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1.
Suffering at work has become a major social phenomena. This situation has many causes: high performance enhancement, urgency seen as an obligation, pressure for results, but also fear, and the soaring of ‘the battle for places’ (la lutte des places). The psychopathological consequences of pressure at work are now well known: breakdowns, professional exhaustion, work addiction, burnout, harassment. Stress has become an ordinary tool for management. Employees cannot find a meaning to this context, nor can they identify the causes of their ill being or the reasons for the violence they endure. They confront an opaque and paradoxical power. Looking for solutions to the contradictions to which management has given rise without resolving, they become responsible for those difficulties and guilty of their own suffering. These are ‘innocent violences’ in so far as they are justified by an indisputable system of management.  相似文献   

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This article looks at the contribution of non-profit organisations to public action. It employs a conceptual arsenal usually applied to the analysis of street-level bureaucracy to depict day-to-day work in the field of access to justice for disadvantaged individuals. A case study on the implementation of a legal right to housing shows how non-profit actors play a policy-making role through their participation in the process of selecting the beneficiaries of public action. This entails the exercise of discretionary power in the legal characterisation of individual situations and the selection of cases to support or reasons to adduce in dealings with the administration, with the result that the outcomes for clients who receive social and legal support appear strongly improved.  相似文献   

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Dans sa dernière leçon au Collège de France, Alain Supiot revient sur les travaux qu'il a consacrés aux transformations du travail au XXIe siècle, en soulignant le rôle du droit et des institutions pour faire face aux conséquences de la révolution numérique et au défi écologique. La faillite morale, sociale et écologique du néolibéralisme doit nous obliger, selon lui, à reconsidérer la fiction juridique du travail marchandise et à établir ce que le préambule de la Constitution de l'OIT nomme «un régime de travail réellement humain», qui fasse place au sens et au contenu du travail. Cette thèse est illustrée par l’étude du cas de la recherche scientifique.  相似文献   

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Les auteurs examinent le rôle de l'inspection du travail dans un contexte de renouveau réglementaire. Ils distinguent le modèle latin – qui laisse aux inspecteurs la latitude d'ajuster leurs décisions à la situation de l'entreprise – de l'approche bien moins souple quiprévaut aux Etats‐Unis. Le premier concilie réglementation et flexibilité, mais comporte un risque d'arbitraire ou d'incohérences. Les inspecteurs pour‐raient être les troupes d'élite dans la bataille pour le travail décent si l'on prévient ces risques par la gestion de la culture d'entreprise, l'explicitation systématique des connaissances tacites quifondent leurs décisions et un approfondissement des recher‐ches sur les relations entre normes du travail et pratiques des entreprises.  相似文献   

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It is now admitted that part-time work is a signal of inequality between the sexes, in both work and family. By focusing on cleavages among women, an analysis is made of how worktime and the company’s position as a subcontractor combine so as to produce inequality among wage-earners by assigning them heterogeneous statuses and thus forcing some of them to cope with precarious working, employment and living conditions. This study of the working and employment conditions of chamber maids in France focuses on those who work part or full-time in cleaning companies under contract with other firms. Inside this rather unskilled group of women, part-time work stresses the differences produced by subcontracting and worsens the inequality between stable, full-time employees and the women subcontracted at part-time who do the same job. These cleavages set off a strike among these part-time workers. Analyzing this labor dispute has shed light on the social relations running through the firm and on invisible issues in work and employment for these women with jobs in the shadows.  相似文献   

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For miners in Potosi, Bolivia, mining is more than a victory for acquiring underground wealth thanks to hard work and human know-how. This intrusion into an underworld understood to be the dwelling-place of ancestors, devils and wild forces is a ritualized activity, both a pilgrimage and an initiation. Learning the job and doing the work are conditioned by the diabolic divinity of the mineral world indwelling the miners' bodies. Mine work is examined from the angle of workers, bodily experiences so as to explore both the quite intimate grounds of the occupational identity of miners and the imagery that, in the Andes, emerged with miners as a social category distinct from the peasantry.  相似文献   

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La Thaïlande a connu une transition économique rapide, de l'agriculture aux secteurs manufacturier et tertiaire, puis vers l'emploi plus formel. Toutefois, la réglementation du marché du travail et la représentation des salariés sont moins affirmées que dans les pays développés, où cette transition s'est effectuée graduellement et plus lentement, il y a plusieurs décennies. Les auteurs examinent le renforcement des politiques et de la législation thaïlandaise sur la sécurité et la santé au travail en réponse aux normes internationales du travail, à l'adoption d'une nouvelle constitution démocratique, à la crainte d'embargos commerciaux étrangers et aux accidents mortels du travail. Ils concluent en identifiant les principaux défis auxquels sont confrontés les décideurs politiques, y compris l'application de la législation et les méthodes pour mesurer les nouveaux risques professionnels sur la santé mentale et physique des travailleurs.  相似文献   

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This article analyses the process of the drafting of the Bachelot Bill on technological risks, passed on 30 July 2003 but initiated by Lionel Jospin's government immediately following the AZF factory disaster in September 2001. It focuses on the practical work of the civil servants at the Ministry of Ecology responsible for setting the orientations of the reform, transcribing them into legal provisions and ensuring that they would be supported and passed in Parliament. The analysis approaches the task by tracking both the successive versions of the bill and the multiple documents used in the preparation of these versions. This immersion in the administrative production of law provides a better understanding of the relations between the civil service and the political authorities, and shows how the boundary between these two worlds of practice is difficult to draw in the legal drafting process.  相似文献   

14.
How to describe work when much of it cannot be observed? This study of the activities of magistrates in a “natural” situation used an ethnological approach to observe cases from registration to hearings. Special difficulties cropped up during one phase: how to observe the deliberation when the judges, after having heard the parties during the contradictory phase of a penal procedure, adjourn and, among themselves, debate the case, weighing the pros and cons, before delivering a decision? The literature usually considers this “duty to hesitate” as an essential phase. But the judges in this survey sat alone on the court. Hesitations and turnarounds might occur; but doubts, inevitably an essential part of their work, arose during a phase of deliberation with oneself that left little empirically observable evidence and did not necessarily leave memories that these judges could easily bring up. How, then, to describe the “duty of hesitation” when it evaporates as we try to observe it in actual fact? This survey's strategy for responding to this situation is presented.  相似文献   

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Do head hunters firms improve the matching process, and therefore contribute to the efficiency of the labour market of top executives? Far from being a passive vector, on one hand they contribute to shape companies' specific demand; on the other hand, they initiate the supply of candidates resorting to their networks. Head hunters implement idiosyncratic categories of evaluation in order to fit as well as possible both parties' preferences. If such a type of transaction reduces information costs, it nevertheless produces distortions with regard to the market efficiency. It introduces a bias in favour of mobility between identical jobs (in terms of occupation and industry) and therefore participates to the labour market segmentation, which impedes substitution mechanisms. As a consequence, they contribute to the inflationary pressures that characterise the top executives' labour market. — Special issue: New patterns of institutions.  相似文献   

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The commitment to one's work, with body and soul involvement is a key issue in the study of vocation-driven occupations. In such callings, the aspirations that are socially constructed and experienced as vocations have been shown to provide meaning and direction to one's commitment. However, this study of Paris Opera ballet dancers shows that realizing one's aspirations are impossible to achieve does not necessarily result in quitting, nor retraining. Changes in the way dancers relate to their work are studied using sequential analysis, to examine which social factors may explain how this involvement's meaning is maintained. The analysis identifies some processes of vocation recomposition. Thus revealing, behind the professional careers, the “moral careers” of the vocation.  相似文献   

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S'il est notoire que le non‐respect du droit du travail est monnaie courante dans les pays en développement, on n'a guère d'éléments précis sur son ampleur. Les auteurs ont quantifé les violations de la loi indienne sur les établissements industriels: les entreprises contrevenantes sont le double de celles qui respectent la législation, mais aussi bien plus nombreuses que celles qui l'évitent. Ainsi ce non‐respect est‐il une caractéristique du «segment intermédiaire manquant» en Inde. Les auteurs explorent les grandes tendances et les modalités de ces violations et montrent les pistes à suivre par la recherche et pour l'action.  相似文献   

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Ces dernières décennies, tous les aspects du modèle social de l'Europe méridionale ont connu de profonds changements. L'évolution de la législation relative aux relations professionnelles, à la fixation des salaires et à la protection de l'emploi a contribuéà accroître la flexibilité salariale et du travail, et à limiter la segmentation du marché du travail. L'évolution du système de protection sociale a viséà améliorer les qualifications de la main‐d'æuvre, à combler les lacunes de la protection sociale, à réduire les inégalités de la sécurité sociale et à contenir la hausse des dépenses sociales. Les changements institutionnels n'ont pas supprimé les principales caractéristiques du modèle, à savoir une segmentation du marché du travail et un familialisme marqués, mais la grève des naissances laisse entrevoir les limites du familialisme dans un proche avenir.  相似文献   

19.
Underlaid by a long-term case study in a professional football club, this analysis of the social conditions that led these players to temporarily stop work when their physical integrity was impaired focuses on relations within the work group. It describes how this process fits into the framework of social relations between various categories of workers who adjust individually and collectively to occupational requirements. While inquiring into the conditions of bringing players physically into play, it focuses on the practices of members of the medical staff whose position within the group is awkward.  相似文献   

20.
Pour l'auteur, l'importance toute relative accordée au droit au travail, un principe pourtant consacré dès 1966 au niveau international, est le corollaire d'une doxa économique qui fait du travail un coût, de l'emploi un objectif de second rang, des individus des ressources, définies par leurs spécificités productives, et des droits des rigidités. Une économie fondée sur les droits de l'homme et protectrice du droit au travail doit défendre ce principe plus largement que par la seule lutte contre le chômage. Elle doit considérer le plein emploi comme une fin en soi et placer l'individu au centre.  相似文献   

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