启蒙五题

回顾中国现代化的曲折历程 ,“启蒙”及其是非功过是一个无法回避的问题。在世纪之交的文化论争中 ,“启蒙”问题又成为文化冲突和思想交锋的一个焦点。鉴于人们对“启蒙”概念及其相关问题的不同理解 ,有必要对“启蒙”内涵的几个基本问题作出理论上的澄清 :一、何谓“启蒙” ;二、西方学人对启蒙的反省 ;三、中国现代启蒙运动的浮沉 ;四、启蒙的障碍与难题 ;五、当下中国是否需要启蒙。只有对以上“启蒙”问题作出准确的界定 ,才能对中国现代化“启蒙”的历史与现状作出合乎逻辑的评价。     

空间理论视域下农民工“城市不融入”探究

现阶段,农民工作为城市化的建设者和贡献者,遭遇到无法融入城市的不公平境遇。20世纪70年代以来兴起的空间理论为解释农民工“城市不融入”问题提供了一个有力视角。基于空间理论分析,造成农民工“城市不融入”的主要原因是：制度空间设计下的户籍制度具有双重逻辑：既带来“城”和“乡”空间对立,又形成“农民”和“市民”身份排斥;地域空间中,住房的缺失与“城中村”形成,“寄生空间”与“城市空间”对立;认同空间中,“市民”的空间排斥和“农民工”的自我怀疑无法达成心理共识。要解决农民工“城市不融入”,应在制度空间、地域空间以及认同空间的基础上构建空间融入。     

Gender Inequality and Economic Growth in Rural China

This article joins the debate over the effect of market-driven economic development on women's work opportunities and household gender inequalities. It assesses women's opportunities for off-farm employment, the relative contributions of female off-farm workers to household income, and the distribution of power in families whose male members have left for off-farm jobs, leaving women behind in agricultural work. We find that women are not uniformly excluded from opportunities for off-farm employment and that economic development does not uniformly increase gender inequalities within Chinese households. Although men are more likely than women to obtain off-farm employment in China, women's opportunities for off-farm work improve significantly when the coexistence of local and regional marketization creates a shortage of male workers and compels employers to hire women. The relative size of contributions to household income for male and female nonfarm workers also narrows incrementally with increased marketization. In addition, women who are left in agricultural work are more likely to become heads of household, a position which brings greater household decision-making power to female family members.     

富裕社会中贫困的消除：加尔布雷思的探究及启示

贫困表现为人的基本需要得不到满足,“富裕社会”中的贫困表现为私人生产、物质生产的过剩和公共生产、精神生产的不足。加尔布雷思认为,美国“富裕社会”中贫困的原因是不平衡的“二元经济体系”,只要实行“新社会主义”,实现“计划体系”和“市场体系”的平衡,就能解决“富裕”背后的贫困问题。由于这一设想是以不改变资本主义的经济基础为前提的,所以,只能是一种治标不治本的改良。只有扬弃经济学的“传统智慧”,建构以促进“每个人的自由发展”为目标的“全面生产”经济学,才能从根本上消除“富裕社会”中的贫困问题。     

1920年代末文学知识分子的思想困境与唯物史观文学论的兴起

1928年到1932年,新文学文坛上兴起译介唯物史观文学论的潮流。这一潮流并非对政治革命的简单呼应,它有着更普遍的社会基础:唯物史观作为一种“新科学”提供了对社会、历史的整体性理解并指示青年介入社会实践的路径,它对现代文学观念造成的精神危机产生救正作用。同时,它也使得“无产阶级文学运动”的重心从初期的“意识斗争”转向以知识论的方式把握新世界观,这在一定程度上减弱了阶级意识转化的复杂性与内在紧张感。左翼青年在译介过程中对唯物史观文学论内部多样性与现实感的忽视与弱化则表现出他们在接受新思想时的根本缺陷。而鲁迅翻译唯物史观文学论所持的原则、立场与此恰好形成对照:即,不是把新兴思想作为自我解救的途径,而是把新兴思想的接受看作发现自我真实状况和面对真实状况的契机。     

两宋理学"发明"话语流变及其典型形态考论

"发明"备受汉唐儒者的关注,并逐渐形成了一系列阐释方法,因之而成为儒学阐释传统重要的方法论来源。"发明"受到了宋代理学家的普遍重视,并得到了进一步拓展。"发明"之于理学,虽然表征为不同的话语表达方式和阐释路径、方法,但就其目的性而言则具有共同性。两宋理学之"发明"因其涉及实践主体对于物理、义理、性理等问题的认知、体验和践履,因而具备了体验性、审美性、实践性等品格,也就顺乎自然地成为理学家诗人书写或者创作理学诗的重要表达方式。受到理学家"发明"诸方法影响而创作的某些理学诗类型,自然就具有了与文人诗截然不同的诗歌风貌。对两宋理学"发明"话语涵蕴与理学诗表达方式之关系进行考察,可为我们深入探讨中西方共同存在的"哲学"与"诗"的会通问题等,提供新的研究视域和研究方法,亦可为探讨新时期儒学创新性转化提供方法论的历史借鉴。     

对于《红楼梦》女性的对立视角

《红楼梦》可以说是中国最早的女性小说。作者曹雪芹不仅描写了许多女性人物,为她们创作了这部小说,而且以"女娲补天"神话开头,男主人公贾宝玉还具有女性化的色彩。《红楼梦》基本上维持着"女尊男卑"的思想,但是对女性却又有否定的视角。本文根据贾宝玉的"女儿观",对《红楼梦》女性的对立视角以及其原因进行考察。     

再论以德治国与以法治国

依法执政已写入十七大党章,这是我党进一步加强民主建设、惩治腐败的宣言。针对目前我国法制建设和思想道德建设的现状,只有采取以德治国的多种措施,才能实现以法治国。因为,加强以德治国是实现依法治国的根本和基础。     

我国高校学报编辑学术精神塑造研究

学术失范现象不断发生的今天,高校学报编辑面临着严峻的考验和挑战,高校学报作为高校科研的学术阵地,对维护学术尊严、捍卫学术精神承担着重要的责任。而高校学报编辑作为学报把关人更是起着举足轻重的作用。作为高校学报编辑要实现“互联网+编辑把关”,要从“编辑”到“编辑+”转变。数字时代的到来会使人产生“乱花渐欲迷人眼”的错觉,容易使编辑工作重心产生偏移。不论信息技术如何发展,编辑的学术素养仍旧是高校学报发展的重要因素。     

A propensity score matching analysis of the relationship between victim sex and capital juror decision-making in North Carolina

A small body of prior research has examined the impact of victim sex on jury death penalty decision-making and the majority of this research has demonstrated some evidence of a “female victim effect” such that cases involving a female victim are more likely to receive the death penalty than similarly situated cases with a male victim. However, within this line of research studies have suggested that victim sex may work in conjunction with other case characteristics. In order to further explore this phenomenon, the current study examines a near-population of death penalty cases from North Carolina (n = 1069) from 1977–2009 using propensity score matching. Results demonstrate that once cases are matched on more than 50 legal and extralegal case characteristics, there is no statistically significant or substantive link between victim sex and death penalty decision-making. Findings suggest that it is concrete differences in the legal and extralegal factors observed in cases with female victims compared to male victims that shape jury death sentence decisions rather than a direct effect of victim sex (before matching: OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.20–1.95; p < .001/after matching: OR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.66–1.24; p = .52). Study limitations and implications are also discussed.     

Power and the gendered division of contraceptive use in Western European couples

Recent research has approached contraceptive use, or “fertility work”, as another household task that is primarily managed by women. Building on the theoretical frameworks of relative resource theory and gender perspectives, this study investigates the association between partners' power (measured as their relative education, division of housework and decision-making) and the choice of male versus female, or no contraception. Data from the Generations and Gender Survey for four Western European countries (Austria, Belgium, France and Germany; 2005–2010) are used to examine the hypotheses with multinomial logistic diagonal reference models. The results show that man's and woman's educational level are equally important predictors for a couple's contraceptive method choice. Furthermore, the findings suggest that households in which the man performs more housework or the woman has more say in decisions are more likely to rely on male methods or female sterilization, rather than on the more commonly used female reversible methods.     

Aggregate male and female labor force participation functions: An analysis of structural differences, 1947–1977

The hypothesis that the structure of the forces that affect male and female labor force participation rates are distinct has been corroborated in numerous studies using microdata. This paper examines the validity of this structural distinctiveness hypothesis in the context of aggregate, time series data on male and female labor force participation in the post-World War II United States. Standard economic and sociological theories are used to specify sex-specific participation functions that contain indexes of the sex-specific general opportunity for employment, the sex-specific rates of participation in the armed forces and in postsecondary schooling institutions, the average real wage rate, the average number of hours worked, and the fertility rate. It is found that the female rate is more responsive than the male rate to the general employment opportunities and average hours indexes, but less responsive to the wage rate. Also, the female rate responds positively to the armed forces participation and college enrollment rates, whereas the male rate is negatively related to these indexes. However, no evidence is found for another component of the structural distinctiveness hypothesis, namely, that the fertility rate bears a consistent negative relationship to the female participation rate. While this relationship may have held during the early postwar years, it seems to have been substantially attentuated since the early 1960s. Prospects for convergence of the male and female participation functions are evaluated. Although current social trends suggest that the female function eventually will resemble more closely the male funtion, it is concluded that substantial sex differences are likely to persist for at least another decade. Implications of this for the structure of the labor force participation functions used in macroeconometric forecasting models are discussed.     

Relational skill assets and anti-immigrant sentiments

This study introduces the role of relational skill assets in accounting for attitudes toward immigrants: relational skill assets. Drawing upon stratification researchers’ notion of “non-cognitive skills,” we build a theoretical framework highlighting the role of occupational skill requirements in explaining anti-immigrant sentiment. Then, utilizing two occupation-specific measures, interpersonal skill requirement and instrumental skill requirement, we construct an explanatory factor, relational skill specificity. We test its effect on anti-immigrant attitudes as well as on the concentration of foreign-born workers in occupations, using the 2004 national identity module of General Social Survey. The findings confirm our argument that workers with a higher possession of interpersonal skill assets relative to instrumental skill assets are exposed to less intense competitions with immigrants, and are therefore less likely to express anti-immigrant sentiments. Our findings suggest that occupational-level relational skill assets based on sociocultural differences play an important role in shaping native workers’ attitudes’ toward immigrants.     

新民主主义社会与社会主义社会关系探究

新民主主义社会与社会主义社会的关系的探讨由来已久,总体而论,存在“复归论”和“超越论”两种观点。就我国的具体国情和建设现代化的今天来说,我们不能简单地用超越或者复归来一概而论,既要看到两者在历史发展过程中的前后相继性,又要看到它们在具体内容上的历史继承性,更要看到两者所独具的个性。这样,才能全面看待历史问题,在历史中汲取经验教训,更好地建设中国特色社会主义。     

裕固族民间文学中的女性形象

裕固族自古以来就是一个以畜牧业为生的草原游牧民族。草原文化、游牧文化成为他们文化的一个十分重要的主题特征。中国的传统性别分工中总是从生理性别上确定女性地位，女性家庭成员常处于男性的从属地位。在裕固族的传统民间文学作品中，弥漫在文学世界中的是一股浓郁的悲剧气氛，女性往往是其中的主题。他们的女性形象是丰富多彩、灼人眼目的，这些女性形象更加充分地体现了裕固族的民族特征和独特的民族心理。     

缺席、在场都是尴尬的存在——新时期浪漫主义文学研究述评

浪漫主义文学创作及其研究是新时期文学的重要问题。但与其他文学形态及其研究相比,备受冷落。关于新时期文学研究的论文和著作汗牛充栋,大都忽视了它的存在,以至于浪漫主义文学研究者在开始研究之前不得不花费大量笔墨论述其“在场性”,寻找存在的条件,分析遭遇冷落的原因。而其“在场性”刚刚得到认可,研究还没深入,论者就迫不及待地探讨其“终结”的原因,致使浪漫主义文学研究中存在许多问题。无论“缺席”还是“在场”,都说明浪漫主义文学在新时期处境尴尬。     

论文化全球化对我国主流意识形态的冲击

当今文化全球化席卷世界各个国家,随之呈现出新的特征,其渗透性和隐蔽性更强,对我们民族国家产生双重效应,对一个国家的主流意识形态具有重大影响,在带来机遇的同时,我国以马克思主义为指导的主流意识形态也受到了来自西方资本主义意识形态的冲击,西方发达国家利用其经济政治强势推行文化霸权,离散我国思维方式和思想观念,意在使我国主流意识形态"西化"。对此我们必须采取对策,加强我国主流意识形态建设。而做到这一点关键在于党对主流意形态的指导地位要更加牢固,组织一个强有力的意识形态工作队伍,建立健全马克思主义大众文化制度。而且在这个信息发达的时代,我们要占领属于自己的网络文化阵地,掌握信息主动权,利用多种方式进行主流意识形态的传播。     

平等与效率:社会主义的两大价值目标

社会主义的“科学发展观”尤其是“建设社会主义和谐社会”的提法面世以后,有关现实社会主义的本质、价值及其发展道路的研讨,成为理论界讨论的热点。对于现实社会主义的这些讨论,无疑有益于人们对社会主义的认识的不断深化。与此同时,这些讨论也提出了一些新的认识问题,如社会主义的制度属性与价值目标如何统一的问题,现实社会主义的历史定位问题,社会主义市场经济与按劳分配的关系问题,等等。在此背景下,本刊组织了这组笔谈。四位学者围绕有中国特色社会主义研究中的这些新的认识问题,分别从不同角度展开话题。相信这组笔谈会对现实社会主义的研究产生积极影响。     

Scaling the prestige,authority, and income potential of college curricula

This paper develops the concept of “targeted education,” a theoretical ranking of college curricula, into a multidimensional framework. The new scales, based on the traditional stratification dimensions, prestige, authority, and income, are then used in a study of sex differences in the process of occupational achievement among men and women with college degrees. The targeted education scales predict occupational prestige and wages 7 years after the college degree, and they point out interesting differences between male and female attainment processes. In general, targeted education has a greater quantitative impact for men's occupational outcomes than for women's prestige and income, but results also suggest significant qualitative differences between men and women. A large proportion of women target their education toward, and end up in, an under-employed labor pool for the primary and secondary school system.