网婚在现实婚姻家庭中出现的原因及影响

网婚的形式是对现实婚姻的重塑与再造。由于网婚本身的无序性、随意性、隐蔽性和刺激性,已婚者对现实的逃避、不满与宣泄以及网络经营者的推波助澜促使网婚的出现与流行。同时网婚也给现实婚姻家庭带来了冲击与危害,这要求已婚者不断加强责任意识与人格自律,冷静对待婚姻的现实性。     

中西方婚姻观中女性地位的不同及成因分析

爱情和婚姻是人类生活的重要方面,而婚姻观是人类文化的重要组成部分。中西方婚姻观不同,反映在女性身上比较明显。从家庭、社会、政治方面对比中西方婚姻观中女性地位的不同,并从其地理位置、传统文化和价值观方面探究成因,便于中国女性摈弃一些封闭落后思想,适当吸取西方婚姻观中的精华和合理部分,对未婚及已婚女性树立正确、科学的婚姻观都具有一定的现实指导作用。     

Discovering pockets of complexity: Socioeconomic status,stress exposure,and the nuances of the health gradient

One of the most pervasive statements about stratification and health identifies the strong inverse relationship—or gradient—between socioeconomic status (SES) and poor health. We elaborate on the ways that the SES-based gradient in stress exposure contributes to nuances in the SES-health association. In analyses of the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce, we find some evidence that the inverse association between SES and health outcomes is finely graded—but several ‘pockets of complexity’ emerge. First, education and income have different associations with health and well-being. Second, those associations depend on the outcome being assessed. Education is more influential for predicting anxiety and poor health than for depression or life dissatisfaction, while income is more influential for predicting depression and, to a lesser extent, life dissatisfaction. Third, different patterns of explanation or suppression reflect resource advantage or stress of higher status dynamics. Some impactful stressors that people encounter—especially job pressure and work-family conflict—are not neatly graded in ways that corroborate the conventional SES-health narrative. Instead, these mask the size of the overall health differences between lower versus higher SES groups. Our mapping of the SES gradient in stressors extends that story and complicates the conventional view of the association between SES and health/well-being.     

Depression in later life: A closer look at the gender gap

Gender differences in depressive symptoms have been extensively documented, with women reporting a higher number of depressive symptoms than men. However, studies offer different explanations for why such a gap exists. The goal of the current paper is to analyze how much of the observed gender gap in depression may be attributed to (1) compositional versus (2) reporting differences or (3) differences in reactivity to adversities. We contribute to this literature by testing, net of compositional differences, whether the relationship between reporting behavior and depressive symptoms is gendered and whether accounting for the possibility of gender-specific reactivity alters the structure of the gender gap at older ages. Our results show that the observed gender gap in depression (1) only partially derives from compositional differences; (2) is not an artifact of a gender-specific reporting style; and remarkably (3) men appear more sensitive to adversities.     

积极的夫妻互动与婚姻质量——2011年北京市婚姻家庭调查分析

本文利用2011年北京市婚姻家庭会进行的调查数据,分析北京城区已婚人群的婚姻质量和影响因素。研究发现,多数夫妻对婚姻的评价是满意的。积极的夫妻互动是影响夫妻婚姻满意评价的重要因素,物质性因素对人们评价婚姻满意状况无显著关系。夫妻间积极性的互动关系包括：夫妻间积极的意见沟通、相互陪伴、有满意的性生活和知心。其中夫妻间的相知和默契是最重要的影响人们评价婚姻质量的因素。个人自评的身体状况和是否雇用保姆亦对人们评价婚姻满意状况有显著性影响。     

Trajectories of relationship supportiveness after childbirth: Does marriage matter?

Relationship quality for married couples typically declines after the birth of a (first) child, as parenthood brings new identities, stresses, and responsibilities for mothers and fathers. Yet, it is less clear whether nonmarital relationship quality follows a similar trajectory, particularly given the greater selectivity of nonmarital relationships that persist over time. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,459) with latent growth curve models to examine relationship quality (measured by mothers' perceived supportiveness about fathers) for married and unmarried couples over nine years after a child's birth. Findings suggest that marriage at birth is protective for relationship supportiveness over time, net of various individual characteristics associated with marriage, compared to all unmarried couples at birth; however, marriage does not differentiate supportiveness compared to the subset of unmarried couples who remain stably together. Also, unmarried couples who get married after the birth have more supportive relationships compared to all unmarried couples who do not marry—though less so when compared to couples who remain stably together.     

婚姻与爱情：错位还是平衡？——从《新结婚时代》与《大校的女儿》透视新时期婚姻观念的困境

王海鸽的《新结婚时代》与《大校的女儿》真实记录了新时期爱情与婚姻观念的困境。《新结婚时代》讲述了三对错位的婚姻,城乡婚姻,姐弟婚姻,老少婚姻,而在错位的婚姻中,爱情却是平衡的。《大校的女儿》中,或者是在平衡的婚姻中爱情缺位,或者在爱情产生的时候却无法进入婚姻,也注定了爱情的错位成为必然。这两部作品中所反映的婚姻与爱情之间的错位与平衡,是新时期婚姻爱情的现实状况。     

Cross-national variation in the social origins and religious consequences of religious non-affiliation

I argue that the social implications of religious non-affiliation vary across cultural contexts, leading to differences across nations in both who is likely to be unaffiliated and the religious consequences of such non-affiliation. I test these propositions by examining cross-national variation in associations with non-affiliation using multilevel models and cross-sectional survey data from almost 70,000 respondents in 52 nations. The results indicate that: 1) both individual characteristics (gender, age, and marital status) and nation-level attributes (GDP, communism, and regulation of religion) strongly predict religious non-affiliation; 2) differences in non-affiliation by individual-level attributes—women vs. men, old vs. young, and married vs. single—are greatest in nations with low levels of religious regulation and high levels of economic development; and 3) the effect of religious non-affiliation on religiosity varies considerably by the political and religious context, and to a lesser extent by the level of economic development in each nation. These results highlight cultural variation in what it means to be religiously unaffiliated.     

Why do Asian Americans academically outperform Whites? – The cultural explanation revisited

We advocate an interactive approach to examining the role of culture and SES in explaining Asian Americans' achievement. We use Education Longitudinal Study (ELS) 2002 baseline data to test our proposition that the cultural orientation of Asian American families is different from that of white American families in ways that mediate the effects of family SES on children's academic achievement. The results support our hypothesis, indicating that: (1) SES's positive effects on achievement are stronger among white students than among Asian-Americans; (2) the association between a family's SES and behaviors and attitudes is weaker among Asian-Americans than among Whites; (3) a fraction of the Asian-White achievement gap can be accounted for by ethnic differences in behaviors and attitudes, particularly ethnic differences in family SES's effects on behaviors and attitudes. We find that Asian Americans’ behaviors and attitudes are less influenced by family SES than those of Whites are and that this difference helps generate Asians’ premium in achievement. This is especially evident at lower levels of family SES.     

青年婚配类型与夫妻关系——全国五大城市1216名已婚青年的调查分析

基于全国五大城市1216名已婚青年的调查资料,对目前城市青年家庭的不同婚配类型与夫妻关系之间的关联性进行探讨。研究结果表明,不同年龄匹配类型、不同文化程度匹配类型,以及不同收入水平匹配类型三个方面与青年家庭的夫妻关系状况无关;而不同城乡背景匹配类型、不同独生子女身份匹配类型两方面则与青年家庭的夫妻关系状况有关。研究揭示出,改革开放背景中成长的一代青年在个体特征上更具同质性,对他们的夫妻关系真正产生影响的因素,主要是他们在社会特征上的差别。今后的夫妻关系研究,在测量指标方面增加心理量表的内容或许是一个新的方向。     

The adolescent family environment and cohabitation across the transition to adulthood

This study draws upon a sample of men and women from Waves I and IV of Add Health to examine the linkages between the adolescent family environment and cohabitation behavior across the transition to adulthood. Using event history modeling the current paper considers the association between a variety of family factors and both the timing of first cohabiting unions and their outcomes (marriage, break up, still cohabiting). This paper also considers whether the impact of predictors for cohabitation timing and outcomes varies depending on the age of individuals. Results indicate that exposure during adolescence to family instability, parental cohabitation, lower parental SES, and low family belonging were associated with an elevated likelihood of entering into cohabiting unions, but primarily during adolescence and early adulthood. Family factors, including family belonging and parental relationship history, were also associated with the outcomes of first cohabitations.     

The Variable Effects of Family Background on the Timing of First Marriage: United States, 1969–1993

Longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for a sample of 6570 women and men observed between 1969 and 1993 are used to examine historical changes and life-course variation in the effects of family background characteristics on the timing of first marriage. Discrete-time event history analyses reveal that the inverse effect of parental resources (family income and mother's education) on the timing of first marriage has both declined over time and weakens as children age. Historical declines in the effect of parental resources on first marriage timing appear to explain the divergence between Black and White marriage patterns over this period. In contrast, the inverse effect of experiencing a nonintact family structure during childhood on the timing of first marriage remains constant over both historical time and the life course. The implications of these findings for theories of demographic individuation and life-course perspectives are discussed.     

建立我国婚约制度的立法思考

婚约起源于古代社会的买卖婚姻,近现代多数国家或地区亲属法也规定了婚约制度。我国现行婚姻法对此没有规定,但民间订立婚约的现象则是普遍存在的。为指导人们订立符合社会主义婚姻制度理念的婚约,规范人民法院审判婚约纠纷案件,我国婚姻法应明文规定婚约制度。     

《周易》之婚俗婚礼考论

《周易》与古代礼制、礼俗关系匪浅,《周易》中具备五礼,《周易》的许多卦爻辞反映了上古时代我国的婚俗婚礼情形,详细考论了《周易》中的奇异的婚俗现象,虽以男娶女为正,但亦有母系制残余,并考论了媵婚制的一些鲜为人知的礼制情况,如“反归以娣”、“归妹愆期,迟归有时”等爻辞。《周易》时代的许多婚俗婚礼一直延续到春秋时代,而男娶女为正等婚姻六礼的实行则一直延续到晚清。     

Self-Esteem and Mastery Trajectories in High School by Social Class and Gender

Using longitudinal data from 769 white adolescents in the Midwest, this research applies a social structure and personality perspective to examine variation in self-esteem and mastery trajectories by gender and SES across the high school years. Analyses reveal that high SES adolescents experience significantly steeper gains in self-esteem and mastery compared to low SES adolescents, resulting in the reversal of SES differences in self-esteem and the emergence of significant SES differences in mastery. Pre-existing gender differences in self-esteem narrow between the 9th and 12th grade because self-esteem increases at a faster rate among girls than boys during high school. These SES and gender differences in self-concept growth are explained by changes in parent-adolescent relationship quality and stress exposure. Specifically, boys and adolescents with lower SES backgrounds experienced steeper declines in parent-adolescent relationship quality and steeper gains in chronic work strain compared to girls and low SES adolescents, respectively.     

流动人口婚姻家庭的现实把握：粤省个案

改革开放以来。人口流动的规模越来越大,范围越来越广,大量流动人口的婚姻家庭状况随之改变,婚姻家庭权利保障问题日渐突出。对东莞外来流动人口的实证调查发现：流动人口的择偶途径多样化,但没有在实质上扩展择偶对象的范围;结婚动机以爱情为主,但具有复杂性;结婚的形式要件落实较好,但部分人还存在认识误区;家庭模式复杂多样,但也具有一些共同特征;夫妻感情沟通方式较为单一;家庭暴力存在但不普遍;留守妇女儿童权益保护亟待引起重视：父母赡养、子女抚养的实现困难较大;夫妻财产地位较为平等;流动人口对婚姻家庭法律的认知度不高;流动人口的婚姻家庭满意度较高,但难以与流入地社会相互认同和融合。     

The risk of divorce as a barrier to marriage among parents of young children

Using data from the Fragile Families Study, we examine how unmarried parents’ risk of divorce influences their decision to marry. Regression results show that unmarried parents with a high predicted probability of marital dissolution (based on estimates of marital dissolution for a sample of initially married mothers with similar characteristics) had significantly lower odds of marriage to the father of their child even after controlling for individual and relationship characteristics expected to influence marriage transitions. The dissolution propensity we examine also includes a measure of the local divorce climate. As such, our results provide support for the argument that high rates of divorce in the population have led to a fear of divorce among unmarried parents which reduces their probability of marriage.     

关于朝鲜族女性涉外婚姻基本模式的探讨——以嫁到韩国的朝鲜族女性为个案研究

朝鲜族女性的涉外婚姻,从其婚姻动机、交往途径、婚姻现状看,都具有"交换"的性质,其基本模式为"交换婚姻".由于这种"交换"关系并非感情与感情的交换,故婚姻关系带有很多的不确定性.     

Later first marriage and marital success

The research reported here used measures of marital success based on both marital survival and marital quality to assess how well first marriages entered at relatively late ages fare in comparison with those entered younger. Analysis of data from five American data sets indicated that the later marriages fare very well in survival but rather poorly in quality. The greatest indicated likelihood of being in an intact marriage of the highest quality is among those who married at ages 22-25, net of the estimated effects of time since first marriage and several variables that might commonly affect age at marriage and marital outcomes. The negative relationship beyond the early to mid-twenties between age at marriage and marital success is likely to be at least partially spurious, and thus it would be premature to conclude that the optimal time for first marriage for most persons is ages 22-25. However, the findings do suggest that most persons have little or nothing to gain in the way of marital success by deliberately postponing marriage beyond the mid-twenties.     

Women's age at first marriage and postmarital agency in Egypt

Early – or child – marriage (before age 18) may diminish women's ability to exercise agency, or their capacity to act upon their goals. Using a propensity score adjustment approach, we analyzed data from 2394 married women ages 35–49 years who participated in the 2006 Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS). We examined whether women's first marriage at age 18 or older was associated with their post-marital agency, measured in terms of their influence in family decisions, freedom of movement in public spaces, and unfavorable views about intimate partner violence against wives. In bivariate analyses, women's age at first marriage was positively associated with their decision-making and more equitable gender attitudes. However, once we controlled for selection into age-at-first-marriage groups, there were no significant differences between the two age-at-first-marriage groups in any dimension of women's agency. We examined the sensitivity of the non-significant age-at-first-marriage effects to possible violations of the strong ignorability assumption and the results did not alter our conclusions. The assumption that women's age at first marriage is a proxy for their post-marital agency, as defined here, warrants further study.