Youth debt, mastery, and self-esteem: Class-stratified effects of indebtedness on self-concept

Young adults at the turn of the 21st century came of age in a time of unprecedented access to credit but slowed growth in earnings, resulting in a dramatic increase in indebtedness. Debt has been little studied by sociologists, even though it is increasingly important in financing both attainment and a middle-class lifestyle, especially for youth in the transition to adulthood. We study the consequences of indebtedness for young adults’ sense of mastery and self-esteem as stratified by class. Young adulthood is a crucial developmental period for mastery and self-esteem, which then serve as a social psychological resource (or deficit) into the adult years. Research suggests that young people have divergent perspectives on debt: some focus on credit as a necessary investment in status attainment, while others worry that readily available credit invites improvidence that can erode the self-concept as debt encumbers achievement and future consumption and increases a sense of powerlessness. We find that both education and credit-card debt increase mastery and self-esteem, supporting the hypothesis that young people experience debt as an investment in the future, and contradicting the expectation that debt used to finance current spending will lower mastery and self-esteem. Our expectation that debt effects are accentuated for those of lower- and middle-class origins but blunted for those of upper-class origins is supported. We find, however, that the positive effects of debt appear to wane among the oldest young adults, suggesting the stresses of debt may mount with age. We conclude that further study of the long-term consequences of debt will be essential for advancing contemporary stratification theory and research.     

Skill and education effects on earnings in 18 Countries: The role of national educational institutions

This study investigates whether the mechanisms why education is rewarded vary across countries. Do educational institutions affect the likelihood that support for a particular mechanism is found? Combining IALS survey data and OECD statistics on educational institutions, it was shown that the effect of measured skill on earnings - controlled for educational attainment - is lower in countries where educational institutions produce skills relevant for work through the vocational system. This indicates that the human capital perspective on education works particularly well in vocationally oriented educational systems, as the skills generated in education are strongly overlapping with the skills that are rewarded. An alternative mechanism sees education as a means for social closure through credentialization. Under the credentialization model, education is not primarily rewarded for the productivity-enhancing skills it entails, but rather for reasons unrelated to productivity. Following this theory education is used for selection into the organization, after which directly observable skills are determining wages. Assuming that a strongly differentiated educational system creates boundaries between social groups, it is hypothesized that strongly differentiated systems lead to stronger measured skill effects. We do not find support for this hypothesis.     

高等院校财务管理中存在的问题、原因及对策

在高等教育快速发展的今天,规范的财务管理,对高等院校的发展十分必要。本文通过对我省三十所高等院校的审计结果进行分析,总结了高等院校财务管理中存在的问题,分析了产生问题的原因,提出了解决问题的对策。     

对普通高校体育教学信息化的作用与有效途径探讨

文章对普通高校体育教学信息化的作用进行了进一步论述,并采用文献资料法、问卷调查法等方法对体育教学部门信息环境建设和开展信息化教学、研究工作的有效途径进行分析探讨,为促进高校体育教学信息化建设提供了可资借鉴的经验和依据.     

浅析房地产抵押关系的成立及抵押权的实现

本文从主体、客体、内容及形式四个方面,详细地分析了作为民事法律关系之一的房地产抵押担保关系成立的要件,并从当今有关法律规定入手,阐明了房地产抵押权实现的方式是拍卖.对部分有争议的相关问题谈了自己粗浅的认识.     

中国国际合作理论的成果与不足

国际合作理论研究发轫于美国。近10年来,中国学者对这一理论也进行了初步探索,在国际合作的背景、国际制度与国际组织、国家主权以及中国的国际合作研究等方面取得了一些成绩。但中国的国际合作理论研究还需要独立的理论意识。     

Institutionalized collective action and the relationship between beliefs about environmental problems and environmental actions: A cross-national analysis

How do institutions affect the relationship between an individual's beliefs and their actions? Institutionalized strategies are routine ways of addressing problems that become taken-for-granted in a society. Environmental problems constitute a collective action problem in that personal consumption often conflicts with collective interests. I test whether beliefs about environmental problems have a different impact on a person's pro-environmental behaviors, depending on how addressing collective action problems is institutionalized in their society. In particular, I use level of welfare targeting as an observable, organizational difference among societies that reflects different institutionalized strategies for addressing a prominent collective action problem. I use multilevel models on data from the 2010 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) and measures of welfare targeting from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to answer this question. I find that in societies where the institutionalized strategy for dealing with inequality is highly targeted, individuals' beliefs that these problems are important, real, and whether they can do something about them have a greater impact on their actions. The results suggest individuals generalize taken-for-granted strategies of assuring collective welfare to implement their individual beliefs about the environment, making institutional environments important moderators of the strength of the belief-action relationship.     

政府偏好与制度起源:以1950年代后的收容遣送政策为例

尽管学术文献里没有给出政府偏好的恰当定义,但它的确是解释中国制度变迁中的一个重要变量。运用制度学派的有关制度变迁理论,对收容遣送制度起源的历史作出政治学的解释,可以认为,巩固政权以及与此相联系的城市化与工业化的双重压力,都对政府治理城市秩序的偏好产生了重大影响。1950年代以后的收容遣送政策及其实践,为考察政府偏好与制度设计之间的关联提供了生动的素材。     

从制度论、危机论到发展论——论西方政党创生理论的变化

政党在创生、起源时的差异在很大程度上影响了该国政党组织的演变和政党制度的建立,制度论、危机论、发展论等几种重要的西方政党起源理论都是从不同的角度对政党产生的动力和制度基础做出了合理的分析,同样具有理论上的自洽性和概念上的明晰性,可以作为我们分析的理论工具,本文对这几种理论进行一个较为详细的述评.     

The state intervenes in the battle of the sexes: Causal effects of paternity leave

Do family policies influence attitudes and behavior or are they merely reflections of pre-existing attitudes? We consider the implementation of the Norwegian daddy quota, 4 weeks of parental leave reserved for the father, as a natural experiment, and examine the long-run causal effects on attitudes toward gender equality, on conflicts and sharing of household labor, and on support for public childcare. We find that respondents who had their last born child just after the reform report an 11% lower level of conflicts over household division of labor and that they are 50% more likely to equally divide the task of washing clothes than respondents who had their last child just before the reform.     

国有企业债务问题及其处理对策新探

对如何处理国有企业债务的问题,我国学术界和实践部门都作了大量的探索。随着各项改革的推进,国有企业的债务危机有所改善,但是问题并没有得到根本解决,所以有必要重新审视国有企业的债务问题及其处理。我们认为,国有企业长期处于高负债状况的根本原因是国家对国有企业的预算软约束。因此,在预算约束没有得到硬化的基础上,国家寄希望于诸如搞增资减债、销债、免债等方案都不可能从根本上解决国有企业的债务问题。解决国有企业债务问题的根本措施需从改造国有企业的机制着手。我们最后提出了几点基于国有企业改造为目的的债务重组方案,希望能有助于我国国有企业债务问题的处理。     

论北欧社区工作发展的动力及其制度环境

本文从基层社会网络、志愿者社团、中央和地方政府三个方面,对北欧国家社区工作的动力机制进行了考察。文章研究了上述三个因素的相互作用,以及与之相应的社会文化背景。在此基础上,本文也从宏观的角度出发,把社区工作与社会制度联系起来,研究了社会行动、地方民主和福利国家等要素在北欧社区工作发展中的作用。本文的目的在于揭示北欧社区工作模式的形成及其制度背景,从而探讨北欧经验对于中国社区工作发展和构建充满活力的“和谐社会”的借鉴意义。     

论我国传统盐业合伙债务清偿的特点

盐业契约是指有关盐井开凿以及盐业生产、经营、管理等契约规范的总称,这些规范在中国契约法律制度和盐业文化体系中占有十分重要的地位。盐业合伙契约作为一种独具我国民族特色的资本组织形式,其债务清偿具有许多不同于一般合伙债务清偿的特点,从合伙债务清偿的常见类型出发,分析“井债井还”这种盐业合伙债务清偿的独特模式,对于理解合伙债务清偿制度分类的科学性及多样性,完善我国民商事法律制度具有重要意义。     

从“选择制”到“普惠制”——城市户籍改革政策取向与路径探析

城市类型、户口"含金量"与户籍改革进展存在一定的逻辑关系,大部分城市仍然存在依"身份"甄别的福利和权益歧视.城市户籍改革必然要进行利益关系的调整,促进流动人口市民化是城市户籍改革的重要环节.户籍改革的最终目标是从"完全的控制体制"回归"登记体制",过渡期内应由"选择型制度"走向"普惠型制度".     

公共政策滞后：类型与特征的探讨

政策滞后是近些年学界研究的热门话题之一。国内外学者多从制度供给视角对政策滞后的概念作了深入的探讨,但仍然比较抽象,缺乏层次性、系统性。本文在对国内外学者的政策滞后概念综述的基础上,从类型划分、基本特征方面提出了公共政策滞后的学理解释。     

个人住房抵押贷款的政策性担保与制度构建

政府为个人住房抵押贷款提供担保是政府对住房和住房金融市场进行间接干预和调节、保障中低收入者住房权利的重要手段,其目的在于以政府信用增强、补充和提升中低收入者的信用,改善和调节住房金融市场的交易条件,鼓励和引导金融机构向中低收入者发放高比例的个人住房抵押贷款。发展个人住房抵押贷款政策性担保,应高度重视和防范住房市场本身的风险、借款人的信用风险和贷款人的道德风险。     

基于成长性的公司债务融资与投资相关性研究——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

以我国A股市场上市公司为研究对象,分析不同成长性以及不同股权性质企业中负债及其结构与投资的相关性及其差别,结果表明:负债融资总体上减少了我国上市公司的投资,债务发挥了治理作用,但在低成长性企业中,负债融资比例与投资规模并没有显著的负相关关系,负债没有发挥治理作用;债务期限结构(短期负债/总负债)与投资规模在低成长性企业中显著正相关,说明短期债务比重较少的债务期限结构约束了低成长性企业的过度投资;在国有控股上市公司中,债务来源结构(银行借款/总负债)与投资规模显著正相关,说明其银行借款不仅不能发挥出负债应有的治理作用,反而还加重了过度投资。因此,应关注企业的成长阶段对于其融资方式选择的影响;深化企业和银行的改革,尤其要注重国有企业银行贷款的合理性;并通过加强对债权权益的保护来进一步规范企业融资行为。     

债务重组的内容及方式

由于债务重组在当前经济生活中具有显著的意义 ,债务重组的实践也暴露出许多问题 ,所以 ,试图从会计的角度来研究债务重组的内容、方式以及所采取的会计处理方法 ,同时 ,展望一下当前我国债务重组应如何与世界相接轨     

制度与观念:九姓渔户的"改贱为良"问题

明清两代法律规定的贱民范围很小,清代更是推行了"豁贱为良"政策.但是,社会中的贱民群体却人数可观,而且良贱之别的观念也异常顽强.本文通过分析同治年间九姓渔户改贱为良的过程和制度背景,探讨了制度与文化之间的联系与差异.     

对网上国债质押贷款业务发展的分析

我国金融业落后的一个重要表现是金融产品的单一。加入WTO后,竞争的核心是以多样化、可选择性强的金融产品为基础的高品质服务,因此开创新型的金融产品已成为当务之急。网上国债质押货款业务这一新型金融产品,显示了良好的发展前景。由于我国金融法规的滞后,而且经济发展尚处于市场经济的初级阶段,种种环境约束使网上国债质押业务在快速发展的同时也蕴涵着巨大的风险。为了扶持金融产品创新,我们必须对其全面认识,认真分析风险产生的根源,并加以规避和控制:1弥补政策环境缺陷。2回避证券商的经营风险。3培养和招聘合格的客户经理。4严格挑选客户。5商业银行与人民银行和证券监管部门保持有效的信息交流。