战略采购对企业技术能力的影响研究:网络关系视角的分析

企业技术能力的提升需要选择和集成外部技术源,供应商作为重要外部知识获取途径,有利于促进企业技术能力的提升。企业实施战略采购,制造商与供应商间的联系被嵌入在网络中,为企业技术能力的提升提供了一个满足学习技术的环境。文章从网络关系嵌入视角探讨战略采购对企业技术能力的作用机理,实证研究结果显示战略采购通过网络关系嵌入影响企业的技术学习进而影响企业技术能力。     

三元采购策略的影响因素研究

为了更好地获取和利用供应商网络中供应商资源与能力,制造企业需要通过采购活动主动地对供应商网络进行配置与管理,由此三元采购策略成为学术界讨论的热点问题。在文献分析的基础上,本文从制造企业、组织间关系和供应商3个层面提取了三元采购策略的影响因素,并引入采购绩效来评价三元采购策略的效果。本文通过在全国不同地区调查收集的365份样本,实证研究了影响因素、三元采购策略与采购绩效间的作用关系。研究发现,采购管理技能、采购地位、高管支持、封闭式治理机制、目标一致性、制造企业与供应商间相互信任、供应商间相似性、供应商能力以及供应商意愿正向影响制造企业三元采购策略;三元采购策略对采购绩效也有显著正向影响。同时,影响因素中采购管理技能、供应商能力和采购地位还直接作用于制造企业的采购绩效。     

三元采策略的影响因素研究

为了更好地获取和利用供应商网络中供应商资源与能力,制造企业需要通过采购活动主动地对供应商网络进行配置与管理,由此三元采购策略成为学术界讨论的热点问题.在文献分析的基础上,本文从制造企业、组织间关系和供应商3个层面提取了三元采购策略的影响因素,并引入采购绩效来评价三元采购策略的效果.本文通过在全国不同地区调查收集的365份样本,实证研究了影响因素、三元采购策略与采购绩效间的作用关系.研究发现,采购管理技能、采购地位、高管支持、封闭式治理机制、目标一致性、制造企业与供应商间相互信任、供应商间相似性、供应商能力以及供应商意愿正向影响制造企业三元采购策略;三元采购策略对采购绩效也有显著正向影响.同时,影响因素中采购管理技能、供应商能力和采购地位还直接作用于制造企业的采购绩效.     

供应商参与新产品开发对企业自主创新能力的影响研究

本文以装备制造企业为实证研究对象,探讨了供应商参与新产品开发对企业自主创新能力的影响关系.同时,构建了包括供应商参与新产品开发、关系互动、知识创造、企业自主创新能力四个变量的概念模型,并提出相应的理论假设.通过结构方程模型的检验,表明供应商参与新产品开发对关系互动和知识创造均有显著的正向影响,进而通过两者对企业自主创新能力有显著正向影响.     

供应商合作与企业竞争优势的关系研究

为了探讨供应商合作与竞争优势之间的关系,并检验IT能力对二者关系的调节效应,以揭示制造商通过与供应商合作来提升竞争优势的作用机制。从战略采购、信息共享及供应商参与3个维度对供应商合作进行刻画,并运用176家制造企业的调研数据,采用多元线性回归及调节效应检验方法对假设进行实证验证。研究结果表明,战略采购与信息共享均对竞争优势有显著的正向影响,且IT能力对战略采购、信息共享与竞争优势之间的关系均有正向调节效应。供应商参与对竞争优势无显著影响,且IT能力对供应商参与和竞争优势之间的关系没有显著的调节效应。     

网络嵌入性视角下基于知识的动态能力构建机制

基于知识的动态能力、网络嵌入性以及创新绩效之间的影响关系,本研究利用探索性案例的方法证实了多样性、信任、共同解决问题和承诺等不同网络嵌入属性分别对知识获取能力和知识整合能力具有显著的正向影响,证实了知识整合能力对创新绩效具有关键性的正向影响,从而建立了网络嵌入性——动态能力——创新绩效的理论框架,进一步打开了网络嵌入性作用机制的黑箱,为网络环境中的动态能力及创新研究的深入开展创造了条件。     

供应商网络形态构念及实证研究

依据嵌入性理论,从结构嵌入、关系嵌入、认知嵌入和规范嵌入4个层面,对制造企业供应商网络形态构念进行理论分析,归纳并初步提取制造企业供应商网络形态构念的主要要素.在此基础上结合企业访谈,开发供应商网络形态构念的测量工具.以中国制造企业为研究对象,进行大样本问卷调查,利用SPSS软件对回收的有效问卷进行探索性因子分析,得出供应商网络形态构念的5个维度,利用SPSS和AMOS软件对由该5个维度组成的供应商网络形态测量量表进行检验.研究结果表明,供应商网络形态测量量表具有较好的信度和效度,供应商网络形态由认知一致性、组织之间关系、协调机制、网络位置和网络结构5个维度组成.研究开发的供应商网络形态测量量表实现了对供应商网络形态构念的定量测量,为制造企业供应商网络形态的研究提供可借鉴的测量工具,有利于对制造企业设计和管理供应商网络问题进行更深入和广泛的研究.     

知识嵌入性、知识流动与战略联盟结构升级的关系研究

知识嵌入性是知识经济时代战略联盟共享有限资源,推动产业结构升级的重要途径。为打开知识嵌入性与战略联盟结构升级关系的黑箱,以知识管理、战略创新及复杂网络等相关理论为基础,对知识嵌入性的构成维度予以划分。进一步地,设定知识嵌入性的构成维度为联盟结构升级的前置变量,引入知识流动作为中介变量,构建知识嵌入性、知识流动与战略联盟结构升级的概念模型。采用结构方程的研究方法,以长三角地区的战略联盟为研究对象,基于295份有效问卷进行实证检验。研究结果表明:基于知识嵌入的构成维度,知识互补性、知识兼容性、知识紧密度与知识协调度对战略联盟结构升级呈显著的正相关关系,知识流动分别在知识互补性、知识兼容性、知识紧密度、知识协调度与联盟结构升级的关系中起部分中介作用。研究明晰了知识嵌入性、知识流动与联盟结构升级的关系,解释了知识嵌入性对联盟结构升级的作用机理,为战略联盟的管理实践提供有益借鉴。     

创新生态系统双重网络嵌入对企业创新的影响机制北大核心CSSCI

随着科技创新活动不断突破地域、组织和技术的界限,创新研究对象由单个企业扩展到创新生态系统。创新生态系统涵盖知识和商业两个层面,其组织间联结形成了复杂交互的网络,但已有研究或囿于知识经济或商业经济某一视域,或侧重于宏观环境或微观个体某一层面,缺乏从社会网络中观视角对创新生态系统中科技与市场联动作用机制的深入探讨。基于社会网络理论,把创新生态系统解构为组织间交互联结而形成的知识网络和商业网络,从网络嵌入视角构筑创新生态系统知识–商业双重网络嵌入分析框架,提出双重网络嵌入及其交互作用对企业创新影响机制的概念模型。结合企业增值税发票数据库、国家知识产权局专利数据库和中国工业企业数据库提取海量多源异构数据,对国家制造强国建设中某重点城市数控机床产业相关企业开展实证研究。利用社会网络分析方法构建150 856家机构的商业网络、48 310家机构的知识网络,获取企业在创新生态系统中的双重网络嵌入信息,并进一步对其中349家核心企业进行负二项回归分析,以对研究假设进行检验。研究结果表明,创新生态系统知识网络嵌入连通度和支配度对企业技术创新均有显著正向影响,且二者作用效果没有显著性差异;创新生态系统商业网络嵌入支配度对企业技术创新有显著正向影响,但商业网络嵌入连通度对企业技术创新的影响并不显著;创新生态系统知识网络嵌入支配度与商业网络嵌入支配度的交互作用能正向促进企业技术创新,但知识网络与商业网络嵌入连通度的交互作用并不显著。研究结果弥补了已有创新生态系统研究中知识经济与商业经济彼此割裂的缺陷,丰富了创新生态系统中科技与市场联动和协同的理论基础,拓展了创新生态系统作用机制的网络内涵,为中国构筑和完善创新生态系统、促进创新驱动发展提供政策建议。     

数字创新网络嵌入对制造企业新产品开发绩效的影响研究

数字经济背景下,大量制造企业“借力”数字服务企业来推进其数字创新进程,本文提出数字创新网络嵌入用以表征这一现象。相比于具有高价值、相对静态、不完全流动和专有化等属性的传统战略资源,数字资源具有更强的可流动性、非专有性及高价值依附属性,因此,基于传统创新网络嵌入的“祝福”及“诅咒”机制来解释数字创新网络嵌入与新产品开发绩效间的关系会陷入理论解释力不足的困境。本文从数字资源的属性出发,基于资源编排理论与动态能力理论,引入大数据能力为中介变量,组织结构柔性为调节变量,构建了数字创新网络嵌入影响新产品开发绩效的过程机制研究框架,以探究数字赋能制造企业新产品开发的理论路径。本文以华南地区559家制造企业为研究对象,对该研究框架进行检验,结果表明：（1）数字创新网络结构、关系嵌入与新产品开发绩效均呈倒U型关系;（2）大数据能力在适度数字创新网络嵌入与新产品开发绩效间的关系中发挥中介作用,但是,在高度数字创新网络嵌入情境下,大数据能力在数字创新网络结构、关系嵌入与新产品开发绩效间的关系中均无显著的中介效应;（3）组织结构柔性正向调节数字创新网络关系嵌入与大数据能力、新产品开发绩效间的关系,且存在有中...     

Coordination Mechanisms and Overseas Knowledge Acquisition for Chinese Suppliers: The Contingent Impact of Production Mode and Contractual Governance

This article examines how production mode and contractual governance moderate the effects of two distinct interfirm coordination mechanisms on overseas knowledge acquisition for suppliers in offshore cooperation. An investigation of 204 offshore suppliers in China finds that the positive effect of technology-based coordination mechanism (TCM) on overseas knowledge acquisition for an original equipment manufacturing (OEM) supplier is stronger than that for an original design manufacturing (ODM) supplier. By contrast, the positive effect of personal coordination mechanism (PCM) on overseas knowledge acquisition for an ODM supplier is stronger than that for an OEM supplier. Besides, as the degree of contractual control grows, the positive effect of TCM on overseas knowledge acquisition becomes stronger, whereas the positive effect of PCM becomes weaker. Further, when considering coordination, production, and governance jointly, we find that the strengthening effect of contractual control on the influence of TCM for OEM is stronger than that for ODM, and that the weakening effect of contractual control on the influence of PCM for ODM is stronger than that for OEM.     

Strategic Sourcing in the Presence of Uncertain Supply and Retail Competition

This study develops an analytical model to evaluate competing retail firms' sourcing strategies in the presence of supply uncertainty. We consider a common supplier that sells its uncertain supply to two downstream retail firms engaging in price competition in a horizontally differentiated product market. The focal firm has a dual‐sourcing option, while the rival firm can only source from the common supplier. We assess the system‐wide effects of supply uncertainty on the focal firm's incentive to pursue the dual‐sourcing strategy. We find that the focal firm's dual‐sourcing strategy can create a win–win situation that leads to increased retail prices and expected profits for both firms. Furthermore, under certain conditions, we show that it is beneficial for the focal firm to strategically source from the common supplier, even if its alternative supplier offers a lower wholesale price. Overall, we identify two types of incentives for adopting the dual‐sourcing strategy: the incentive of mitigating supply risk through supplier diversification and the incentive of strategic sourcing for more effective retail competition.     

Sourcing Strategy,Supplier Relationships and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation of UK Organizations

This article conceptualizes and empirically examines buyer–supplier relationships in respect of supply sourcing strategies, relationship characteristics and firm performance. Two sourcing strategies available to organizations are examined, critical and leverage, which in turn, influence the approach to managing the supplier relationship (arms‐length or collaborative). We argue that different relationship approaches are appropriate to achieving different performance outcomes. A structural equation model, using a sample of 142 manufacturing firms based in the United Kingdom, is used to test this hypothesized model. The results indicate that a critical sourcing strategy requires collaborative supplier relationships in order to achieve higher relationship and business outcomes, while leverage sourcing strategies have a direct impact on these same performance outcomes. In addition, a leverage strategy was associated with increased levels of supplier power, though this power was found not to have a significant effect on performance. Our study provides support for the importance of aligning sourcing strategies to particular supplier relationship approaches in order to improve firm performance. Managerial implications of these findings and future directions for research are then offered.     

Supplier integration and firm performance: the moderating effects of internal integration and trust

This study proposes and empirically tests a model of the moderating effects of internal integration and trust on the impacts of information, process and strategic integration with suppliers on firm performance using structural equation modelling and data collected from 261 manufacturing firms in Vietnam. The results show that all three types of supplier integration positively associate with firm performance. Internal integration enhances the impact of process integration with suppliers on firm performance, but does not moderate the impacts of information and strategic integration with suppliers. Internal trust has insignificant, positive and negative influences on the effects of information, process and strategic integration with suppliers on firm performance. The findings show that internal integration and trust play different roles in moderating the positive effects of information, process and strategic integration with suppliers on firm performance, which elucidates a possible reason for previous mixed findings on the relationship between supplier integration and firm performance.     

政府支持、信任与供应链外部整合的关系研究

当前学术界对于影响供应链整合的因素、这些因素如何影响到供应链整合的研究相对匮乏。本研究则以广东省珠三角地区251家制造业为调查对象,构建了政府支持、信任与供应链外部整合之间关系的理论模型,以结构方程为工具,对政府支持、客户信任、供应商信任、客户整合、供应商整合之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,政府支持对客户信任、供应商信任均有显著的正向影响;政府支持对客户整合、供应商整合也均有显著的影响;信任对供应链外部整合具有显著的正向影响;此外,政府支持会以信任为中介,间接地对供应链外部整合产生影响,本研究弥补了我国情境下制度与信任因素对供应链整合影响相关研究的空缺,研究结果对我国制造业进行高效供应链整合具有一定的启发意义。     

Search for Alternatives and Collaboration with Incumbents: Two-Sided Sourcing Behavior in Business Markets*

Sourcing strategies in business markets have been considered separately and the practice of two-sided sourcing behavior—engaging in search for alternative suppliers and collaboration with an incumbent supplier—has not been examined. To fill that gap, we first identify boundary conditions under which the poor performance of an incumbent supplier intensifies an original equipment manufacturer's (OEM) search and collaboration. Then, we examine how an OEM's two-sided sourcing behavior influences one of the critical elements of sourcing performance: the responsiveness of the incumbent supplier. Our proposed hypotheses were tested with data from a national survey of 539 OEM purchasing managers in the Japanese electronics industry. The analysis results indicate three main findings. First, two environmental conditions—pace of technological change and volume uncertainty—have contrasting influences on the link between incumbent supplier performance and an OEM's search and collaboration. While uncertainty from the upstream channel (pace of technological change) enhances an OEM's search and collaboration, uncertainty from the downstream channel (volume uncertainty) lowers an OEM's search and collaboration. Second, an OEM's dependence on its incumbent supplier has differential effects: an OEM reduces search as its dependence on incumbent supplier increases, while it enhances collaboration as its dependence on incumbent supplier increases. Third, while search alone has a negative effect on responsiveness of an incumbent supplier, engaging in two-sided sourcing behavior (i.e., combining search with collaboration) has a positive effect on responsiveness of the incumbent supplier.     

Cooperation and Knowledge Transfer within Buyer–Supplier Relationships: The Moderating Properties of Trust,Relationship Duration and Supplier Performance*

This paper examines the effect of relational factors on knowledge transfer within strategic buyer–supplier exchange. Prior research examining inter‐firm knowledge transfer has focused almost exclusively on horizontal forms of governance such as strategic alliances and joint ventures, whilst research on vertical forms, such as buyer–supplier relationships, is limited. We test the effect of four important relational properties: cooperation, trust, relationship duration and supplier performance. Quantitative data, gathered from 104 UK manufacturing firms in eight industry sectors, are used to analyse the hypothesized relationships through a moderated hierarchical regression model. Our study provides support for the importance of considering relational factors in the transfer of knowledge at the inter‐organizational level. In particular, the results indicate that knowledge transfer is positively influenced by the extent of cooperation, but that this relationship is moderated by the level of trust and the performance of the supplier firm. Managerial implications for these findings and future directions for research are then offered.     

An Empirical Investigation of the Contribution of Strategic Sourcing to Manufacturing Flexibilities and Performance*

Empirical studies for achieving manufacturing flexibility goals have centered around the uses and advantages of advanced technology. Few studies have examined alternative ways of attaining flexibility objectives. Strategic sourcing finds mention in the literature as a potential route to manufacturing flexibility. However, little empirical evidence exists to validate this view. Literature also describes manufacturing flexibility as a multidimensional concept but fails to adequately examine the synergies among the different dimensions. This research investigates the influence of strategic sourcing and advanced manufacturing technologies on specific manufacturing flexibilities, and examines relationships among different flexibilities. The results are tied to manufacturing cost reduction. The findings suggest that strategic sourcing can assist in the achievement of modification flexibilities. Volume and modification flexibility are found to influence new product flexibility. Modification flexibility is found to influence manufacturing cost reduction. The results show that strategic sourcing can be used to target specific manufacturing flexibilities and that interflexibility synergies need to be considered while formulating flexibility-based manufacturing strategies.     

汽车模具制造能力演化路径与能力构筑竞争:北京比亚迪模具案例

以北京比亚迪模具为案例研究对象,探讨中国汽车模具企业能力演化路径,能力构筑竞争的原因、过程与特征。通过对该企业的观察研究,发现模具制造能力演化经历3个阶段:创生静态能力阶段、发展改善能力阶段、保持复制能力阶段。吸收能力的层次不同深刻影响了企业能力演化路径。组织内外部、显隐性知识2个维度的应用与探索的双元能力将影响企业吸收能力的层次。从理论上探讨了吸收能力的双元性与企业能力演化路径、能力构筑竞争之间的相互关系。在实践方面,指出中国模具制造能力停留在复制能力阶段,缺乏自主创新能力的根本原因在于企业重视学习组织内外部的显性知识,不重视隐性知识的积累以及隐性知识的显性化。吸收能力的非双元性制约着中国企业自主创新能力的发展。