering;each is decorated with a variety of materials, creating a three-dimensional effect. The decoration of a moulded cottonmouth snake on the head band reflects the people’s snake worship, and also the group’s aesthetic conscious￣ness and worship of ancestors.
The decorative expertise and complex working process reflect the Paiwan people’s superb skills in weaving. The materials used for the headdresses of Paiwan people are mostly derived from nature, and strongly reflect regional characteristics.
Totem worship is characteristic of Paiwan reli￣gion, and it is a form which combines the worship of nature and ancestors. The forms of animals re￣flect the psychology of Paiwan people’ s original worship in which they depended on getting along with nature, and in which they placed their hopes in Totem worship.
The Paiwan have many myths, which is one of the characteristics of their culture. The forms of the sun and cottonmouth snake, which decorate the headdresses of the leaders, reflect that the sun is the creation of life. Chamilia beads are regarded as a class symbol by the Paiwan people, and have a protective function.
The first child of a Paiwan family, no matter whether it is a boy or girl, has the right to inherit property of his/her paternal or maternal home. One should also notice that the colors, materials, and forms of the headdress of Paiwan man and woman in the same class are the same.
In summary, the shapes and forms of the Paiwan people’s headdresses vary. They reflect the Paiwan people’s unique aesthetic consciousness, and embody the Paiwan people’s excellent tech￣niques in traditional decorative handwork. The use of colors represents the Paiwan’s optimistic attitude towards life. Materials are derived from nature, which reflects the group’s harmonious relationship with the nature. Headdresses are not only an exter￣nal form of decoration, but they also have profound cultural connotation and national consciousness. The class system, taking nature as beauty, worshi￣ping ancestors, their myths, and the equality be￣tween men and women reflected in the headdresses of the Paiwan people indicate the Paiwan people’s inheritance of tradition, natural worship and pur￣suits in life. The study of the artistic features and cultural connotation of the headdress of the Paiwan people can help to protect Paiwan traditional adornment technique, and enrich the requirement of diversity in headdress design.     

吴激、蔡松年的交往与词之异同探析

吴激、蔡松年同为金初著名词人。二人有着相似的仕宦经历,在入金前既已定交,入金后,交往颇深。以词而论,二人虽同号为“吴蔡体”,奠定了金源一代的词的创作,却因个人身世、词的题材、内容等方面的不同,在词的创作上亦表现出同中有异的风貌。     

Breaking the silences,breaking the frames: a gendered diasporic analysis of sexual violence in the DRC

ABSTRACT

The role of diasporas in fuelling conflict has been extensively studied, with much less attention being paid to their role in peace-building. It is increasingly recognised that diasporas from conflict regions are contributing to the reconstruction of their countries of origin, acting as ‘peace-makers’ rather than ‘peace-wreckers’. Women and men migrants have also been found to engage differently towards their country of origin, but attention to women’s activism is still scarce. This article addresses the issue of political activism by Congolese women in the diaspora in both the UK and Belgium. Their activities are assessed analytically through the prism of ‘mechanisms of framing’, which shape the ways in which messages are conveyed during the mobilisation process. The paper discusses diagnostic, motivational and prognostic frames to address sexual and gender-based violence against Congolese women in the protracted conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Framing strategies vary among Congolese diaspora women’s groups depending on the national context in which they are embedded (Belgium and the UK) but a variety of narratives is also discerned which transcends and is shared among Congolese women beyond national borders.     

In the Name of God and Nation: The Overlapping Influence of Separatism and Religion on Ethnic Conflict

Processes of migration, diaspora and exile offer diverse and complex environments for the renegotiation of social identities. Immigrants and refugees must not only adapt to the material circumstances of uprooting but must also confront, maintain or recreate a sense of self, often in contexts which are vastly different and fraught with constraints, in which they are removed from their familiar social networks and in which their previous identities may be of little meaning or relevance to the new society. In confronting an altered social status and radically different circumstances, individuals may be required to come to terms with a new or reconstructed sense of ethnic or national identity. This process is not only a personal one but involves affiliations with others who engage in similar interpretations and adaptive strategies and enmity toward those who do not' Field, 1994: 432 . Such a process can be seen as part of the phenomenon of transnationalism, the process by which immigrants forge and sustain multi-stranded social relations that link together their societies of origin and settlement' Basch et al., 1994: 7 . One important aspect of transnationalism is the role that immigrants and refugees play in political activities in both their countries of origin and residence, and their political commitment often has important implications for their sense of self, particularly when those political activities are directed towards the creation of a new homeland for oppressed minorities. This paper examines the role played by diaspora intellectuals in promoting a nationalist discourse which calls for the creation of an independent state for the Oromo, who constitute one of the largest ethnic populations in Africa and the manner in which their participation in such discursive activities allow them to engage in a reconstruction of their own identities and in the shaping of national and personal senses of the self.     

试论茶山瑶民俗中的“山主”意识

茶山瑶由于较早地进入大瑶山占有山林田地而成为“山主”,在观念文化上则相应形成了以特权、知足、封闭为主要特点的“山主”意识。并明显地表现在经济、婚育和语言等民俗文化中。这种意识已成为萘山瑶经济和社会现代化的主要障碍。     

哈尼族宗教组织与双重性社会结构——以箐口村"摩匹-咪谷"为例

哈尼族延续至今的两种神职人员摩匹与咪谷,立足于当地血缘和地缘关系,以各自的宗教功能,形成了相互补充的"摩匹-咪谷"宗教组织.哈尼族以村寨为基点,血缘、地缘关系逐层裂化地交替作用,最终构筑起该民族独特的双重性社会结构.对箐口村的田野调查表明,"摩匹-咪谷"组织从血缘和地缘不同方向出发,高度同构地与这种双重性社会结构进行着有效互动.     

International Organisations and the Politics of Migration

The last two decades have seen major shifts in the way international organisations (IOs) address migration. While state sovereignty remains central in the politics of migration, IOs are increasingly developing their visions regarding how the cross-border movements of people should be governed (or ‘managed’) and, in some cases, they have become important actors in the design and implementation of migration policy. Research on the role and functions of IOs remains scarce, however, and there are major uncertainties, concerning not only their actual influence, but also the political context in which they operate and the outcome of their initiatives. According to their advocates, the involvement of IOs would enable greater international cooperation, which would lead to policies that pay greater attention to human rights and development imperatives. Yet, at times, interventions by IOs seem to reinforce existing imbalances, as these organisations primarily tend to align themselves with the interests and agenda of developed receiving states. In addition, the work of IOs is embedded in a complex institutional setting, characterised by sometimes-problematic institutional relations between them, as well as between IOs and other international cooperation mechanisms.     

民族主义与国家利益——民族学视野中的阿富汗国家重建

本文试图从民族学的视角探讨阿富汗重建问题。通过考察阿富汗民族主义与国家利益所依存的历史与社会背景、表现形式和内涵、两者间的悖逆关系与产生动因及其影响,分析了阿富汗重建可遵循的原则和采取的措施,阐释了相关的理论依据和现实意义。民族主义是决定民族国家行为的源动力,国家利益是民族主义的动因;在多民族国家中,国家利益的建构作用通过各民族应对共同的非安全因素而组建的联盟或联合得以释放。