俄罗斯民族理论与民族政策的转型研究

苏联时期民族理论与政策包括民族平等理论、民族自决权理论等及其相应的民族政策架构.俄罗斯今天的民族理论与民族政策是建立在反思苏联时期的制度遗产基础之上,俄罗斯民族学者对"民族"概念、民族理论与民族政策有新认识与新研究.俄罗斯联邦政府从立法上、具体政策上对民族政策进行转型,俄罗斯民族政策是朝着多元文化政策方向发展.     

澳大利亚政府土著民族政策的演变历程

在解决土著民族问题方面,澳大利亚政府具有代表性,制定和实施了很多土著民族政策.本文着重阐述澳大利亚土著民族在殖民时期的经历,以及澳大利亚政府成立后在不同时期实施的土著民族政策,分析这些政策的历史背景、由来以及对土著民族的影响.     

“北方计划”下的加拿大魁北克土著民族发展

在加拿大魁北克的语境中,土著民族的发展越来越与全省的经济发展联系在一起.近年来对北方地区资源的开发利用更是从不同程度影响着土著民族的教育、生活、文化和社会发展.魁北克政府需要扩大与相关土著民族的协商,落实资金,落实社会性项目,切实提高土著民族生活水平.推出支持土著民族创业的配套措施,在北方计划的融资过程中增加对土著民族中小企业的投资和贷款,促进土著民族真正参与到经济开发当中,把自身的现代化过程融入经济开发的过程中.而土著民族也需要在经济开发过程中积极参与教育培训,更好地参与经济开发和分享经济成果.土著民族一方面需要打破外部世界对其经济落后、拘泥于渔猎活动的刻板印象,也需要在具备更高教育水平的基础上,寻找适合自身的发展路径,在保护民族文化的同时,融入魁北克经济和加拿大经济.     

2002年俄罗斯联邦的民族状况

2002年俄罗斯联邦进行了苏联解体后的第一次全国人口普查。本文根据此次人口普查的资料描述和分析了俄罗斯民族数量的变化、人口10万以上民族的性别和城乡居民比例以及掌握俄语的情况,也对土著小民族以及没有族属的人的情况等进行了介绍和分析。文章认为,苏联和俄罗斯联邦的民族数量不确定的原因,主要与其缺乏统一、连贯的划分民族的国家原则有关。     

我国民族学专业教材的创新之作--《中国民族志》评介

在前苏联的民族学理论中,以"民族" (зтнос)概念为核心且涵盖各种"族类共同体"的分类体系形成了一套系统的理论.对这套理论虽然存在着诸多质疑,甚至否定性的批判,但是其影响依然很大.中国民族学界对这套理论的研究不够,特别是西方族群(ethnic group)概念及其相关理论传入后,对前苏联的"民族" (зтнос)概念及其理论更是绝少问津.在西方"族群"(ethnic group)概念和"族群性"(ethnicity)理论大行其道的情势下,重视前苏联的民族学理论和当代俄罗斯民族学界对这一问应的继续讨论,是发展中国民族学、人类学理论不可忽视的工作.     

国际法视野中的土著民族——土著民族普遍国际法的形成与发展

土著民族是当今世界上的弱势群体,其生存与发展权利受到广泛关注,从法律上对其进行保护也在不断完善。早在15世纪土著民族就已进入了国际法的视野,但当时传统国际法的领土取得理论却为欧洲殖民者侵占土著民族的土地提供了"合法"的外衣。第一个关注土著人的国际劳工组织制定了两个专门针对土著民族的具有国际法约束力的国际公约。二战后,在联合国体制下国际人权体系的迅速发展和完善为土著民族的权利提供了另一层面的国际法保护。由此,有关土著民族的普遍国际法得以形成。上世纪90年代来,国际社会的共同努力促使土著民族普遍国际法朝着深度和广度迈进。     

加拿大土著民族文化的人类学反思

加拿大是一个多民族、多文化的国家,土著文化在加拿大多元文化中占有十分重要的地位.本文在已有研究成果的基础上,对人类学关于土著文化的解释进行了反思.土著文化是土著民族生存与发展的根基,从时间上看文化不是单线进化的,土著文化不是西方文化的过去;从空间上讲,文化不是由中心向四周扩散的,加拿大土著文化没有因为西方文化的传播而消失,而是在与其他民族的交往中不断地调适和重构.世界上各个民族的文化只有类型上差异,而没有水平上的高低之分.加拿大的多元文化政策不仅尊重和重视土著文化的价值与作用,还提高土著民族的文化自觉意识和主体自治能力.     

"民族性格"及其特点的辩证解析

目前,"民族性格"这一术语的提法和概念等在中国和俄罗斯学术界都颇有争议.无论从理论上还是从事实上来看,这一术语的提法都是合理的.虽然对"民族性格"有着不同的理解,但较为全面、客观的解释是:民族性格是一个民族表现在行为举止、思维方式及精神气质上的心理特点的总和.民族性格的特点是复杂的、矛盾的:既具体又抽象,既固定又运动,既有共性又有个性.     

"南岛语族"起源研究中"闽台说"商榷

在"南岛语族"起源研究中,语言学的实践多局限于今南岛语族族群分布范围,忽视了华南上古百越这一重要的古南岛系统文化.最近的民族考古学研究又将"原南岛语族"文化说成是闽台沿海新石器时代早期阶段的大坌坑文化和富国墩类型,与百越一南岛一体化的民族文化格局和我国大陆东南到东南亚、太平洋群岛间土著民族考古文化的统一性不相吻合.将富国墩类型之后东南沿海新石器时代晚期的昙石山文化等说成是"南岛语族"文化的终结、"汉藏语族"文化的开端,更割裂了东南史前、上古土著民族文化发展的延续性.     

澳大利亚政府土著民族政策的演变历程

在解决土著民族问题方面,澳大利亚政府具有代表性,制定和实施了很多土著民族政策。本文着重阐述澳大利亚土著民族在殖民时期的经历,以及澳大利亚政府成立后在不同时期实施的土著民族政策,分析这些政策的历史背景、由来以及对土著民族的影响。     

The Socioeconomic Attainments of Non-immigrant Cambodian, Filipino, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, and Vietnamese Americans

Using recent American Community Survey data, this study investigates socioeconomic attainments of six ethnic groups of Southeast Asian Americans. Findings show that the educational attainment of Filipinos, Vietnamese, and Thai is higher than that of whites, while the educational attainment of Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians is lower than that of whites. Regarding earnings, Southeast Asian American women are generally not disadvantaged relative to white women, but Southeast Asian American men tend to have lower earnings than white men after controlling for education and other demographic factors such as age, metropolitan residence, and region. We conclude that Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians are the most disadvantaged groups among Southeast Asian Americans and that most Southeast Asian American male groups tend to be at least slightly disadvantaged in the labor market at least after controlling for metropolitan residence and region.     

革命,民族,现代性——关于中共陕甘宁边区政府回族干部的考论

抗日战争时期,在团结抗日的目标条件下,群众团体成为中国社会各阶层的动员和组织的重要形式。在众多回族抗日群众团体中,成立于1938年的中国回民救国协会是影响深远的回族群众团体,为了更好地动员和团结各民族,1940年在延安成立了第一个少数民族抗日群众团体—延安回民救国协会,同年还成立了中国回民救国协会陕甘宁分会。通过对延安回民救国协会的观察和研究,以及对回族基层干部的关注,可以了解到回族基层干部主要是中共中央基层组织培养和教育的结果。本文以金浪白和马文良为例,研究他们的经历、参加中国革命的契机,以及他们在中国共产党回族政策中的作用。此外,通过对其他回族干部来源调查,研究中国共产党如何选拔录用回族干部,并与鄂豫皖根据地选拔与录用干部方式的加以比较,探讨回族干部选拔录取方式的特点,提出有关回族妇女干部的新观点。     

Islam,Moderation, Radicalism,and Justly Balanced Communities

If media outlets and political rhetoric are to be believed, then the way to counter “radical” Islam is through “moderate” Islam. Seemingly, “moderate” Islam is that which “radical” Islam is not. In appointing “moderate” Islam as an antidote to “radical” Islam, the implication is that, conceptually at least, the two terms are contradistinctive. Yet, while much is, perceivably, known about “radical” Islam, with its associated ills of an unequivocal Islamic worldview, very little attention has been afforded to this signifier, “moderate”. Inasmuch as this term is bandied around, even scholars of Islam will acknowledge that, within Islamic education, understandings of and debates on conceptions of moderation, and moderate Muslim communities, have been somewhat overlooked. What, therefore, is a “moderate” Islam? What is a “moderate” Muslim community and how would it act? What are the implications for a “moderate” community in relation to pluralist societies? And, can such a “moderate” community offer a practical response not only to “radical” Islam, but, perhaps, more importantly, to increasingly antagonistic, liberal contexts?     

Migration,masculinity, and family

Previous studies of migration, family, and gender have shown that migration is not only an event that changes family life, the change itself is a gendered process. How migrant women develop strategies to cope with challenges posed by either their own migration or their husbands’ migration has been widely studied. However, how migrant men adjust and change their care practices and domestic roles to accommodate challenges brought about by migration to their family lives has not been as extensively explored. Using interview data gathered from male rural-to-urban migrant workers in South China, this paper fills this gap by studying male migrants’ agency and masculinity through the concept of masculine compromise. Masculine compromise delineates how migrant men strive to respond to changing family circumstances triggered by migration while maintaining the gender boundaries that underpin their dominance within the family. As a concept, masculine compromise underscores the material impact of migration on gender practices and family life; and the limited effect it has on gender attitudes and identity. Masculine compromise provides a feminist lens to analyse the complex effect of migration on changing masculinity and gender relationships within the family.     

Race, Genetic Ancestry, and Health

Knowledge from human genetic research continuously challenges the notion that race and biology are inextricably linked, with implications across biomedical and public health disciplines. However, biomedical research continues to explore health and disease under a racial framework ignoring and at times confounding the identification of true biological and/or environmental risk factors. Within this article, we present a brief overview of the use of race in biomedical research and studies of human genome variation and how genetic ancestry may help us understand health disparities. We believe that the casual use of “race” to define groups in biomedical research has contributed to our limited understanding of complex disease etiology and risk factors driving health disparities.     

Bushfire catastrophe in Victoria,Australia: public record,accountability, commemoration,memorialization and heritage protection

In Australia, 7 February 2009 has become known as ‘Black Saturday’ because of the bushfire catastrophe that took 173 lives and devastated communities in the central parts of the State of Victoria. The paper considers how the 2009 fires have been recorded, how the issue of accountability has been dealt with, particularly in relation to the State and its agencies but also individual residents in the fire-devastated areas, and how bushfire deaths and other losses have been commemorated through remembrance events and museum collection projects and memorialized through the creation of new monuments and the protection of remaining physical structures as official heritage. Despite the major impact of bushfires on the State, to date few bushfire-related places have been protected. The former Cockatoo Kindergarten, which acted as a community refuge during an earlier catastrophic Victorian bushfire on Ash Wednesday, 16 February 1983, is an exception. Inscribed in 2012, the former kindergarten is the only bushfire-related place inscribed on the Victorian Heritage Register, in this case for its historical and social value as a place resonating with other communities affected by other bushfires and helping the broader Victorian public to come to terms with bushfire catastrophe. But, while bushfire commemoration activities and physical memorials, like those relating to war, help many societies remember individual and community pain and suffering, they can divert attention from the more fundamental questions of why they were there in the first place and what must be done to ensure the same catastrophe does not recur in the future. In this regard, the paper questions the oft-cited claim that bushfires are embedded in the Australian psyche, seeing links between the rhetoric around bushfire survival and Australian myth-making and nation-building.     

Colorful Reflections: Skin Tone,Reflected Race,and Perceived Discrimination among Blacks,Latinxs, and Whites

Race and Social Problems - How do Black, Latinx, and White people who believe they are mistaken as a member of another racial group perceive the amount of racial discrimination they experience, and...     

论"民族"(上)

本文标题中列出的一连串概念 -术语 ,成为目前处于社会科学各学科 (从民族学到哲学 )关注中心的一组问题。С·Е·雷巴科夫的佳作———《民族的哲学》① ———是对民族问题(этнонациональнаяпроБлематика)进行哲学思考的鲜明实例。这部著作以其对于至今仍然是争论对象的现象 ( феномен)的独到见解而著称 ,因为它 (指现象———译者 )是如此自相矛盾和形态多样 ,以至无论怎样也不想去硬套某种理论或观念。《民族的哲学》的作者在分析有关民族问题的大量著作的过程中采用了另外一种科学方法 ,我深信 ,…     

Enoch Powell,empires, immigrants and education

2018 marks the 50th anniversary of Enoch Powell’s infamous ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech, an intervention that is still viewed as one of the most incendiary statements of the perceived decay and violence likely to follow legislation intended to assure minoritised British citizens of equal rights regardless of their ethnic origin. In this essay, Sally Tomlinson (one of Britain’s foremost multicultural theorists) reflects on Powell’s legacy and the contemporary scene where in the US, UK and across Europe, White resentment and fear is increasingly shaping ‘mainstream’ debates about nationhood, migration and education.