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1.
Ronit Gilad Hagit Hochner Bella Savitsky Shay Porat Drorith Hochner-Celnikier 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(1):e26-e31
Background
Castor oil is a substance used for labor induction in an inpatient setting. However, its efficacy as an agent for the induction of labor, for post-date pregnancies in an outpatient setup is unknown.Objective
Efficacy of castor oil as an agent for the induction of labor, for post-date pregnancies in outpatient settings.Methods
Eighty-one women with a low-risk post-date singleton pregnancy with a Bishop score ≤ 7, without effective uterine contractions were randomized to the intervention, 60 ml of castor oil, or the control, 60 ml of sun-flower oil. The primary outcome was proportion of women entering the active phase of labor 24, 36, 48 h after ingestion. Secondary outcomes included meconium stained amniotic fluid, abnormal fetal heart rate tracing, cesarean section rate, instrumental deliveries, birth weight, 5 min Apgar score, chorioamnionitis, hypertensive complications, retained placenta, and post-partum hemorrhage.Findings
Intervention and control groups included 38 and 43 women, respectively. No differences in baseline characteristics, except for age were noted. The observed interaction between castor oil and parity was significant (pinteraction = 0.02). Multiparous women in the intervention group exhibited a significant beneficial effect on entering active labor within 24, 36 and 48 h after castor oil consumption compared with the placebo (Hazard Ratio = 2.93, p = 0.048; Hazard Ratio = 3.29, p = 0.026; Hazard Ratio = 2.78, p = 0.042 respectively). This effect was not noted among primiparous women. No differences in rate of obstetric complications or adverse neonatal outcomes were noted.Conclusion
Castor oil is effective for labor induction, in post-date multiparous women in outpatient settings. 相似文献2.
Shahnaz Torkzahrani Fatemeh Mahmoudikohani Kiarash Saatchi Reyhaneh Sefidkar Mojdeh Banaei 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(1):46-50
Background
Induction of labor is a common obstetric procedure. Acupressure is a natural method that is used for inducing uterine contractions. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the impact of acupressure on the induction of labor.Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acupressure on the initiation of labor.Material and methods
In this randomized clinical trial, 162 nulliparous pregnant women were admitted to the hospital. They were categorized into 3 groups; acupressure, sham acupressure and control. Acupressure points SP6, BL 60 and BL 32 were pressured bilaterally. The intervention was done by the researcher every other day between 9 am and 11 am. The intervention was carried out on women in the afternoon and the following day. Subjects were examined to determine the initiation of labor symptoms48 and 96 h after the start of intervention and at the time of hospitalization. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-square tests (p < 0.05).Results
There was no significant difference among the groups for spontaneous initiation of labor within 48 h (P = 0.464), and 49–96 h after beginning the intervention (P = 0.111) and 97 h after beginning the intervention to the time of hospitalization for the spontaneous initiation of labor (P = 0.897). There were no significant differences in the secondary outcomes between the groups.Conclusion
According to the finding of this study, it seems that acupressure treatment was not effective in initiating labor as compared with the sham acupressure and the routine care groups. 相似文献3.
Ana Rubio-Álvarez Milagros Molina-Alarcón Antonio Hernández-Martínez 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(3):158-165
Background
Postpartum anaemia is a frequent and potentially preventable complication that has serious repercussions on health and maternal well-being.Aim
Determine the incidence and perinatal risk factors associated with postpartum anaemia in women who gave birth vaginally.Methods
An observational and analytical retrospective cohort study conducted at the Mancha-Centro Hospital during the 2010–2014 period. Data were collected from 2990 women who gave birth vaginally. The main outcome variable was postpartum anaemia for two cut-off points (haemoglobin (Hb) <11 g/dL and <9 g/dL at 24-h postpartum). Women with prepartum anaemia (<11 g/dL) were excluded. It included a multivariate analysis by multiple linear regression.Findings
45% (1341) of women had postpartum levels of Hb <11 g/dL, and 7.1% (212) of women had Hb <9 g/dL. The most strongly associated risk factors with more severe anaemia (Hb <9 g/dL) were episiotomy (OR 3.19. 95%CI: 2.10-4.84), first stage of labour >9 h (OR 2.50. 95%CI: 1.58-3.94), primiparity (OR 2.50. 95%CI: 1.61–3.87) and previous caesarean section (OR 2.43. 95%CI: 1.51–3.90). The other independent risk factors for both Hb cut-off points were prolonged second stage of labour, instrumental birth, tearing > first degree, non-practice of active management and heavier birth weight of newborns.Conclusion
Postpartum anaemia has a high incidence. The active management of third stage of labour, selective practice of episiotomies, and performing instrumental births only when strictly necessary are efficient measures to lower the incidence of postpartum anaemia. 相似文献4.
5.
Ana Rubio-Álvarez Milagros Molina-Alarcón Antonio Hernández-Martínez 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(5):382-388
Background
Postpartum anaemia is a problem with high prevalence that significantly affects maternal recovery. Among the causal factors is perineal trauma. However, it is still not known what degree of perineal trauma produces a greater reduction of haemoglobin.Aim
To assess the relationship between the degree of perineal trauma and change in haemoglobin concentration at vaginal birth.Methods
An observational, analytical retrospective cohort study was performed at the Mancha-Centro Hospital (Spain) during the period 2010–2014. Data were collected regarding 3479 women who gave birth vaginally. The main outcome variable was the change in haemoglobin concentration. Multivariate analysis by means of multiple linear regression was performed to control possible confounding factors and to determine the net effect of each degree of perineal trauma on haemoglobin reduction.Findings
Of the total sample, 20.1% of women (699) had an intact perineum, 41.6% (1446) experienced some form of perineal trauma, but not episiotomy, and the remaining 38.3% of women (1334) underwent an episiotomy. The average reduction of haemoglobin was 1.46 g/dL (Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.09 g/dL) for women without episiotomy with a second degree tear and 2.07 g/dL (SD = 1.24 g/dL) for women who had an episiotomy and no perineal tear. The greatest reduction occurred among women with episiotomy and a third or fourth degree tear with a decrease of 3.10 g/dL (SD = 1.32 g/dL).Conclusion
Episiotomy is related to greater reduction of haemoglobin concentration in comparison with all degrees of spontaneous perineal trauma. The use of episiotomy should be strictly limited. 相似文献6.
S.A.S. Moimaz N.B. Rocha C.A.S. Garbin T.A. Rovida N.A. Saliba 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(2):e119-e124
Background
Knowing the intention of mothers is important to plan actions to improve exclusive breastfeeding rates.Aim
The objective of this retrospective study was to verify the intention to breastfeed and the intended breastfeeding duration of a group of women participating in a public prenatal dental care program in the city of Araçatuba, Brazil.Methods
The records of 933 childbearing women were analyzed and their intention to breastfeed and intended breastfeeding duration were associated to women’s age, ethnicity, marital status, education, employment, number of gestations, previous breastfeeding experience, previous breastfeeding guidance, presence of complications during pregnancy, and systemic diseases. Data were inserted into Epi Info 2000 and analyzed with Biostat, at a 5% level of significance, and confidence interval of 95%.Findings
Participants mean age was 26.1 ± 5.9 years. The majority of women (96.5%) declared their intention to breastfeed their babies. The main variables to affect the intention to breastfeed were the number of gestations (p = 0.001), previous breastfeeding experience (p = 0.03), and previous breastfeeding guidance (p = 0.01). Intended breastfeeding duration was significantly affected by women’s age (p = 0.04), employment (0.02), the number of gestations (p = 0.001), and previous breastfeeding experience (p = 0.04).Conclusions
Previous positive breastfeeding experience and guidance during prenatal examinations positively affected women’s intention to breastfeed; while older, unemployed women in their second or more gestation and previous breastfeeding experience intended to breastfeed their children for longer periods of time. 相似文献7.
8.
Giuseppina Persico Laura Antolini Patrizia Vergani Walter Costantini Maria Teresa Nardi Lidia Bellotti 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(4):e214-e220
Background
Mother–infant bonding is of great importance for the development and the well-being of the baby. The aim of this Concurrent Cohort Study was to investigate the effects of mothers singing lullabies on bonding, newborns’ behaviour and maternal stress.Methods
Eighty-three (singing cohort) and 85 (concurrent cohort) women were recruited at antenatal classes at 24 weeks g.a. and followed up to 3 months after birth. The Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) and the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) were used to assess maternal-foetal attachment and postnatal bonding.Findings
No significant influence was found on Prenatal Attachment; by contrast, Postnatal Bonding was significantly greater (i.e. lower MIBS) in the singing group 3 months after birth (mean 1.28 vs 1.96; p = 0.001). In the same singing group, the incidence of neonatal crying episodes in the first month was significantly lower (18.5% vs 28.2; p < 0.0001) as were the infantile colic (64.7% vs 38.3%; p = 0.003) and perceived maternal stress (29.6% vs 36.5%; p < 0.05). Infantile colic was reduced in the singing group, even in the second month after birth (22.8% vs 36.5; p = 0.002). At the same time, a reduction was observed in the neonatal nightly awakening (1.5% vs 4.7; p < 0.0001).Conclusions
Mothers singing lullabies could improve maternal-infant bonding. It could also have positive effects on neonatal behaviour and maternal stress. 相似文献9.
Nuria Infante-Torres Milagros Molina-Alarcón Ana Rubio-Álvarez Julián Rodríguez-Almagro Antonio Hernández-Martínez 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(5):e318-e324
Aim
To assess the relationship between the duration of the second stage of labour and postpartum anaemia during vaginal birth.Methods
An observational, analytical retrospective cohort study was performed at the “Mancha-Centro Hospital” (Spain) during the 2013–2016 period. Data were collected from 3437 women who had a vaginal birth. Postpartum anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin level below 11 g/dL at 24 h postpartum. A univariate analysis was used for potential risk factors and a multivariate analysis with binary logistic regression to control for possible confounding factors.Findings
The incidence of postpartum anaemia was 42.0%. The risk of postpartum anaemia did not increase in nulliparous women whose duration of the second stage of labour exceeded 4 h. Compared with multiparous women who delivered between 0 and 3 h, multiparous women with a duration of the second stage of labour beyond 3 h were at higher risk of postpartum anaemia (OR = 2.43 [1.30–4.52]).Conclusion
The duration of the second stage of labour beyond 4 h is safe for postpartum anaemia in nulliparous women. However in multiparous women, monitoring should increase if the second stage of labour exceeds 3 h given the increased risk of postpartum anaemia. 相似文献10.
Paula Olsen Moira Williamson Victoria Traynor Chris Georgiou 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(1):31-37
Objective
To perform a pilot project to determine if this research design was appropriate to explore potential causal relationships between oral probiotic use and vaginal Group B Streptococcal (GBS) colonisation rates in pregnant women.Method
Thirty-four GBS-positive women at 36 weeks pregnant were recruited. The participants were randomly allocated to the control group, who received standard antenatal care, or to the intervention group, who received standard antenatal care and a daily oral dose of probiotics for three weeks or until they gave birth. A vaginal GBS swab was collected three weeks post consent or during labour.Findings
No significant difference was found in vaginal GBS rates between the control and intervention groups. Only seven of 21 women in the intervention group completed the entire 21 days of probiotics. A subgroup analysis, including only those who had completed 14 days or more of probiotics (n = 16), also showed no significant difference in vaginal GBS when compared to the control. The findings did show significantly more vaginal commensals in the probiotics group (p = 0.048).Discussion
Five possible reasons for the lack of significant results are: the length of the intervention was too short; the dosage of the probiotics was too low; the wrong strains of probiotics were used; the sample size was inadequate; or oral probiotics are ineffective in impacting vaginal GBS.Implications
The finding of a significant increase of vaginal commensals in women who completed 14 days or more of probiotics supports the potential of probiotics to impact vaginal GBS in pregnancy. 相似文献11.
12.
J. Fenwick H. Brittain J. Gamble 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(6):497-505
Background
Reporting the outcomes for women and newborns accessing private midwives with visiting rights in Australia is important, especially since this data cannot currently be disaggregated from routinely collected perinatal data.Aim
1) Evaluate the outcomes of women and newborns cared for by midwives with visiting access at one Queensland facility and 2) explore private midwives views about the structures and processes contributing to clinical outcomes.Methods
Mixed methods. An audit of the ‘all risk’ 529 women receiving private midwifery care. Data were compared with national core maternity variables using Chi square statistics. Telephone interviews were conducted with six private midwives and data analysed using thematic analysis.Findings
Compared to national data, women with a private midwife were significantly more likely to be having a first baby (49.5% vs 43.6% p = 0.007), to commence labour spontaneously (84.7% vs 52.7%, p < 0.001), experience a spontaneous vaginal birth (79% vs 54%, p < 0.001) and not require pharmacological pain relief (52.9% vs 23.1%, p < 0.001). The caesarean section rate was significantly lower than the national rate (13% vs 32.8%, p < 0.001). In addition fewer babies required admission to the Newborn Care Unit (5.1% vs 16%, p < 0.001). Midwives were proud of their achievements. Continuity of care was considered fundamental to achieving quality outcomes. Midwives valued the governance processes embedded around the model.Conclusions
Private midwives with access to the public system is safe. Ensuring national data collection accurately captures outcomes relative to model of care in both the public and private sector should be prioritised. 相似文献13.
Valgerdur Lisa Sigurdardottir Jennifer Gamble Berglind Gudmundsdottir Hildur Kristjansdottir Herdis Sveinsdottir Helga Gottfredsdottir 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(6):450-459
Background
Several risk factors for negative birth experience have been identified, but little is known regarding the influence of social and midwifery support on the birth experience over time.Objective
The aim of this study was to describe women’s birth experience up to two years after birth and to detect the predictive role of satisfaction with social and midwifery support in the birth experience.Method
A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with a convenience sample of pregnant women from 26 community health care centres. Data was gathered using questionnaires at 11–16 weeks of pregnancy (T1, n = 1111), at five to six months (T2, n = 765), and at 18–24 months after birth (T3, n = 657). Data about sociodemographic factors, reproductive history, birth outcomes, social and midwifery support, depressive symptoms, and birth experience were collected. The predictive role of midwifery support in the birth experience was examined using binary logistic regression.Results
The prevalence of negative birth experience was 5% at T2 and 5.7% at T3. Women who were not satisfied with midwifery support during pregnancy and birth were more likely to have negative birth experience at T2 than women who were satisfied with midwifery support. Operative birth, perception of prolonged birth and being a student predicted negative birth experience at both T2 and T3.Conclusions
Perception of negative birth experience was relatively consistent during the study period and the role of support from midwives during pregnancy and birth had a significant impact on women’s perception of birth experience. 相似文献14.
Astrid Nystedt Ingegerd Hildingsson 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(2):103-109
Background
A negative birth experience may influence both women and men and can limit their process of becoming a parent.Aims
This study aimed to analyze and describe women's and men's perceptions and experiences of childbirth.Design
A cross-sectional study of women and their partners living in one Swedish county were recruited in mid pregnancy and followed up two months after birth. Women (n = 928) and men (n = 818) completed the same questionnaire that investigated new parents’ birth experiences in relation to socio-demographic background and birth related variables.Results
Women (6%) and men (3%) with a negative birth experiences, experienced longer labours and more often emergency caesarean section compared to women (94%) and men (97%) with a positive birth experience. The obstetric factors that contributed most strongly to a negative birth experience were emergency caesarean and was found in women (OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.0–10.8) and men (OR 4.5, Cl 95% 1.4–17.3). In addition, pain intensity and elective caesarean section were also associated with a negative birth experiences in women. Feelings during birth such as agreeing with the statement; ‘It was a pain to give birth’ were a strong contributing factor for both women and men.Conclusions
A negative birth experience is associated with obstetric factors such as emergency caesarean section and negative feelings. The content of negative feelings differed between women and men. It is important to take into account that their feelings differ in order to facilitate the processing of the negative birth experience for both partners. 相似文献15.
Robin S. Cronin Minglan Li Kate Culliney Robyn Maude Katherine Nelson 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(5):422-429
Background
Second-degree tears are the most common form of perineal trauma occurring after vaginal birth managed by New Zealand midwives, although little is known about midwives’ perineal practice.Aim
The aim of this study was to identify how midwives managed the last second-degree perineal tear they treated and the level to which their practice reflects National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines.Methods
An (anonymous) online survey was conducted over a six-week period in 2013. New Zealand midwives who self-identified as currently practising perineal management and could recall management of the last second-degree tear they treated were included in the analysis.Findings
Of those invited, 645 (57.1% self-employed, 42.9% employed) were eligible and completed surveys. Self-employed midwives reported greater confidence (88.0% vs 74.4%, p < 0.001) and more recent experience (85.1% vs 57.4%, p < 0.001) with perineal repair than employed midwives. Midwives who left the last second-degree tear unsutured (7.3%) were more likely to report low confidence (48.9% vs 15.4%, p < 0.001) and less recent experience with repair (53.2% vs 24.7%, p < 0.001), and were less likely to report a digital-rectal examination (10.6% vs 49.0%, p < 0.001), compared to midwives who sutured. Care consistent with evidence-based guidelines (performing a digital-rectal examination, 59.4% vs 49.3% p = 0.005; optimal suturing techniques, 62.2% vs 48.7%, p = 0.001) was associated with recent perineal education.Conclusions
Midwives’ management of the last second-degree perineal tear is variable and influenced by factors including: employment status, experience, confidence, and perineal education. There is potential for improvement in midwives’ management through increased uptake of evidence-based guidelines and through ongoing education. 相似文献16.
Kathleen M. Baird Amornrat S. Saito Jennifer Eustace Debra K. Creedy 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(4):285-291
Background
Asking women about experiences of domestic violence in the perinatal period is accepted best practice. However, midwives and nurses may be reluctant to engage with, or effectively respond to disclosures of domestic violence due a lack of knowledge and skills.Aim
To evaluate the impact of training on knowledge and preparedness of midwives and nurses to conduct routine enquiry about domestic violence with women during the perinatal period.Method
A pre-post intervention design was used. Midwives and nurses (n = 154) attended a full day workshop. Of these, 149 completed pre-post workshop measures of knowledge and preparedness. Additional questions at post-training explored participants’ perceptions of organisational barriers to routine enquiry, as well as anticipated impact of training on their practice. Training occurred between July 2015 and October 2016.Findings
Using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, all post intervention scores were significantly higher than pre intervention scores. Knowledge scores increased from a pre-training mean of 21.5–25.6 (Z = ?9.56, p < 0.001) and level of preparedness increased from 40.8 to 53.2 (Z = ?10.12, p < 0.001). Most participants (93%) reported improved preparedness to undertake routine enquiry after training. Only a quarter (24.9%) felt their workplace allowed adequate time to respond to disclosures of DV.Conclusions
Brief training can improve knowledge, preparedness, and confidence of midwives and nurses to conduct routine enquiry and support women during the perinatal period. Training can assist midwives and nurses to recognise signs of DV, ask women about what would be helpful to them, and address perceived organisational barriers to routine enquiry. Practice guidelines and clear referral pathways following DV disclosure need to be implemented to support gains made through training. 相似文献17.
Helen L. McLachlan Touran Shafiei Della A. Forster 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(5):361-366
Background
Increasing breastfeeding rates is one way of improving the short and long term health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children (hereafter referred to as Aboriginal). Despite the benefits of breastfeeding and recommendations for strategies to increase breastfeeding among Aboriginal people, there is a lack of available population data.Aim
To use population-based data from Victoria, Australia to compare breastfeeding initiation for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women and to explore factors associated with breastfeeding initiation of Aboriginal women.Methods
Routinely collected infant feeding data obtained from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection (VPDC) was used. The VPDC is a mandatory, population-based system where maternal and infant data on all Victorian births are collected.Findings
Compared with non-Aboriginal women, Aboriginal women were less likely to attempt to breastfeed their baby (87.2% vs 95.3%; p < 0.001); more likely to give formula in hospital (39.6% vs 30.6%; p < 0.001) and less likely to give the last feed prior to discharge exclusively from the breast (64.4% vs 75.0% p < 0.001). For Aboriginal women, factors associated with not initiating breastfeeding were being single, multiparous, smoking and length of stay. Infant factors were gestation less than 37 weeks and low birthweight (<2,500 g).Conclusion
In Victoria, breastfeeding initiation is lower for Aboriginal women compared with non-Aboriginal women. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of interventions that may increase breastfeeding for Aboriginal women. 相似文献18.
Sahar Ghale Askari Masomeh Khatbasreh Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush Mohammad Hassan Sheikhha Hadi Eslami Mahmoud Taghavi Samira Shahrokhi Sodeh Andishmand 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(3):e204-e209
Problem
The process of industrialization and lifestyle changes have gradually exposed human ?societies to a larger number of environmental risk factors, which may cause hormonal ?abnormalities and congenital anomalies.Background
The current study aimed to investigate the relationship ?between environmental factors and hormonal abnormalities among pregnant women in Yazd, ?Iran.Methods
A hundred participants were randomly selected from among a group of pregnant women. According to the screening tests (AFP, free β-?HCG, uE3, PAPP-A, and inhibin-A) performed at the genome clinic in Yazd in 2016, the risk of Down Syndrome (DS) was sufficiently high in this group of pregnant women from which the participants were selected. A ?questionnaire was used to collect data on the degree of the participants’ exposure to pesticides ?at home, use of canned and fast foods, and consumption of greenhouse fruits. The collected data were ?analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis Test.Findings
The mean of Multiple of Median (MoM) for inhibin-A was significantly higher among pregnant ?women who often or always used pesticides at home (p = 0.047). The mean MoM ?for free β-HCG was significantly higher among pregnant women who often or always used canned ?foods (p = 0.024). Finally, the mean MoM for uE3 (1.85 ± 1.30) was significantly higher among ?pregnant women who never consumed greenhouse fruits (p = 0.003).Conclusion
It can be concluded that it is possible to reduce environmental exposures affecting hormonal abnormalities among pregnant women by improving nutritional patterns, minimizing the use of pesticides at home, and reducing the intake of canned foods and greenhouse fruits. 相似文献19.
Joyce C.S. Camargo Vitor Varela Fernanda M. Ferreira Lucila Pougy Angela M. Ochiai Maria Elisabete Santos Maria Catarina L.R. Grande 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(5):e325-e333
Introduction
The following quantitative observational study aimed to analyse the maternal and neonatal outcomes of 90 low-risk pregnant women who gave birth in water at São Bernardo Hospital.Methods
A form containing information on the obstetric history of the parturient, the type of immersion, and the labour and birth follow-up was used by midwives to collect the data.Background
The Apgar score (at 1 min after birth) used in this study, called Aqua Apgar, was adapted by Cornelia Enning.Results
The mean water immersion time was 1 h and 46 min and had an influence on the duration of labour (mean 5 h and 37 min), with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.004). There was a decreased cervical dilatation time and a shorter duration of the expulsion phase. In the immersion scenario, 30% of the women did not undergo any examination to assess the length of the cervix, and 57.8% presented intact perennial areas or first-degree tears. As for neonatal outcomes, during maternal immersion, 97% maintained normal fetal heart rates (between 110 and 160 beats per minute) and Aqua Apgar was higher than 7, both in the first minute (mean of 9.4) and in the fifth minute of life (mean of 9.9).Conclusion
These safety outcomes, based on sound scientific evidence, should increasingly support and inform clinical decisions and increase the number of waterbirths in health facilities. The results of this study align with growing evidence that suggests waterbirth is a safe delivery option and therefore should be offered to women. 相似文献20.
Shih-Yi Wen Yi-Li Ko Hei-Jen Jou Li-Yin Chien 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(6):e367-e373