在比较中呈现革命——读《中国城市的消费革命》

自从1978年改革开放以来,随着社会主义市场经济的发展,在中国发生了一场遍及各个领域的消费革命。不少中外学者对这场消费革命作了精辟的论述(James L.Watson,1998;Merle Goldman,1999;Jun Jing,2000;David L.Shambaugh,2000;Perry,Elizabeth J.&Selden,Mark,2000;等),其中对当今中国经济消费领域作了全新的、系统的、纪实的研究,填补了该领域研究不足的,当数《中国城市的消费革命》(The Con-sumer Revolutionin Urban China)一书的出版(参见《Durable Inequality》一书的作者Charles Tilly对该书的评论,见英文版的封底)。由美国…     

西方社会运动研究:现状与范式

本文对西方社会运动研究的现状和基本理论范式作了一个概略的介绍。社会运动研究是 2 0世纪 60年代兴起于西方的一个学术领域 ,现在已经发展成为一门横跨社会学、经济学、政治学、历史学、社会心理学、传播学、人类学等多门学科的综合性研究领域。在历史发展过程中 ,美国和欧洲分别形成了“资源动员”和“新社会运动”两种研究范式。这两种范式在理论兴趣、基本假设以及由此而来的问题设定方面均存在着很大的差异。     

情感，商业势力入侵的新对象——评霍赫希尔德《情感整饰：人类情感的商业化》一书

如果说涂尔干(E. Durkheim)从“自杀”这一极具个人色彩的行动中,揭示出社会因素是如何影响着人们的行为,从而展示了如何以实证的方法来进行社会学的研究,那么阿莉·卢赛尔·霍赫希尔德(ArlieRussell Hochschild)则通过《情感整饰:人类情感的商业化》一书向我们表明———通常看似比自杀行为更具个人化色彩的情感(emotion &feeling), 也同样受制于社会因素的操控 ( management &engineering)。1《情感整饰:人类情感的商业化》一书1983年由加州大学出版社出版,它一出版,就引起了学界以及社会的高度注意。《纽约时报》“书评专栏”将…     

从亚里士多德的悲剧结局观看古希腊人的悲剧审美人格

“人格”是个心理学概念,指个人在一定的社会环境影响下,逐步形成的气质、能力、爱好、兴趣、习惯等心理特征的总和。所谓悲剧审美人格,即是指个人在悲剧审美活动中表现出来的气质、能力、爱好、兴趣、习惯等心理特征。 任何悲剧理论都是对一定悲剧创作实践的总结和概括;而任何悲剧创作又是受观众以及作者本人的审美人格制约的;透过某一悲剧理论,可以窥见相应时代悲剧审美人格的状况.亚里士多德是古希腊悲剧理论的集大成者.集中地表达了他的悲剧理论的《诗学》,被车尔尼雪夫斯基称为“第一篇是重要的美学论文”,这不仅是因为它的概念在欧洲…     

Guanxilization or categorization： psychological mechanisms contributing to the formation of the Chinese concept of ＂us＂

中国社会心理学在面对急速的社会变迁中,需要以变迁与文化的视角来选择研究问题,而中国社会文化中群己关系的社会心理机制,即“我们”概念的形成机制及其转换的可能与条件,正是一个体现着双重视角的基本问题。对这一问题的探讨不仅有助于解释社会凝聚力、群体行动的逻辑,讨论国家与个人、社会与个人、类别与个人的关系;也有助于培植社会转型时期的社会心理资源和社会支持系统,从而促进社会合作。与以往单～机制的分析框架不同,通过对两个个案的讨论,研究提出了一个新的分析框架,即：中国人“我们’概念是在社会情境的启动和价值取向等因素影响之下,经由相互交织的“关系化”与“类别化”双重过程形成的。     

《酷儿理论／社会学》引言

马克思·韦伯认为,西方现代化的特征之一就是”启蒙”这一过程。在世俗的或启蒙的文化中,个人将不会再寻求用崇高或神圣的力量——上帝,神圣的事物,或像卡玛(Karma)那样的玄学的原则——去解释事件,或者为他们的生活赋予意义。世界应当被视为一种自然的秩序和人类的力量——普遍的动力,本能,欲望,进化,重力和运动的机械法则,等等。社会学不仅要研究这一世俗化的动力机制,而且其自身也成为“启蒙”的领域。正如18世纪的社会思想家揭示出宗教是人类的骗术那样,社会学家也揭示出,许多世俗的现代新上帝同样是人类的创造物,这个创造物被叫作自然。     

无形的观念如何塑造有形的组织对组织社会学新制度学派的一个回顾

一、社会学新制度学派研究的主要问题组织社会学中的新制度学派(简称“新制度学派”),产生于上世纪70年代末,它主要用社会的共享观念来解释组织在制度结构上的趋同现象。1977年,迈耶和罗恩(John W. Meyer & Brian Rowan)发表了题为《制度化的组织:作为神话和仪式的正式结构》的论文,这篇论文后来成为该学派的奠基之作。此后,迪玛奇奥和鲍威尔(Dimaggio &Powell, 1983)、托尔博特和朱克(Tolbert & Zucker,1983 ) 对该学派的兴起作出了重要贡献。华裔社会学家周雪光教授(Zhou,1993)也是该学派的重要学者之一。在20世纪 80 年代中期至 90 …     

驳张国光《关于〈水浒〉的论争》

最近读了张国光先生《关于<水浒>的论争》一文，后改题为《“两种<水浒>说”与“两截<水浒>说”》公开发表。文章声称罗尔纲先生的《水浒》研究是“袭用”他的“双两说”，是“双两说”的“翻版”，不是什么“新说”，是一个“学风不纯”的问题。读后使我们十分震惊!这是对罗先生的诬蔑!我作为罗尔纲的助手，有责任进行辨诬。     

网络社会在社会结构中的"位置"

无论是把网络社会视为“现实社会的延伸”(戚攻,2001)、或一种“全新的社会存在方式”(童星等,2002)、一种“我们潜在的家”(埃瑟·戴森,1998),还是视为一种“流动空间”、“另类空间”(M.卡斯特尔,2001;胡泳,1999)等等,都表明网络社会(Network Society)作为一种社会实存已为学界认同。然而,关于网络社会的已有研究,主要在于探讨它的虚拟性特征,以及“人在两种互动环境中”的活动及方式的差异性;而对于网络社会这种“实存”在社会结构中的“位置”,以及它与现实社会结构的关系的研究,却是较为薄弱的,笔者拟从这一方面解析网络社会。     

试论独生子女的社会化

随着社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设步伐的加快,社会越来越要求其成员是高质量的“社会人”。随着控制人口政策的推行,独生子女日益增多。独生子女能否具备良好的人格特征,能否成为符合社会要求的“社会人”,已成为人们十分关注的问题。社会化是指一个人学习、生活技能和行为规范取得社会生活适应性的过程。对于个人来说,就是使人从“生物人”转变为“社会人”的过程;对于社会,则是维持代际关系、延续文化遗产、形成社会创造力的过程。个人的社会化对个人对社会都是有重要意义的。在人的社会化过程中,童年社会化起着极其重要的作用,因为这个时期是人格形成的     

Financial Incentives and Job‐search Training: Methods to Increase Labour Market Integration in Contemporary Welfare States?

In their efforts to increase labour market integration, contemporary welfare states emphasize the importance of financial incentives, active job‐searching and participation in labour market programmes. However, the effects of these policies have been minor and in some cases even inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine whether and how financial incentives and job‐search training programmes increase re‐employment and the quality of re‐employment. A total of 1,015 unemployed persons participated in a Finnish follow‐up study with a randomized experimental design. Although no overall impact of job‐search training on re‐employment emerged, a positive effect was found for those groups of the unemployed who had a financial incentive to participate in the programme. Nevertheless, among unemployed workers with benefits at a minimum level there were no positive effects on the quality of re‐employment, and the impact decreased when unemployment was prolonged. Financial incentives and job‐search training appear to increase re‐employment among those of the unemployed who generally have better chances on the labour market, whereas these measures are not sufficient for the more disadvantaged groups of the unemployed.     

二元分割体制下城镇劳动力市场中的工作流动及其收入效应

基于中国家庭追踪调查两期数据（CFPS 2010、2012）和动态研究视角,本文系统分析和讨论了当今体制二元分割下的劳动力市场状况,以及由此产生的工作流动的发生机制及其经济后果,提出体制分割成为影响劳动力市场机会结构和经济后果不平等的重要集体性中介因素。体制对工作流动产生了三方面的影响：体制的稳定性效应,即为其成员提供内部庇护,从而降低体制内工作流动率;体制的收入效应,即与体制外流动相比,体制内工作流动会导致更高的收入增长;体制的壁垒效应,即体制阻止和排斥体制外的劳动力发生跨体制流动,从而影响工作流动的方向。经过使用倾向值匹配、IPTW等统计技术控制样本选择性后,分析结果显示,体制分割的这三方面效应均呈显著影响,且结果稳健。本文将体制分割与工作流动过程相结合,探讨体制对劳动力市场分割的动态作用,有助于更全面地理解当前劳动力市场中的分层与流动现状。     

Why do unemployed people avoid participation in training? An experiment for policy making

Despite active labour market policies being implemented to increase the skills and job opportunities of the unemployed, the number of people who do not participate in training and other services of job orientation remains high. By providing a model that studies the decision-making process of a potential participant, we hypothesise there is a behavioural motive behind it. An experiment is carried out to account for both the individual's preference and the social expectations of agents such as the government and her peers with respect to active occupational measures. Findings show that young unemployed individuals are significantly influenced by their peers when deciding whether to participate or not in a training programme. Particularly, negative expectations from the peers cause unemployed potential participants in a within- and between-subjects experiment to be, respectively, 33 and 42 percentage points less likely to take part in job training.     

Psychological Weil-Being Among Unemployed and Employed People After a Company Closedown: A Longitudinal Study

In a three-year longitudinal study, we examined the effects of unemployment and the fear of becoming unemployed on the psychological well-being of 1153 employees at a shipyard that was closed down, and a control group of 441 employees from another, operative shipyard. On all three questionnaires, unemployed people were significantly lower in psychological well-being than employed people. Change to or from employment was significantly associated with changes in psychological well-being, whereas remaining employed or unemployed did not lead to any systematic changes in psychological well-being. Among employed people, the fear of unemployment was strongly associated with reduced psychological well-being. Thus, the health-related consequences of unemployment affect not only the unemployed but also employed people who have little job security. Consequently, we stress the need to create new workplaces and to implement reforms that can reduce job insecurity in the labor market.     

AUSTRALIAN ATTITUDES TO UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE

Social security policy towards unemployed people in Australia has become increasingly conditional on their demonstrating ever greater job search effort. The evidence from attitudinal survey data on whether this policy shift accords with public opinion is ambiguous. Although, by international standards, Australians take a relatively hard line on the responsibilities of unemployed people lo actively seek work, there is little information about views on the detail of activity testing. While a majority oppose greater public expenditure on unemployment, they still see an important role, for government in addressing unemployment and supporting unemployed people.     

Attitudes towards the unemployed. An analysis of Swedish survey data

To be unemployed is often associated with being stigmatised by others. People may blame the unemployed themselves, insist that they could find a job if they tried harder, maintain that too little is demanded from recipients of unemployment benefits and consider differences in standard of living between the unemployed and the employed too small. This article is aimed at studying the prevalence of such negative attitudes and to examine the determinants behind them. In May 2000, questions were added on to a randomly selected subsample in the regular Swedish labour force survey. The results indicate that own unemployment experience and perceived risks of becoming unemployed make people less apt to blame the unemployed. Having family members or close friends with unemployment experience tends to have a similar impact. In contrast, young people more often express stigmatising attitudes. With respect to social class position the results are divided.     

Coping with long–term unemployment: economic security, labour market integration and well–being. Results from a Danish panel study, 1994–1999

On the basis of a Danish panel study of the long–term unemployed 1994–1999, the article challenges core premises underlying labour market reforms, assigning too high a priority to work and work incentives, and too little priority to social protection. Economic hardship has become widespread among long–term unemployed even in Denmark, and this is a more serious threat against well–being than unemployment as such. Generous social security, denounced as 'passive support', enables the unemployed to cope with their situation, and there are no signs of any 'dependency culture'. Incentives in terms of economic hardship may stimulate active job seeking but the panel study reveals that it has no positive effect on subsequent labour market integration.     

Training and job search assistance programmes in Spain: The case of long-term unemployed

Exploiting administrative records of the Spanish Public Employment Services for the period 2010–2012, we analyse the influence of participation in training and job search assistance programmes on the employment probability of the long-term unemployed. Using the coarsened exact matching method, we find that participation in both programmes exerts a positive influence on the employability of jobseekers, but participation in training seems to be more effective, especially as regards the likelihood of getting jobs of a certain quality. The treatment effect is higher for the long-term unemployed, thus suggesting the convenience of their participation in these active measures.     

Market Forces for the Unemployed? Training Vouchers in Germany and the USA

Vouchers are meant to increase competition and consumer choice in public service markets. Using the example of training vouchers for the unemployed in the USA and Germany, we show, however, that deficits, both on the demand and the supply side of the market, create problems with preference alignment and market formation. Information asymmetries undermine choice by the unemployed and reduce government control over the training system. Ironically, restrictions meant to compensate for these information deficits further inhibit competitive market formation. Evaluation data on training vouchers from both countries show that voucher systems do not increase choice, but weaken the partnerships public employment agencies previously had with training providers, and may lead to a shortage of high‐quality and specialized training, as well as creaming in the selection of training participants. Theoretical justification for vouchers is based on the notion of choice and consumer sovereignty. Using this framework to analyse the changed relationship between government, private training providers, and jobseekers, we challenge the efficacy of vouchers as a delivery mechanism in complex public service markets such as job training.     

Client contribution in negotiations on employability – categories revised?

Eskelinen L, Olesen SP, Caswell D. Client contribution in negotiations on employability – categories revised? Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 330–338 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. In this article, we explore how the institutional category ‘unemployed’ is specified in everyday practice when implementing an active employment policy. We illustrate the process of categorisation as an aspect of the in situ positioning and self‐representation of the client by examining one social worker–client talk: how the category unemployed is shaped and ‘translated’ when the client negotiates her situation with the social worker. Two types of category revisions are identified. First, the employability of the client, rather than her unemployment situation, is the issue under negotiation. Second, the client introduces new categories that are compatible with the demands of the employment system. She contributes by drawing on discursive resources related to the category of ‘active job seeker’ but does this with an own agenda of looking for a suitable job. The analysis elucidates the client's contribution to institutional practice and discusses constitutive and constituted elements of categorisation.