Multivariate point process models in social research

This paper advocates the use of multivariate point processes for modeling dynamic processes where several types of discrete outcomes occur repeatedly over time. The first section provides an overview of point process models with emphasis on the intensity function specification. The second section discusses complete and incomplete likelihood techniques for estimating parameters and briefly reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques. The paper ends with an empirical example from organizational sociology that illustrates the application of a multivariate point process model and complete likelihood estimation.     

Ability and mobility: The relative influence of skills and social origin on social mobility

The recent PIACC data offer us the first ever opportunity to identify the relative salience of abilities versus social origin in comparative social mobility research. Sampling 21 countries, we identify the degree of meritocratic selection by estimating the relative influence of social origin versus individual cognitive and social skills. We pay particular attention to the possibility of skills combinations as regards both upward and downward mobility. Social skills may compensate for weak cognitive abilities, or vice-versa; and what are the added effects of commanding strong skills on both counts? This is, as far as we know, the first time that comparative mobility research has examined such skills-complementarities. As in previous research we, too, uncover a significantly more egalitarian mobility pattern in the Nordic countries. This however obtains also for Canada and the Netherlands. A unique feature of Scandinavia is its asymmetric profile: significant upward mobility for those of low social origin, but surprisingly little downward mobility among those of privileged origins. Contrary to expectations, this cannot be ascribed to skills compensation. We find, however, that social skills play an important role for upward mobility among low-SES sons.     

Assumptions of social mobility research in the U.S.: The case of occupational status

This paper examines the theoretical and empirical basis for common rank-orderings of occupational roles by raters throughout the world. From an illustrative comparison of occupational stratification in Australia and the United States we conclude tentatively that (1) commonalities in the socioeconomic characteristics of occupational roles provide the basis for interplace consistencies in “prestige” scores, (2) the structure of occupational mobility in the U.S. and Australia is largely similar, (3) this similar structure of occupational stratification manifests a common socioeconomic process which defines a (the?) major component of occupational mobility in capitalist, industrial (only?) societies. We infer that “prestige” scores for occupations are fallible estimates of the socioeconomic statuses of occupation, within the context of mobility processes in (at least) the U.S. and Australia.     

对黑龙江省哲学社会科学研究状况的调查

通过贯彻“三个代表”要求,黑龙江省哲学社会科学研究取得了很大成就,在为党和政府科学决策服务以及为两个文明建设服务中发挥了重要作用,但仍有一些问题有待解决。地方哲学社会科学必须加快发展,通过改革,建立全新的体制和机制。     

Transition and admission models in social demography

This paper was presented to the MSSB conference on Quantitative Social Theory and the Study of Formal Organizations held in August 1972. In it a matrix framework is presented which can be used to connect data on human stocks and flows. These data provide the variables for linear models based on transition and admission proportions, which can be interpreted either in terms of input-output analysis, as in economics, or in terms of probability theory. Corresponding to the quantity equation, representing the demographic data, a price equation is established which provides a link with economic data on unit costs and benefits. Illustrations are given at different levels and in various fields.     

关于哲学社会科学研究的几个问题

哲学社会科学是人们认识社会运动的本质和规律的知识体系。研究过程要有问题意识,要善于运用科学逻辑的力量发现真理,坚持逻辑与历史相统一的原则,阐述研究成果时必须贯彻从抽象到具体的原则,提高概括能力,要善于分析,注意从大处着眼小处入手,注意提法的准确性和思维的深刻性。     

论高等学校文科科研管理

高等学校的科研要适应市场经济和知识经济时代发展的需要 ,关键是要彻底改革不相适应的科研管理体制 ,提高当前的科研管理水平。就高等学校文科科研管理来说 ,深化体制改革、加强学科建设和科研队伍建设、改革科研机构和改变管理模式是提高管理水平的重要途径。本文结合当前的形势和高等学校文科科研管理工作的现状 ,分析了这几方面所存在的问题并提出了相应的改进措施     

Political democracy,economic liberalization,and macro-sociological models of intergenerational mobility

Building on the previously investigated macro-sociological models which analyze the consequences of economic development, income inequality, and international migration on social mobility, this article studies the specific contextual covariates of intergenerational reproduction of occupational status in post-communist societies. It is theorized that social mobility is higher in societies with democratic political regimes and less liberalized economies. The outlined hypotheses are tested by using micro- and macro-level datasets for 21 post-communist societies which are fitted into multilevel mixed-effects linear regressions. The derived findings suggest that factors specific to transition societies, conventional macro-level variables, and the legacy of the Soviet Union explain variation in intergenerational social mobility, but the results vary depending which birth cohorts survey participants belong to and whether or not they stem from advantaged or disadvantaged social origins. These findings are robust to various alternative data, sample, and method specifications.     

Material consumption and social well-being within the periphery of the world economy: An ecological analysis of maternal mortality

The degree to which social well-being is predicated upon levels of material consumption remains under-examined from a large-N, quantitative perspective. The present study analyzes the factors influencing levels of maternal mortality in 2005 among 92 peripheral countries. We incorporate into regression analysis the ecological footprint, a comprehensive measure of natural resource consumption, and alternative explanatory variables drawn from previous research. Results illustrate ecological footprint consumption has a moderately strong direct influence shaping lower levels of maternal mortality. Path analysis reveals export commodity concentration has a negative effect on level of ecological footprint demand net the strong positive influence of income per capita. This illustrates cross-national trade dependency relations directly influence natural resource consumption opportunities and thereby indirectly contribute to higher maternal mortality levels within the periphery of the world economy. The results confirm material consumption is an important dimension of improvement in maternal mortality.     

Intergenerational and career mobility in Britain: An integrated analysis

Mobility analysis has traditionally concentrated on the task of charting flows in the two-way contingency table which relates occupational origin to occupational destination. It has not yet undertaken a unified analysis of intergenerational and intragenerational aspects of mobility. And only rarely does it incorporate terms which represent ordered concepts such as inequality or vertical movement. In contrast, path analysis has typically imposed strong orderings on the data, and it has been employed to tease out the relations among several occupational variables. Its main defect is that it entirely abstracts from shifts in mean occupational position, and also from change in the shape of the occupational distribution. Yet both of these are important sources of mobility. The present paper shows how two innovations in mobility analysis may be generalized to constitute a technique which unites the strengths of path analysis with those of log-linear analysis. The two innovations are (a) the conceptual disaggregation of perfect and exchange mobility, and (b) the imposition of an ordered component within each (K. Hope, 1981, Sociology 15, 19–55). The outcome of this generalization is a simple yet powerful account of mobility in Britain.     

当代社会人的生态与心态问题哲学研究论纲--人的生存质量说之三

从人类生存史和文化史的视角来审视,自人类诞生以来就已存在生态与心态及其关系的问题。生态与心态及其关系问题的凸显和困扰世人、引起世人的格外关注,则是近些年的事。我们要提倡大生态观,更需要大心态观。当代社会,生态与心态的关系呈现出新的特点和发展趋势。生态和心态的辩证关系构成当代人类社会生活的一对重要矛盾,对这一矛盾的哲学观照和实践解决,具有无可估量的价值和意义。人们努力寻找解决生态与心态问题的方式与路径,即当代生态文明的建设与发展,呼唤一种大战略、大智慧、大心胸和大态势;培养和形成科学、健康的心态,为我们这个时代所急需;要坚定地走生态与心态相互融合的崭新生活之路。     

知识经济与高校社科科研管理

本文分析了知识经济对高校社科研究的研究方向、研究方式带来的冲击和改变 ,说明旧有的高校社科科研管理已经不适应社科研究现有的发展状况 ,急需在社科科研管理观念、管理职能、管理模式以及管理人员素质等方面予以变革 ,并提出了变革的措施     

中国社会转型期阶层矛盾分析

阶层关系的变动,深刻反映了社会结构的基本变化。转型社会阶层矛盾的发展,更加深刻地反映了时代的特征。本文从阶层矛盾的存在和发展(如物质利益、政治利益、思想观念、生活方式等)以及阶层矛盾的相关因素两个层面,对阶层矛盾作一些比较分析,并就相关的对策问题进行初步的探讨。     

立足地方 研究地方 服务地方——对地方性综合大学人文社科研究工作的一点思考

目前地方性综合大学的人文社科研究工作存在着与地方经济建设发展不相适应的一些现象 ,本文针对这些现象从人文社科研究的立足点、研究方向、服务内容三个方面探讨地方性综合大学人文社科研究的根本出路和发展方向     

改进高校社科管理工作提高社科研究水平

要解决当前高校社科研究工作中存在的诸多问题 ,必须高度重视高校社科管理工作。针对当前高校社科管理工作的现状 ,应当注重社科管理创新 ,着力做好三大转变 ,即社科研究成果评价标准的转变、管理方式的转变和管理手段的转变 ,进而促使高校社科研究水平的提高     

美国社会科学研究的现状与思考

安徽省社会科学院学术访问团一行５人，应美国罕普舍尔学院院长普伦斯的邀请，于２００２年４月２９日至５月１３日访问了美国。访问团这次赴美的一个重要任务，是考察美国社会科学研究情况。为了在有限的时间内多了解一些情况，代表团先后访问了旧金山、洛杉矶、华盛顿特区、波士顿和纽约市。连同罕普舍尔学院所在地麻省西部小城阿莫霍斯特市在内，一共访问了６个城市和地区。参加访谈的美方人士有：大、中、小学校长，教授和教师，社科研究人员，自然科学家，科研管理人员，建筑师，作家，编辑，律师，医生，企业管理人员，餐馆老板，厨师…     

社会史研究的立场与特征

对于社会史研究内涵的理解 ,海内外的学者还有所不同。当我们进入新世纪之时 ,回首社会史研究的历程 ,便会发现作为现代史学的社会史研究 ,既产生于 2 0世纪 ,又在上一个世纪经历了不断的变化。概言之 ,欧美史学界在 50年代以前的早期社会史研究重在社会经济史 ,比较强调宏观社会史 ,重视总的历史 ;六七十年代的社会史研究更多的是属于历史的综合研究 ,主张长时段的研究 ,受计量史学影响比较大 ;近一二十年的社会史研究则表现为社会文化史 ,重视微观研究 ,对叙述史学有一种新的回归。我国的社会史研究在 50年代以前主流是社会史大论战 ,50至…     

发挥优势 形成特色 力求发展——理工科院校发展社科研究的实践探索

人文社科研究是理工科院校科研工作的重要组成部分。本文总结分析了华南理工大学人文社科的重点———管理学科发展的实践与探索 ,从几个方面提出了理工科院校发展社科研究的一些思路     

环境心理学在高校校园景观设计中的应用分析研究

随着我国高等教育事业的飞速发展,大学校园的景观设计已经逐渐向人性化、生态化的育人理念方向发展。环境心理学作为研究环境与人之间的交互关系的一门新兴学科,为现代化的校园景观设计提供了先进的理论依据。通过对环境心理学中感觉体验和空间行为的研究以及相关理论在校园景观设计中的实际应用,从中得出当前校园景观设计在环境心理学方面应当遵循的原则,并借此提出相关结论。     

论高校专业资料室在教改中的特点及服务

本文从多方面对高校专业资料室的工作特点、内容及形式进行探讨 ,以使其在教改及科学研究中发挥更大的作用。