Gender inequalities in the college pipeline

In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework for understanding gender inequality in baccalaureate degree attainment. Our “college pipeline” model addresses two main shortcomings in prior research. First, we examine multiple outcomes and stages in the pipeline that lead to four-year college entry and completion. Second, we examine multiple different pathways that students can pursue in attaining a four-year degree. Our findings indicate that females enjoy a cumulative advantage over males in the pursuit of a baccalaureate degree, but with two important exceptions. First, although females are more likely apply to college at the end of high school, they are also more likely to terminate their schooling in a two-year college than comparable males. Second, females who make an on-time transition into a four-year college experience the greatest advantages over males, and females who delay entering the college pipeline actually do no better than males in attaining a bachelor’s degree.     

Math-oriented fields of study and the race gap in graduation likelihoods at elite colleges

This study examines the relationship between chosen field of study and the race gap in college completion among students at elite colleges. Fields of study are characterized by varying institutional arrangements, which impact the academic performance of students in higher education. If the effect of fields on graduation likelihoods is unequal across racial groups, then this may account for part of the overall race gap in college completion. Results from a large sample of students attending elite colleges confirm that fields of study influence the graduation likelihoods of all students, above and beyond factors such as students’ academic and social backgrounds. This effect, however, is asymmetrical: relative to white students, the negative effect of the institutional arrangements of math-oriented fields on graduation likelihood is greater for black students. Therefore, the race gap is larger within math-oriented fields than in other fields, which contributes to the overall race gap in graduation likelihoods at these selective colleges. These results indicate that a nontrivial share of the race gap in college completion is generated after matriculation, by the environments that students encounter in college. Consequently, policy interventions that target field of study environments can substantially mitigate racial disparities in college graduation rates.     

大学生信用卡消费与理财教育研究——以福建高校为例

信用卡消费作为新兴的消费模式,愈来愈被喜好时尚和流行的大学生所青睐,这一消费方式引发了众多利弊之争。在厘析大学生信用卡市场状况后,发现目前大学生信用卡的理财功能存在缺陷,且大学生自身的信用卡知识及相关的理财能力也表现得差强人意。然而在未来的信用卡消费市场中大学生这一特殊的潜在客户群占据着重要地位,需要从外纬联合学校、银行及家庭等教育主体形成信用卡消费理财的教育网络、从内在大学生自身理财能力的积累与锻炼以提升大学生信用卡理财能力,保障其理性消费.     

The value of educational degrees in turbulent economic times: Evidence from the Youth Development Study

Rising costs of higher education have prompted debate about the value of college degrees. Using mixed effects panel models of data from the Youth Development Study (ages 31–37), we compare occupational outcomes (i.e., weekly hours worked, earnings, employment status, career attainment, and job security) between educational attainment categories within year, and within categories across years, from 2005 to 2011, capturing the period before, during, and in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Our findings demonstrate the long-term value of post-secondary degrees. Bachelor's and Associate's degree recipients, while experiencing setbacks at the height of recession, were significantly better off than those with some or no college attendance. Vocational-Technical degree holders followed a unique trajectory: pre-recession, they are mostly on par with Associate's and Bachelor's recipients, but they are hit particularly hard by the recession and then rebound somewhat afterwards. Our findings highlight the perils of starting but not finishing post-secondary educational programs.     

No place like home? Familism and Latino/a–white differences in college pathways

Recent research has argued that familism, defined as a cultural preference for privileging family goals over individual goals, may discourage some Latino/a youth from applying to and attending college, particularly if they must leave home (Desmond and López Turley, 2009). Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study, we find that Latino/a students and parents indeed have stronger preferences than white students and parents for living at home during college. For students, most differences in preferences for proximate colleges are explained by socioeconomic status, academic achievement and high school/regional differences. Moreover, controlling for socioeconomic background and prior achievement explains most racial/ethnic gaps in college application and attendance among high school graduates, suggesting that familism per se is not a significant deterrent to college enrollment above and beyond these more primary factors. However, results indicate generational differences; cultural factors may contribute to racial/ethnic gaps in parental preferences for children to remain at home.     

利用新媒体加强大学生社会主义核心价值观教育

新媒体技术从根源上改变了现代社会的信息传播方式,深刻影响着大学生的价值观念及思想行为。现阶段,高校可以将新媒体作为一项新型教育平台,对大学生开展社会主义核心价值观教育。新媒体不仅具备良好的互动性,还能渗透到社会生活各个层面,利用这一平台对大学生进行社会主义核心价值观教育,对思想政治教育方式进行创新和改进,以此实现大学生政治素养的提升。     

Gatekeepers of the American Dream: How teachers’ perceptions shape the academic outcomes of immigrant and language-minority students

High school teachers evaluate and offer guidance to students as they approach the transition to college based in part on their perceptions of the student's hard work and potential to succeed in college. Their perceptions may be especially crucial for immigrant and language-minority students navigating the U.S. educational system. Using the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), we consider how the intersection of nativity and language-minority status may (1) inform teachers’ perceptions of students’ effort and college potential, and (2) shape the link between teachers’ perceptions and students’ academic progress towards college (grades and likelihood of advancing to more demanding math courses). We find that teachers perceive immigrant language-minority students as hard workers, and that their grades reflect that perception. However, these same students are less likely than others to advance in math between the sophomore and junior years, a critical point for preparing for college. Language-minority students born in the U.S. are more likely to be negatively perceived. Yet, when their teachers see them as hard workers, they advance in math at the same rates as nonimmigrant native English speaking peers. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering both language-minority and immigrant status as social dimensions of students’ background that moderate the way that high school teachers’ perceptions shape students’ preparation for college.     

Applying to college: Do information deficits lower the likelihood of college-eligible students from less-privileged families to pursue their college intentions?: Evidence from a field experiment

Information deficits are considered an important source of why students from less-privileged families do not enroll in college, even when they are college-eligible and intend to go to college. In this paper, we examine whether correct and detailed information on the costs of and returns to higher education increases the likelihood of college applications of less-privileged high school graduates who expressed college intentions in their junior high school year. We employ an experimental design with a randomly assigned 25-minute information treatment about funding opportunities for, and returns to, higher education given at Berlin schools awarding university entrance qualifications. Our analyses show that our information treatment indeed substantially increases the likelihood of treated less-privileged students to apply to college. Our study indicates that our low-cost provision of financial information not only increased their college knowledge but also substantially changed their college application behavior, despite other existing barriers, like economic constraints.     

高校大学生学业指导的对策建议研究

大学生的主要任务是学习,如何有效完成学业是每个大学生都要面对的重要课题,而如何有效指导大学生完成学业,则是每个高校教育工作者要面对的重要课题。对大学生进行学业指导是学习改革的基本途径。从大学生学业指导的内涵出发,在对问卷调查和访谈结果进行深入分析的基础上,指出当前高校大学生学业指导中存在的主要问题,并从理念、制度建设和体系构建三个方面对加强高校大学生学业指导提出了对策建议。     

College-bound friends and college application choices: Heterogeneous effects for Latino and White students

Friends are among the most influential social forces affecting adolescent behavior, yet little work has focused on the influence of friends on the decision to apply to college. Using data from the senior cohort of the Texas Higher Education Opportunity Project, we employed propensity score matching with sensitivity analyses to investigate links between having college-oriented friends and applying to college. We found that college-oriented friends increased the likelihood of applying to any college and to 4-year colleges, both for White and Latino students. However, Latino students benefited less from college-oriented friends compared to White students. Our findings suggest that college-choice models should more directly account for the influence of friends in applying to college, taking account of racial and ethnic differences, and future research should explore why Latino students benefit less.     

Composition and decomposition in US gender-specific self-reported health disparities, 1984–2007

Variance function regression models and demographic decomposition methods are applied to identify two dimensions of changes in health disparities (SES-demographic effects vs. compositional effects, between-group disparities vs. within-group disparities) in the US from 1984 to 2007. Using National Health Interview Survey data on self-reported health, we find that disparities in men’s health increased, while those of women decreased, for the whole period. Widening men’s health disparities are largely driven by increases in the effects of SES-demographic statuses on within-group disparities. These increases are moderated by increasing levels of men’s college attainment. But decreasing middle and upper income attainment and a decreasing employment rate further increase men’s health disparities. For women, the effects of SES-demographic statuses on health disparities also increased over time. This, however, was outweighed by increases in women’s college attainment, middle and upper income attainment, and employment rate. The result is overall declining self-reported health disparities for women.     

大学生网络思想政治教育的实效性评价

网络思想政治教育作为思想政治教育的新方式,其实效性评价与现实思想政治教育比较有其不同的评价内容。大学生网络思想政治教育实效性评价可选取指导思想及管理机制、教育者、教育内容、教育方法、情境创设和教育对象等方面进行综合考察。评价内容的选定要结合网络特性和我国大学生思想政治教育的实际情况,也要考虑评价的规律性和操作性。     

丰富教学模式，营造创新型人才的孵化环境

创新型人才的培养需要系统和良好的培养环境。大学本科新生从入学到毕业的教学全过程 ,应有一个系统的创新型人才培养环境及实施方法 ,它包括班导师的作用和配备、科技活动的开展及学术交流、课堂讲授中的创新技巧、毕业设计中导师制的应用、专业主辅修制的实施以及创新机制的建立等环节。这些方法对提高学生的专业理论素养、实践教学质量及综合素质 ,尤其是对创新意识和创新能力的培养具有显著的意义。     

提高大学生综合素质 创新英语专业教学方法

本文通过总结问卷调查的结果,分析归纳出英语专业教学发展的现状和存在的问题,进而针对这些问题,从不同的角度分析问题,总结对策,提出了英语专业教学方法的改革与创新。运用新的英语教学方法实施实践教学,提高了大学生的专业素质、道德素质、人文素质和科学素质,从而完善和发展大学生的素质教育。英语专业教学方法的创新对于大学生综合素质的提高有着重要的意义。     

网络环境下大学生自我认知困境及对策探究

随着信息网络在我国的发展和壮大,大学生逐渐成为信息网络影响的主要社会群体之一。由于大学生的认知还不够成熟和理性,容易在网络环境下出现各种困惑和迷茫。基于自我认知的相关理论,文章从当代大学生自我认知的特点、网络对大学生自我认知的影响及大学生自我认知的困境等方面进行全面解析,最后提出帮助大学生走出网络自我认知困境的对策。     

Neighborhood distress and school dropout: the variable significance of community context

Although a substantial body of recent research has examined the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic distress on youth socioeconomic attainment and urban social dislocations, few studies have determined under what conditions, and for what types of adolescents, neighborhood characteristics matter most. Drawing on theories of collective socialization, social capital, and social control, we develop hypotheses regarding the conditional nature of neighborhood effects on the risk of dropping out of high school, and we then test these hypotheses by estimating event history models based on data from the 1968–1993 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find that, among African Americans, the detrimental impact of neighborhood socioeconomic distress on school dropout has increased significantly over the past quarter-century, a probable repercussion of the increasing geographic concentration of urban poverty. The negative effect of neighborhood distress on high school completion is particularly pronounced among black adolescents from single-parent households and among white adolescents from low-income families, results broadly consistent with Wilson’s claim that exposure to neighborhood poverty reinforces the damaging consequences of individual disadvantage. Supporting the social capital perspective, among both black and white adolescents the deleterious impact of neighborhood distress on school dropout is stronger for recent in-movers than for long-term residents. The impact of neighborhood disadvantage also varies significantly by gender for both racial groups and, among whites, is stronger for younger than older adolescents. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for theories of neighborhood effects.     

大学生心理健康教育与思想政治教育的关系

高校大学生心理健康教育与思想政治教育工作有不同的形式,不同的内容,不同的要求和不同的方法。它们遵循各自不同的规律和原则,前者立足于解决大学生的心理问题,后者立足于解决大学生的政治思想观念问题。二者互相关联,具有内在统一性。因此应该在进行思想政治教育时,首先消除大学生的消极心理反映,使大学生拥有健康的心态,帮助大学生树立正确的人生观、世界观和价值观。     

网络泛娱乐化现象对大学生价值观的影响及应对

当前,网络空间充斥着大量粗鄙搞怪、戏虐谩骂等泛娱乐化信息,污染了包括大学生在内的全体网民的网络生存环境。网络泛娱乐化现象对大学生价值观的形成产生了消极影响,例如理想追求虚无化动摇其理想信念、行为方式功利化淡化其责任担当、传播内容媚俗化拉低其审美品味、信息获取碎片化限制其思维发展。究其原因,主要包括大学生心智尚未成熟且具有求新猎奇心理、独特的网络信息传播机制作用、一些错误社会思潮推波助澜等因素。基于此,应通过强化网络生态治理水平、提升大学生媒介素养能力、加强大学校园文化建设、培养大学生审美情趣等多种举措,积极抵制网络泛娱乐化现象对大学生价值观的负面影响,为新时代大学生成长成才与发展提供良好环境。     

College for some to college for all: Social background, occupational expectations, and educational expectations over time

The educational expectations of 10th-graders have dramatically increased from 1980 to 2002. Their rise is attributable in part to the changing educational composition of students’ parents and related to the educational profiles of their expected occupations. Students whose parents have gone to college are more likely to attend college themselves, and students expect occupations that are more prestigious in 2002 than in 1980. The educational requirements of particular occupation categories have risen only slightly. These analyses also reveal that educational expectations in recent cohorts are more loosely linked to social background and occupational plans than they were in 1980. The declining importance of parents’ background and the decoupling of educational and occupational plans, in addition to a strong and significant effect of cohort on educational expectations, suggest that the expectation of four-year college attainment is indeed becoming the norm.     

高师音乐教育实习新模式的构建

高校的扩招，实习人数的猛增使得高师传统的音乐教育实习面临难以安排的尴尬局面，探索合理的音乐教育实习新模式非常必要。分类集中实习与单独实习结合的新模式，既保留了集中实习与单独实习模式的特点，又可以充分发挥音乐教育实习独特的优势，有利于解决现阶段高师音乐教育实习安排困难等问题，有利于培养适应不同中小学需求的音乐师资。