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1.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
2.
Johanna Foster 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):523-547
Despite the many angles from which the biological phenomenon now known as “the menstrual cycle” has been addressed, no work
explicitly focuses on how social groups actually draw lines around and mentally partition these complex biological processes
into discrete temporal units. This paper examines not the meaning of “the menstrual cycle,” per se, but hegemonic Western
culture's intersubjective notions of how to carve up this inherently unstructured phenomenon in the first place. Although
sociologists of cognition have still to consider this sociomental structuring of “the menstrual cycle” as a case of mental
cartography, and sociologists of time have still to consider “menstrual time” as a case of sociotemporality, I conclude that
the mental mapping out of what constitutes the elements of this rhythm is a highly social act with serious implications for
women's lives. 相似文献
3.
Neil McLaughlin 《The American Sociologist》2004,35(1):80-101
In response to the recent The American Sociologist special issue on Canadian sociology, this rejoinder dialogues with some of the perspectives offered there on the discipline
north of the border with an eye towards lessons that American sociologists might learn from the Canadian experience. My reflections
build on a larger analytic piece entitled “Canada’s Impossible Science: The Historical and Institutional Origins of the Coming
Crisis of Anglo-Canadian Sociology” to be published soon in The Canadian Journal Sociology. Particular attention is paid to the different institutional arrangements of higher education in Canada and the United States,
Anglo-Canadian reliance on the particularly English “weakness as strength” strategy for sociology, tensions between the cultural
values of populism, egalitarianism, and excellence, and the trade-offs between professional and public intellectual work.
A critique is offered of the “origin myth” of Canadian sociology as a particularly vibrant “critical sociology,” with discussion
of Dorothy Smith's influence on sociology in Canada.
His research interests are in sociological theory, the sociology of culture, and the study of intellectuals from the perspective
of the sociology of organisations and professions. He is studying Edward Said as a “global public intellectual” as part of
a Canadian government-funded interdisciplinary grant on “Globalization and Autonomy” at McMaster University. He is also working
“Canadian professors as public intellectuals,” a project also funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council
of Canada. 相似文献
4.
Giorgio Dominese 《Transition Studies Review》2010,17(4):638-644
The change was not only promised during Obama’s electoral campaign but urgently invoked by all the major international actors
in view of the financial and economic crises: the world foreign policy has suddenly entered a new age not being yet prepared
to govern globalization and its wide interdependence conditionality. Even Russia has changed tune now and President Medvedev
announced vigorously a new strategy, a new policy, and a new drive for Russia. Until a few years ago, the theories of International
Relations were simply an American intellectual and governance exit of the growing role of the US in the world, a kind of field
of competence for the greatest power in the global economic, political, strategic and innovative sectors. The British School
was an island of the core American thinking and the rest of the world mostly absent. FSU has not expressed a relevant contribution
to the various schools of thinking related to the IR theories and even the Marxist political scientists did not dedicate specifically
to this main research area because convinced that first it was not a real “science” but a derivative outcome from Philosophy
or Political Science; secondly, for the reason of the monopoly of the power in the hands of an autocratic regime where these
issues were not left to the researchers and experts but only to the institutional and military leadership. Today Russia—after
having caressed and found opportunistically convenient to resume the realism doctrines of the past US almost decennial Presidency,
with modest attempts to assume the great changes in international affairs intervened— has the chance to take the last train
for a competitive power role, “de facto” under the unavoidable strict rules of engagement of the global governance. In the
2020–2030 the world would be completely reshape by the present metamorphosis. 相似文献
5.
T. Groseclose 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,28(2):321-335
I examine a model of majority rule in which alternatives are described by two characteristics: (1) their position in a standard,
left-right dimension, and (2) their position in a good-bad dimension, over which voters have identical preferences. I show
that when voters’ preferences are single-peaked and concave over the first dimension, majority rule is transitive, and the majority’s preferences are identical to the median voter’s.
Thus, Black’s (The theory of committees and elections, 1958) theorem extends to such a “one and a half” dimensional framework.
Meanwhile, another well-known result of majority rule, Downs’ (An economic theory of democracy, 1957) electoral competition
model, does not extend to the framework. The condition that preferences can be represented in a one-and-a-half-dimensional
framework is strictly weaker than the condition that preferences be single-peaked and symmetric. The condition is strictly
stronger than the condition that preferences be order-restricted, as defined by Rothstein (Soc Choice Welf 7:331–342;1990). 相似文献
6.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献
7.
Laurie Newman DiPadova a Ph.D. candidate Ralph S. Brower a Ph.D. student 《The American Sociologist》1992,23(3):37-56
This article discussesMax Weber’s Methodology, Lowell L. Bennion’s (1933) published doctoral dissertation from the University of Strasbourg, France. This book is important
because it is the first systematic English language treatment of Weber’s work. It also suggests an early link between Weberian
and Durkheimian scholarship and foreshadows later debates regarding Talcott Parsons’ interpretation of Weber. Additionally
the book provides a unique contribution by applying Weber’s “Calvinism-Capitalism” thesis to the development of Mormonism.
We explore the academic context in which the book was written and its reception by American sociologists at the time. After
summarizing the text, we examine its perspective on the issues later raised about Parsons’ account of Weber. We conclude by
looking at Lowell Bennion as a sociologist and a devout Mormon, and the unique connection that he forged between his religion
and Max Weber’s ideas.
Her field is organizational behavior and theory; her primary area of research is the relationship between organizational hierarchy
and managerial leadership.
He is currently investigating the modes of white collar resistance in public bureaucracies. 相似文献
8.
Kim Sawchuk 《The American Sociologist》2001,32(1):27-49
Conclusion Mills wrote to his Oxford publisher in 1955. “One book grows out of another; the trouble is not only is there no end to it,
but after the second is pressing upon you before you can finish the first, for planning is more fun than working.” 78 Indeed,
this mode of working was common to all of Mills’ projects. He worked fast and furiously and always juggled a number of different
ideas in various stages of formation. This certainly was the case with The Cultural Apparatus. In a 1955 letter to his publisher
Mills enthusiastically said of the book “I'm into it.” He predicted, optimistically, that unlike his other books, this book
would be easy, a natural for him that “writing it will not involve the anguish that White Collar and Elites have provided.”
By 1959, however, Mills had to admit that this optimism was premature. In “The Personal Note to the Reader” he confessed that
“I've never had so much trouble writing a book as I have with this one, and I’ve never taken so much pain with the writing
of it as I’ve taken to heart the criticism of being repetitious, verbose and prone to jargon.” 79 Mills never completed the
project. By the late 1950's he became preoccupied with the political issues of “war and peace” and American foreign policy
in Cuba, the latter in particular. His health was poor as a result of a heart attack he suffered in December of 1959 on the
eve of a televised debate with an American advisor in Latin America, A.A. Berle. He became embroiled in what he understood
as necessary public work from within the media and he remained adamant about the personal significance of The Cultural Apparatus
in 1959. 相似文献
9.
Jean-François Laslier 《Social Choice and Welfare》2000,17(2):283-292
In this paper is remarked that “mixed” strategies in games of electoral competition do not need to be interpreted as random
moves. There are two a priori symmetric parties, and a finite (non spatial) set of alternatives. Parties are allowed to take
unclear positions, by campaining on a “platform” that is a mix of several alternatives. Each individual nevertheless identifies
a party with a single alternative, the number of individuals who identify a party with a given alternative being proportional
to the importance of that alternative in the party’s platform.
Received: 24 March 1998/Accepted: 3 March 1999 相似文献
10.
Bernard S. Phillips 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(2):138-151
Gouldner’s call for a “reflexive sociology” in 1970 remains a largely unexamined idea, yet with the breakdown of functionalism’s
begemony and the present ferment in theory its time may finally have come. In attempting to clarify and reconstruct Gouldner’s
idea, I begin with his concepts “background assumptions” and “domain assumptions,” linking them with Kubn’s ideas. Employing
levels of abstraction to approach Gouldner’s material systematically, I proceed to develop and illustrate two contrasting
background assumptions or world hypotheses: “stratification” and “interaction.” Finally, I examine some methodological implications
of these world views, centering on defining problems, ratio scales and images of measurement, sampling and multivariate-analysis
procedures.
Introduced to sociology by C. Wright Mills, Bernard Phillips studied with Robin N. Williams, Jr. and taught at the University
of North Carolina and the University of Illinois (where he overlapped with Alvin W. Gouldner for a year) before coming to
Boston University. A cofounder of the ASA section, Sociological Practice, Phillips’ interests are in Societal Change, Theory
and Methods. 相似文献
11.
Alec Campbell 《Theory and Society》2010,39(1):1-24
The American Legion was one of the most politically consequential organizations in the twentieth-century United States. It
was a local bedrock of anti-communism in two post-war red scares and throughout the cold war. It also built a lavish and cross-nationally
unique welfare state for American veterans. In this article, I examine the origins of the American Legion and demonstrate
that it was organized by rentier capitalists acting in their intraclass and interclass interests. Most importantly, the Legion was an organization that fought
the “battle over class” by denying the importance of class as a social concept and proposing “Americanism” as an alternative.
I also argue that the Legion’s extreme anti-communism combined with its dedication to welfare provision for American veterans
altered the course of American welfare state development. 相似文献
12.
Robert C. Hauhart 《The American Sociologist》2003,34(4):5-24
In 1945 Davis and Moore, following an earlier formulation by Davis, proposed a functional theory of stratification that was
intended to account for what they contended was the “universal necessity” for social inequality in any social order. Beginning
with an article by Tumin in 1953, the Davis-Moore theory elicited regular analysis, commentary, criticism, and debate through
the 1970s. Although professional work on the theory has largely ceased since the late 1980s, the Davis-Moore theory remains
perhaps the single most widely cited paper in American introductory sociology and stratification textbooks and constitutes
“required reading” in hundreds, if not thousands, of undergraduate and graduate courses throughout the United States. The
present paper traces the history of the debate and attempts to explain the theory’s longevity and vitality in the face of
what has amounted to largely negative assessments by other sociologists over the preceding fifty years. 相似文献
13.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献
14.
This paper revisits the observation made by Ward and Grant (Current Perspective in Social Theory 11:117–140, 1991) that there had been a “peculiar eclipsing” of women in sociological theory. It provides longitudinal studies of women’s
participation and recognition in three conventional outlets for sociological theorizing: the theory section of the American
Sociological Association (ASA); sociological theory textbooks; and sociological theory journals. It finds that the percentage
of ASA Theory Section members who were women increased from 12% in 1982 to 31% in 2008, but is not nearly as high as the 53%
in all ASA sections taken together; that women’s recognition in sociological theory textbooks grew, more between the 1980s
and the 2000s than between the 1960s and the 1980s, undoubtedly reflecting the increasing respectability of feminist theory
within the profession; and that women’s relative participation as authors in sociology theory journals increased from the
1980s to the 2000s by about 33%, but nowhere near as much as their participation as authors in the American Sociological Review, where their relative participation in the 2000s was more than three times what it had been in the 1980s. We speculate that,
given women’s increasing leadership roles in both the Theory section and the theory journals, women may be using less conventional
outlets for their theorizing than is offered by either the section or the journals. 相似文献
15.
Sheldon Stryker 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(1):84-87
Various ethical issues that often involve dilemmas to face editors of scholarly journals. These issues are treated via discussions
of treatment of colleagues’ submissions; paradigm-based decisions, and decisions based on personal sociological predilections
and commitments; “reasonable” referee-assignment policies; policies with respect to how referees’ judgments are used; and
“privileged” treatment of categories of authors relative to other categories.
He has served terms as editor of the American Sociological Review, Sociometry (now Social Psychology Quarterly) and the Rose
Monograph series. 相似文献
16.
Shigehiro Serizawa 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,26(2):305-331
“Strategy-proofness” is one of the axioms that are most frequently used in the recent literature on social choice theory. It requires that by misrepresenting his preferences, no agent can manipulate the outcome of the social choice rule in his favor. The stronger requirement of “group strategy-proofness” is also often employed to obtain clear characterization results of social choice rules. Group strategy-proofness requires that no group of agents can manipulate the outcome in their favors. In this paper, we advocate “effective pairwise strategy-proofness.” It is the requirement that the social choice rule should be immune to unilateral manipulation and “self-enforcing” pairwise manipulation in the sense that no agent of a pair has the incentive to betray his partner. We apply the axiom of effective pairwise strategy-proofness to three types of economies: public good economy, pure exchange economy, and allotment economy. Although effective pairwise strategy-proofness is seemingly a much weaker axiom than group strategy-proofness, effective pairwise strategy-proofness characterizes social choice rules that are analyzed by using different axioms in the literature. 相似文献
17.
Susan Gill 《Clinical Social Work Journal》2010,38(3):260-268
Dissociation is defined as a protective coping mechanism employed on a broad spectrum: from day-to-day “spacing out” to psychic
numbing to multiplicity. A convergence of recent insights in traumatology, neuroscience, and developmental theory is reviewed.
These findings all point to the importance of affect regulation in infant and child development and in the therapeutic relationship,
where attunement to implicit communication is crucial. Using such relational and intersubjective organizing principles as
the concept of enactment and Beebe and Lachmann’s (Infant research and adult treatment: Co-constructing interactions 2002) “three principles of salience,” I discuss an analytic case in which dissociation is a central dynamic. 相似文献
18.
Gary Dean Jaworski 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(3):209-216
Within the context of a discussion of Robert K. Merton’s ideas on leadership in postwar America, the article examines the
nature and impact of Merton’s “sociological parables.” This term refers to short tales from social life from which sociological
lessons with moral implications can be drawn. These parables, such as the bank insolvency story told in “The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy,” illustrate the manner in which Merton merged moral and sociological messages in his writings. Suggestions are made
along the lines that these parables, or at least the moral messages they contain, contributed to Merton’s postwar fame.
His most recent publications are “Simmel’s Contribution to Parsons’ Action Theory and Its Fate,” in Michael Kaern, ed.Georg Simmel and Contempory Sociology (Kluwer, 1990); and “Robert K. Merton’s Extension of Simmel’sUbersehbar” inSociological Theory, Spring 1990. 相似文献
19.
Jerry Lee Lembcke 《The American Sociologist》1993,24(3-4):55-68
This article presents classical theory as a modernist endeavor to apprehend the phenomenon of “unity of disunity.” It presents
the three ways that classical theory comes to grips with the problem of wholes and parts: the holism of Durkheim, the dialectical
materialism of Marx, and the pluralism of Weber. It argues that postmodernism liquidates, rather than solves, the unity of
disunity problem by treating “wholes” as mere appearances.
The article contends that postmodernism needs to be taken more seriously than it has been by sociologists but that, ultimately,
the challenge presented by postmodernism validates the relevancy of classical theory. The article concludes that the postmodernist
influence has diminished sociology’s relevance to real-world problems and, as a result, made the discipline less relevant
for undergraduates. It calls for a revitalized sociology of sociology with the capacity to think through the trap formed by
neoconservatism on the one side and the micro politics of postmodernism on the other. 相似文献
20.
Seán Ó Riain 《Theory and Society》2006,35(5-6):507-528
This article advances the concept of “time–space intensification” as an alternative to existing notions of time–space distanciation, compression and embedding that attempt to capture the restructuring of time and space in contemporary advanced capitalism. This concept suggests time and space are intensified in the contemporary period – the social experience of time and space becomes more explicit and more crucial to socio-economic actors’ lives, time and space are mobilized more explicitly in individual and corporate action, and the institutionalization of time and space becomes more politicized. Drawing on Polanyi’s concepts of fictitious commodities and the double movement, and developing them through an analysis of work organization and economic development in the Irish software industry, the article argues that the concept of time–space intensification can add significantly to our understanding of key features of the restructuring of the temporal and spatial basis of economic development and work organization. 相似文献