当代农村女性生育行为和生育意愿的实证研究

通过对农村女性生育行为和生育意愿的调查 ,发现被调查女性的生育行为有以下特点 ,即生育率有了很大下降 ,但同时也存在进入孕龄的时间早、生育期比较集中、流产率高以及一定比例的性别选择等现象。生育意愿和生育行为相比 ,显得更为“现代化”。文章还对生育的影响因素进行了尝试性分析。最后提出了自己的政策建议。     

大间隔生育现象的成因及对家庭生活影响的案例分析

大间隔生育现象以人口的自然生育间隔为基础,在现代社会的诸多社会因素的影响下,越来越受到学界的重视。本文根据在某省农村H地区进行的27个个案访谈,发现了大间隔生育现象主要发生在父母于1965到1975年间出生的家庭,且大间隔生育的产生受到经济条件改善、农村养老缺乏保障、独生子女亲属支持网薄弱、邻里家庭生育选择带动、"以大带小"养育方式减轻负担、性别偏好推动、情感需求需要得到满足7方面的作用。同时,大间隔生育会加重家庭预期经济压力、对父母和一孩与二孩的关系产生双向的影响。     

农村未婚生育现象的原因探析——以湖南X村的个案研究为例

当前,部分农村地区出现了先生育再结婚的现象。这是对我国传统及现代婚姻-生育秩序的颠覆。这种现象已成为主流文化批判的对象,同时也是现行政策应予以控制的社会问题。本文将其视作一种社会事实,通过对湖南X村的实地调查,采取定性研究的方法,简要探讨了这一现象产生的原因。笔者认为,在农村,未婚生育现象之所以出现,是制度、文化等方面因素综合作用的结果。     

生育文化概念研究

生育文化是人口文化的一部分 ,它本身又分为内涵生育文化和外延生育文化。内涵生育文化是指从受孕至出生后婴儿期的文化现象的总和。它又分为六类 :观念生育文化、科技生育文化、规范生育文化、信息生育文化、行为生育文化、组织生育文化。外延生育文化 ,即内涵生育文化之外 ,而对生育观产生影响的文化现象 ,诸如婚姻文化、妇女文化、养老文化、养育文化、家庭文化、社区文化等等 ,它是一个开放系统     

中国的低生育率及省际差异：基于生育指数的观察

聚焦育龄人群“不想生”“不敢生”“不能生”现象，综合考虑生育意愿、生育条件、生育结构3个维度，根据低生育率相关理论，构建生育综合指数，观察分析当前中国低生育率现状并进行省际比较。研究发现，全国生育综合指数的平均值为0.492;生育条件指数值最低，反映了就业和收入因素及缺乏生育支持对生育率的制约；各省(区、市)育龄人群的结构特征较为一致，而生育意愿和生育条件的异质性较大；生育综合指数与总和生育率呈现正相关性，生育综合指数每提高0.1,总和生育率将会提高0.286。提升生育意愿将有助于提升总和生育率，但生育条件和生育结构尚未能有效发挥对生育率的促进作用，需要建立完善并长期实施生育支持政策，以重塑人群的生育观念、改变其生育行为。     

日本的少子化原因分析及其对策的衍变

日本少子化倾向日趋显著,成为日本政府亟待解决的重大课题。日本年轻人晚婚、不婚,晚育、不育是导致少子化的直接原因。然而,这一现象的背后存在着经济、社会等诸多方面的原因。少子化不只是日本特有的现象,韩国、新加坡、中国等国家的少子化进程也较为显著。而且,这些国家少子化的背后有着与日本相似的原因和社会背景。本文旨在对日本少子化产生的原因及其对策的衍变进行比较分析和研究,以期为中国提供借鉴与参考。     

日本的少子化原因分析及其对策的衍变

日本少子化倾向日趋显著,成为日本政府亟待解决的重大课题。日本年轻人晚婚、不婚,晚育、不育是导致少子化的直接原因。然而,这一现象的背后存在着经济、社会等诸多方面的原因。少子化不只是日本特有的现象,韩国、新加坡、中国等国家的少子化进程也较为显著。而且,这些国家少子化的背后有着与日本相似的原因和社会背景。本文旨在对日本少子化产生的原因及其对策的衍变进行比较分析和研究,以期为中国提供借鉴与参考。     

浙江临安市生育文化变迁的调查与研究--关于浙江省临安市5561对双农独女户的调查与分析

本文通过走访、座谈和问卷调查等方式对临安市的生育文化变迁作了深入的研究。首先对临安生育文化变迁的现象进行了描述,然后,从经济、文化、社会等多角度对临安生育文化变迁的原因进行了宏观和微观的分析;最后,我们从社会保障、独生子女优惠措施的落实、计划生育工作等方面对临安生育文化建设提出了一些建议。     

浙江临安市生育文化变迁的调查与研究——关于浙江省临安市5561对双农儿女户的调查与分析

本文通过走访、座谈和问卷调查等方式对临安市的生育文化变迁作了深入的研究。首先对临安生育文化变迁的现象进行了描述，然后，从经济、文化、社会等多角度对临安生育文化变迁的原因进行了宏观和微观的分析；最后，我们从社会保障、独生子女优惠措施的落实、计划生育工作等方面对临安生育文化建设提出了一些建议。     

全面二孩时代二孩生育的阶层差异研究

已有研究从数据上证实经济条件是影响二孩生育的关键要素,本文在此基础上从阶层差异的视角切入,运用质性研究方法对不同经济地位家庭的生育意愿及其实践进行深入研究.在现代生育观念占主导的地区,布迪厄在《区分》中所述的生育阶层差异现象对于当下中国的生育研究很有启发.笔者在2013-2015年期间有针对性地选取上海、江苏、山东、江西、福建、广东六省市的40个城乡家庭进行深入访谈,研究发现二孩生育实践并非与生育政策的开放保持一致,上层直截了当地生育二孩,中层的二孩生育意愿较为强烈且实践可能性较大,而下层放弃二孩生育的可能性最大.消费社会下的抚育成本急剧攀升、社会向上流动的渠道狭窄和生育惯性的影响从不同侧面解释了这种生育行为阶层差异的形成机制.     

Childbirth experience in women participating in a continuity of midwifery care project

BackgroundContinuity models of care are rare in Sweden, despite the evidence of their benefit to women and babies. Previous studies have shown certain factors are associated with a positive birth experience, including continuity of midwifery care.AimThe aim was to investigate women's childbirth experiences in relation to background data, birth outcome and continuity with a known midwife, in a rural area of Sweden.MethodsAn experimental cohort study. Participating women were offered continuity of midwifery care in pregnancy and birth, during selected time periods. Data were collected in mid-pregnancy and two months after birth. The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire was used to determine women's birth experiences.ResultA total of 226 women responded to the follow-up questionnaire. Not living with a partner, fear of giving birth, and a birth preference other than vaginal were associated with a less positive birth experience. Having had a vaginal birth with no epidural, no augmentation and no birth complication all yield a better birth experience. Women who had had a known midwife were more likely to have had a positive birth experience overall, predominantly in the domain Professional support.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that women who received care from a known midwife in labour were more likely to have a positive birth experience. The results also pointed out the benefits of a less medicalized birth as important for a good birth experience, and that some women may need extra support to avoid a less positive birth experience.     

Family structure and and fertility behavior in Taiwan

The present analysis is based on the 1990 Taiwan Human Resources Survey to study the relationships between family structure, women's complete fertility and birth spacing. Imputed family size, as measured by either the ideal number of children expressed by a married woman or the number of actual surviving children whichever is larger, is used as a proxy of a woman's complete fertility. The results indicate a majority of married couples in Taiwan begin married life living with the husband's parents and later move out to establish a nuclear unit. This limited experience in the extended family exerts an upward pressure on imputed family size even when other relevant variables are statistically controlled. Further, the effect of living with the husband's parents on shorter duration of birth spacing is only limited to the time when the parents provide free child- care for married couples.     

Genital tract tears in women giving birth on a birth seat: A cohort study with prospectively collected data

BackgroundBirth positions may influence the risk of tears in the genital tract during birth. Birth positions are widely studied yet knowledge on genital tract tears following birth on a birth seat is inconclusive.AimThe objective of this study was to describe the proportion of genital tract tears in women who gave birth on a birth seat compared to women who did not.MethodAn observational cohort study based on birth information collected prospectively. In total 10 629 live, singleton, non-instrumental births in cephalic presentation were studied.ResultsFewer women who gave birth on a birth seat experienced an overall intact genital tract compared to women who gave birth in any other position. Women who gave birth on a birth seat were less likely to have an episiotomy performed. Women who gave birth vaginally on a birth seat after a previous caesarean section may have an increased risk for sustaining a sphincter tear.DiscussionIt is important to be aware of the decreased chance of an overall intact genital tract area when giving birth on a birth seat. Furthermore, there is a possibly increased risk of sphincter tear in women having a vaginal birth after caesarean. It is required and of importance to provide pregnant women with evidence-based information on factors associated with genital tract tears including birth positions.     

出生人口性别比失衡的社会因素分析

由于生育政策对生育子女数量的规定,多生和早生受到了限制。因此,在我国传统生育意愿的作用下,它强化了个体生育者的性别选择意识,其行为结果表现为出生人口性别比的失衡;同时,由于农村和城镇在经济医疗条件上的差别,使得两者在计划生育管理和服务上也出现了差异。这些差异对出生子女性别比的影响通过其地区差异、孩次差异、城乡差异表现出来。     

“小二胎”：内涵、特征、成因及启示——基于江西省T村的实证分析

本文利用一个村庄的个案访谈与统计资料探讨了农村新近出现的“小二胎”现象的内涵、特征与成因。结果表明,一、二胎生育间隔大于等于7年的“小二胎”大量涌现,其中计划外生育占据多数,且随着间隔的拉长其所占比重更大。与此相对应的是生育妇女以30岁以上的大龄妇女为主。作为农民的理性选择．“小二胎”是农民在内在动机与外在条件共同交织下的合力结果．其中农民的生育意愿是核心,基层计生环境的放松为诱因,家庭经济条件的改善为此提供了经济基础。希望本研究能从微观视角为思考我国计生政策的下一步走向提供一些启发。     

Uncovered and disrespected. A qualitative study of Jordanian women’s experience of privacy in birth

BackgroundPrivacy is related to a person’s sense of self and the need to be respected and it is a key factor that contributes to women’s satisfaction with their birth experiences.AimTo examine the meaning of privacy for Jordanian women during labour and birth.MethodA qualitative interpretive design was used. Data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 27 Jordanian women. Of these women, 20 were living in Jordan while seven were living in Australia (with birthing experience in both Jordan and Australia). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsThe phrase ‘there is no privacy’ captured women’s experience of birth in Jordanian public hospitals and in some private hospital settings. Women in public hospitals in Jordan had to share a room during their labour with no screening. This experience meant that they were, “lying there for everyone to see”, “not even covered by a sheet” and with doctors and others coming in and out of their room. This experience contrasted with birth experienced in Australia.ConclusionsThis study explicates the meaning of privacy to Jordanian women and demonstrates the impact of the lack of privacy during labour and birth. Seeking a birth in a private hospital in Jordan was one of the strategies that women used to gain privacy, although this was not always achieved. Some strategies were identified to facilitate privacy, such as being covered by a sheet; however, even simple practices are difficult to change in a patriarchal, medically dominated maternity system.     

中国独生子女家庭与二孩家庭生育模式百年模拟与选择

不少人对中国的独生子女政策可能造成家庭负担过重忧心忡忡。通过独生子女家庭和“二孩加间隔”家庭未来百年发展变化模拟评价后认为：如果生育模式选择得当,独生子女家庭“四、二、二” 负担结构有可能基本避免,未来独生子女家庭的负担,也不会比历史上经历过的较重的负担更重。生育模式选择不当,生二个孩子,并不能保证比生一个孩子负担轻。从百年人口对资源环境和杜会经济发展的压力看,“二孩加间隔” 的政策无论如何组合和选择,所形成的人口压力都要显著大于独生子女政策,而独生子女家庭的生育模式如果选择得当,它的家庭负担不见得比生育模式选择不当的二孩家庭重多少。因此,政府应坚持稳定现行生育政策,坚持提倡一对夫妇只生一个孩子;同时应按最优生育模式,对生育年龄和间隔进行适当的调整。     

An ethnographic study of the interaction between philosophy of childbirth and place of birth

BackgroundOrganisational culture and place of birth have an impact on the variation in birth outcomes seen in different settings.AimTo explore how childbirth is constructed and influenced by context in three birth settings in Australia.MethodThis ethnographic study included observations of 25 healthy women giving birth in three settings: home (9), two birth centres (10), two obstetric units (9). Individual interviews were undertaken with these women at 6–8 weeks after birth and focus groups were conducted with 37 midwives working in the three settings: homebirth (11), birth centres (10) and obstetric units (16).ResultsAll home birth participants adopted a forward leaning position for birth and no vaginal examinations occurred. In contrast, all women in the obstetric unit gave birth on a bed with at least one vaginal examination. One summary concept emerged, Philosophy of childbirth and place of birth as synergistic mechanisms of effect. This was enacted in practice through ‘running the gauntlet’, based on the following synthesis: For women and midwives, depending on their childbirth philosophy, place of birth is a stimulus for, or a protection from, running the gauntlet of the technocratic approach to birth. The birth centres provided an intermediate space where the complex interplay of factors influencing acceptance of, or resistance to the gauntlet were most evident.ConclusionsA complex interaction exists between prevailing childbirth philosophies of women and midwives and the birth environment. Behaviours that optimise physiological birth were associated with increasing philosophical, and physical, distance from technocratic childbirth norms.     

利用出生地资料进行人口迁移分析

在世界各国的人口普查和其他人口调查中 ,“出生地”是最广泛地被采用的人口迁移项目之一。在人口调查中 ,所有的人都可被分成迁移者和非迁移者 ,利用“出生地”资料 ,不仅可以获得地区之间的人口迁移数据 ,而且可以获得城市与乡村之间的人口迁移信息。这一方法的优点是 :便于调查 ,所得信息准确、全面 ,但其局限也同样突出 ,如不能反映人口迁移发生的时间和迁移次数等。在运用这一方法时 ,应注意将出生地信息收集完整     

Canada’s forced birth travel: towards feminist indigenous reproductive mobilities

ABSTRACT

The mandatory travel for birth experienced by Indigenous women living in rural and remote areas of Canada is examined using an emergent lens of Indigenous reproductive mobilities. Current evacuation practices are contextualized within the historic and ongoing systems of oppression experienced by Indigenous people in Canada. Indigenous feminist and decolonial theoretical approaches are used to outline one way in which Indigenous women counter settler colonialism to assert sovereignty over their birth experiences – through the resurgence of culturally-based doulas or birth workers. A further contribution of these analyses is the inclusion and centering of the voices and experiences of those previously neglected within this particular body of scholarship, shifting the power relations underpinning reproductive mobilities.