儿童虐待强制责任报告制度之研究——基于台湾地区的政策文本分析

儿童虐待是我国亟须重视的社会问题,发展强制责任报告制度已是当务之急。通过政策文本的分析,探讨我国台湾地区儿童虐待强制责任报告制度的内容及存在的问题。借鉴我国台湾地区的经验,我国内地应完善儿童虐待强制责任报告制度的立法体系;确定主管机关;加快民间组织的发展;加强对民众通报知识的宣传和责任人的培训;确认社工的主责地位,加快社工人力的培育。     

城市萤光：儿童友好城市建设的佛山实践

快速城市化进程使未成年人暴露在各类社会问题与风险之中,如何通过构建社会支持体系、形成未成年人保护合力,以践行儿童友好城市理念促进城市内涵式高质量发展成为学界的关键议题。文章基于佛山市联创社会工作服务中心在未成年人保护体系建设中的丰富经验,总结其从强调社工机构服务专业性,转向以专业性为基础,有效调动商业、产业的参与,推动城市公共政策的创新发展,形成社会合作的新模式。进而思考社会工作机构在专业性以外,如何在本土性和合作性方面成为突破社会分化的催化剂,并在推动全社会践行儿童友好理念中促进城市内涵式高质量发展。     

儿童的家庭保护：美国的经验与启示

儿童的家庭保护是儿童保护系统工程的关键环节。美国儿童的家庭保护工作在经历了从“不干涉家庭生活”到“居主导地位和负起责任”。从“解救”到“预防与永久计划”的历程之后,逐渐确立了细化和可操作化的法律体系．开展了广覆盖、多层次的预防与监测工作,提供了全面多样的服务项目。在儿童的家庭保护工作方面为各国提供了可借鉴的经验。这些对于我国的儿童家庭保护工作也具有重要的启示,尤其是在立法、机构建设和专业化发展等方面。     

社会工作视角下的儿童保护

儿童最佳利益原则的倡导、法规政策体系的完善、工作机制和保护体系的建立、专业伦理和方法指导下的服务实践的开展、社会资源的有效整合是儿童保护得以实现的几个关键环节。     

2004年美国儿童及家庭社会工作报告

美国媒体头条没完没了地报道受虐儿童令人难以想象的经历,以引起公众对于虐待儿童问题的关注.儿童是一个国家最有价值也是最弱势的公民.社会工作这个职业往往站在穷人、被忽视者、弱势群体的立场上.从这点来看,社工理应保护受虐儿童和被忽视儿童的利益.事实上,儿童福利体系中的社工已经通过临床介入、直接服务等专业服务以及个人行动来保护儿童及其家庭.同时,社工还通过发展项目、影响政策来为家庭和儿童提供安全支持网络以及所需服务. 但是,美国公众往往把儿童遭受虐待这一非常复杂的现实简单化,怪罪社工不知道儿童的受虐情况、不作为、没有保护好悲惨境遇中的儿童.     

家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护的可行性与模式建构

家庭问题是儿童外出流浪的主要原因之一,只有家庭问题得到了缓解,流浪儿童才能真正实现回归家庭和社会。因此,流浪儿童救助保护需要家庭的参与。本文在结合前人研究和我国流浪儿童救助保护现状的基础上,分析了家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护的必要性和可行性,并建构了"家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护体系",将儿童心理行为问题解决和家庭问题解决相结合,为我国流浪儿童救助保护工作提供可资参考的新思路。     

流浪儿童救助保护体系的构建原则

当前,中国流浪儿童救助保护的理论与实践都取得了显著进展。然而,在这一领域中,国家——社会关系、体制内的机构救助者和民间主体如何分工、两者关系如何调适等方面尚未形成学界共识。因此,对中国流浪儿童救助保护体系的构建原则进行讨论很有必要。构建流浪儿童救助保护体系应包括五个原则,即政府依然要扮演主要角色、社会力量的有效参与不可或缺、专业社会工作与本土社会工作相结合、档案管理与因人施“救”、对流浪儿童实施主动性救助保护等方面。     

以品质崇安为目标构建特色社会工作体系

近几年来,江苏省无锡市崇安区紧紧围绕建设品质生活城区,以有理念、有内涵、有特色、有品位、有活力"五有"为目标,加快构建在政府规范引导下的社会管理体制创新,积极探索由专业人才、专业机构提供专业服务的社会工作之路,初步形成了以规划为引领、以人才为保障、以平台建设为基础、以创新机制为动力的崇安特色社会工作体系. 构建社会工作组织推进体系 在开展社会工作这项事业之初,我们就按照"党委领导、政府负责、社会协同、公众参与、法治保障"的要求,成立了区社会工作委员会和社会工作办公室,负责指导、统筹、协调全区社会工作体系建设推进落实,确定了社会救助、残疾人服务等十大社会工作服务领域.区民政局负责牵头推进这项工作,各社会工作领域发展由各主管部门负责推进.     

培养儿童与青少年的认同资本和社会资本: 社区的责任(摘要)

本文回顾了有关认同资本(Coté1997;Coté Levine,2002)和社会资本(Putnam,2000)获得过程的研究,并将其应用于现当代社会社会化性质的改变之中.现当代社会的改变包括:1)保护儿童和青少年不受大众暴力以及广告等因素的潜在腐蚀.2)提供个体积极发展的途径,如参与社区儿童中心的活动以及加入成人公民社会.文中列举的例子涵盖了从自发到政府组织的机构,效果有正面的也有负面的.     

美国的儿童保护体系及其启示

美国以国家亲权为法律基础,出台了预防和应对儿童虐待的相关法律,在联邦、州和地方政府成立了儿童保护职能部门,制定了服务于儿童与家庭的工作流程。当前我国的儿童保护工作存在着强制举报制度缺乏、监护权法律不健全、儿童长期安置渠道不畅的困境,借鉴美国经验,我国应通过健全法律法规、建立专门政府机构、建设社区儿童服务中心等措施来完善儿童保护体系。     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

Thinking and Speech and Protocol Analysis

Some form of verbal report—that is, a research participant' s concurrent or retrospective verbal account of thought processes during problem-solving activities—has been used throughout this century as the database from which psychologists have developed theories of human mentation. Newell and Simon (1972) and Ericsson and Simon (1980, 1993) have provided extensive justification for using one such method, protocol analysis, as a tool for investigating cognition from an information-processing (IP) perspective. Their arguments have characterized protocol analysis as a methodology capable of providing evidence of the ways in which people attend to information stored in short-term memory to solve problems, with the evidence providing them with the grounds from which to generate models of human cognitive processes. A different view of protocol analysis is available from the perspective of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) based on the work of Vygotsky (1987), Leont'ev (1981), and others, and its concern with the mediation of human development by culturally and historically grounded signs and tools. Because of its emphasis on culturally channeled development, a CHAT perspective views speech, including the speech that serves as evidence for cognition in psychological research, as a tool that potentially enables changes in consciousness. In this article I outline a CHAT perspective that accounts for protocol analysis along three key dimensions: (a) the relation between thinking and speech from a representational standpoint, (b) the social role of speech in research methodology, and (c) the influence of speech on thinking during data collection. The purpose of this discussion is not to refute the IP perspective on protocol analysis but to illustrate how this method can be viewed through a CHAT lens and to identify alternative assumptions that must be made to use it from a CHAT perspective.