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1.
In many states, CPA licensure now requires 150 credit hours of college coursework thereby adding an extra semester or year
of schooling beyond typical undergraduate degree requirements. Thus, the “150-hour rule” should increase the cost of becoming
a CPA and, consequently, reduce the supply of new CPAs. We test this hypothesis using panel data on the number of first-time
candidates for the CPA exam in each state over the years 1985 to 2002. We find that the imposition of the 150-hour education
requirement reduces the number of candidates sitting for the CPA exam by 60 percent and that the “grandfathering” provisions
of the 150-hour rule produce a substantial transitory increase in the number of candidates sitting for the exam in the year
prior to the rule’s effective date. Examination of candidates’ pass rates on the exam also finds behavior consistent with
the hypothesis that the 150-hour rule is a barrier to entry.
We thank Wilson Mixon and particular the 2002 Western Economics Association and 2002 Southern Economisc Association meetings
for helpful comments. We also thank Ian Elkin, Steven Simms, and especially, Keri Anderson for extraordinarily diligent ressearch
assistance. 相似文献
2.
Jean-François Laslier 《Social Choice and Welfare》2000,17(2):283-292
In this paper is remarked that “mixed” strategies in games of electoral competition do not need to be interpreted as random
moves. There are two a priori symmetric parties, and a finite (non spatial) set of alternatives. Parties are allowed to take
unclear positions, by campaining on a “platform” that is a mix of several alternatives. Each individual nevertheless identifies
a party with a single alternative, the number of individuals who identify a party with a given alternative being proportional
to the importance of that alternative in the party’s platform.
Received: 24 March 1998/Accepted: 3 March 1999 相似文献
3.
W. H. Hutt 《Journal of Labor Research》1983,4(3):197-211
Richard Freeman and James Medoff have asserted that labor unions have two “faces,” a “good” face and a “bad” face. This contribution
critically examines their arguments to expose serious flaws in their conceptual analysis. 相似文献
4.
This article aims at integrating the phenomenon of the Central and Eastern European intelligentsia into the application of
the theory of cultural capital of Pierre Bourdieu to the analysis of societies of that region. This is done by critically
reevaluating the model of evolution of the post-communist countries of Central Europe proposed by Gil Eyal, Ivan Szelényi,
and Eleanor Townsley, in their “Making Capitalism without Capitalists.” The present article argues for supplementing their
approach with an analytical distinction between the concepts of intellectuals (as masters of the critical discourse culture)
and the intelligentsia, which in countries like Poland have an important component of post-gentry culture. The identity and
images of the intelligentsia are analyzed as important though highly contested aspects of cultural capital in Poland. Wide
implications of discursive battles on the status of intelligentsia in contemporary Poland are exemplified in the case of the
debates over the so-called Rywin Affair in Poland and the role played in that affair by the major Polish intellectual Adam
Michnik. The political discourse related to the affair and to the status of Michnik are studied in context of the structure
of the Polish political scene and related to the academic debates on the intelligentsia, whether it is a “really existing”
and significant social group or merely a marginal one and “outdated discourse.” 相似文献
5.
Donald N. McCloskey 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(1):3-19
Even formal methods in economics, which sociologists have been tempted to adopt, are “rhetorical,” in the sense of “argued
to other scholars, not proven forever and ever.” The rhetoric of inquiry, in other words, is not confined to flowery language.
Two examples of formal methods that have defective rhetorics are significance tests (in which the sociologists are far ahead)
and existence theorems (in which the sociologists are in danger of imitating the economists’ errors). Much effort in economics
is spent on a rhetoric without conclusions. A more humanistic economics — or sociology—would examine all the arguments, whether
mathematical or not.
He is also director of the Project on Rhetoric of Inquiry. 相似文献
6.
Much recent literature plumbs the question of the origins and trajectories of “place,” or the cultural development of space-specific
repertoires of action and meaning. This article examines divergence in two “places” that were once quite similar but are now
quite far apart, culturally and politically speaking. Vermont, once considered the “most Republican” state in the United States,
is now generally considered one of its most politically and culturally liberal. New Hampshire, by contrast, has remained politically
and socially quite conservative. Contrasting legacies of tourist promotion, political mobilization, and public policy help
explain the divergence between states. We hypothesize that emerging stereotypes about a “place” serve to draw sympathetic
residents and visitors to that place, thus reinforcing the salience of those stereotypes and contributing to their reality
over time. We term this latter process idio-cultural migration and argue its centrality to ongoing debates about the accomplishment of place. We also elaborate on several means by which
such place “reputations” are created, transmitted, and maintained. 相似文献
7.
Amin Ghaziani 《Theory and Society》2009,38(6):581-612
Sociological studies of culture have made significant progress on conceptual clarification of the concept, while remaining
comparatively quiescent on questions of measurement. This study empirically examines internal conflicts (or “infighting”),
a ubiquitous phenomenon in political organizing, to propose a “resinous culture framework” that holds promise for redirection.
The data comprise 674 newspaper articles and more than 100 archival documents that compare internal dissent across two previously
unstudied lesbian and gay Marches on Washington. Analyses reveal that activists use infighting as a vehicle to engage in otherwise
abstract definitional debates that provide concrete answers to questions such as who are we and what do we want. The mechanism
that enables infighting to concretize these cultural concerns is its coupling with fairly mundane and routine organizational
tasks. This mechanism affords one way to release the culture concept, understood here as collective self-definitions, from
being “an amorphous, indescribable mist which swirls around society members,” as it was once provocatively described. 相似文献
8.
Sarah E. Bohn 《Review of Economics of the Household》2010,8(1):29-51
Since immigration to the US began to accelerate in the 1970s, economic and social policy issues surrounding immigration frequently
raise concern and generate debate. These policy debates often aim to mitigate the costs of immigration and augment the benefits.
Key to this is understanding the characteristics of immigrants, especially those related to economic success and integration.
A commonly accepted finding in the economic literature regards the declining economic “quality” of successive immigrant cohorts
as measured by differences in entry wages across cohorts. In this paper, I refine our understanding of immigrant cohort quality.
I show that increasing competition in the labor market among immigrants can explain a significant portion of declining “quality”.
This result suggests that labor market interactions are as important to immigrant economic integration as their inherent “quality”. 相似文献
9.
Suzanne Staggenborg 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(3):260-269
This article reconsiders the arguments of Roth (1966) concerning “hired band research.” Problems associated with different
types of employees, research tasks, and research organizations are distinguished. It is argued that researchers who hire assistants
can minimize the hired hand mentality by: 1) hiring persons who are able to stay on the job long enough to develop commitment
to the project; 2) involving both hired hand workers and researchers in the research process to the fullest extent possible;
3) designing a flexible research project; 4) justifying theoretically each variable, interview question, observation, etc.;
5) collecting qualitative as well as quantitative data; and 6) remaining highly involved in the research project.
Her recent writings include “The Consequences of Professionalization and Formalization in the Pro-Choice Movement” (American Sociological Review 1988) and “Organizational and Environmental Influences on the Development of the Pro-Choice Movement” (Social Forces, forthcoming). 相似文献
10.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献
11.
Max Travers 《The American Sociologist》2001,32(2):26-40
This article reviews the state of law and society studies in Britain by revisiting the arguments raised by CM. Campbell and
Paul Wiles in the late 1970s. It argues that the divide they identified between theoretically-oriented “sociology of law”
and a-theoretical or empiricist “socio-legal studies” has widened, discusses some of the cultural and institutional reasons,
and makes some practical recommendations. 相似文献
12.
Blame analysis: Accounting for the behavior of protected groups 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Richard B. Felson 《The American Sociologist》1991,22(1):5-23
When a group is not doing as well as other groups on some dimension, group members and sympathizers give accounts that attempt
to minimize the group’s blame for its predicament. These accounts reflect concerns about prejudice, as well as policy concerns.
This approach to social science may be called “blame analysis,” because it evaluates theories according to the extent to which
they blame protected groups. Blame analysis treats cause and blame as the same, and rejects theoretical arguments that posit
any causal role for the protected group because they “blame the victim.” As a result, discussions of proximate causes and
mediating variables are avoided in explanations of outcomes for these groups. The author argues that this approach violates
scientific principles and discourages the investigation of important issues.
He is a social psychologist who does research on interpersonal violence and on the determinants and consequences of self-appraisals. 相似文献
13.
This article proposes a multi-prize noisy-ranking contest model. Contestants are ranked in descending order based on their
perceived performance, which is subject to random perturbation, and they are rewarded based on their ranks. Under plausible
conditions, we establish that our noisy performance ranking model is stochastically equivalent to the family of multi-prize
lottery contests built upon ratio-form contest success functions. We further establish the equivalence of our model to a contest
model that ranks contestants by their best performance out of multiple independent attempts. These results therefore shed
light on the micro-foundations of the popularly adopted lottery contest models. The “best-shot ranking rule” reveals a common
thread that connects a broad class of seemingly disparate competitive activities (such as rent-seeking contests, patent races,
research tournaments), and unifies them through a common performance evaluation mechanism. 相似文献
14.
Consistent judgement aggregation: the truth-functional case 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Generalizing the celebrated “discursive dilemma”, we analyze judgement aggregation problems in which a group of agents independently
votes on a set of complex propositions (the “conclusions”) and on a set of “premises” by which the conclusions are truth-functionally
determined. We show that for conclusion- and premise-based aggregation rules to be mutually consistent, the aggregation must
always be “oligarchic”, that is: unanimous within a subset of agents, and typically even be dictatorial. We characterize exactly
when consistent non-dictatorial (or anonymous) aggregation rules exist, allowing for arbitrary conclusions and arbitrary interdependencies
among premises. 相似文献
15.
This article focuses on the Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) controversy as a case study in the politics of risk assessment.
It examines struggles among diverse actors–think tank experts, journalists, politicians, and government officials–engaged
in the contentious process of establishing a legitimate definition of risk. In the field of homeland security, the means of
conducting rational risk assessment have not yet been settled, and entrepreneurial officials from urban and regional governments
use different techniques to identify local risks and vulnerabilities. In this contentious process, federal bureaucrats are
responsible for determining how to allocate resources fairly and rationally to different cities and metropolitan regions,
given that local officials have clear incentives to request funds and little cause to refrain. Although “rationality” is supposed
to replace “politics” in making bureaucratic decisions over the allocation of resources, what we find instead is a political
struggle over how to define, measure, and manage risk. For political actors, victory in debates over urban security comes
from codifying one’s interests within the technical practice of risk assessment. 相似文献
16.
Paul F. Clark 《Journal of Labor Research》1999,20(3):329-342
Conclusion Both sides in the paycheck protection debate can make substantive, as opposed to political, arguments to support their positions.
Supporters of paycheck protection measures argue that many workers disagree with the political positions their unions take,
a point that is borne out by the scholarly research on members' attitudes towards politics. They contend that workers should
have “the basic right to choose if and how their money is spent on political causes” (Kamburowski, 1998, p. 2). They further
argue that ultimately it is an issue of fairness and choice and that “compelling workers to support causes they do not believe
[in] violates the fundamental tenets of a free country” (Kamburowski, p. 2). 相似文献
17.
Alan Krause 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(4):601-615
This paper examines the Laffer argument (i.e., the possibility that an increase in a tax rate may reduce tax revenues, and
vice versa) in a general equilibrium model and using tax reform techniques. Our methodology allows us to examine the Laffer
argument in a very general setting. Despite the high level of generality, we are able to reach some clear conclusions that
happen to provide some support for the intuition that the Laffer effect requires: (1) a “ high” labour-income tax rate, and
(2) a “ large” labour supply response to wage changes. However, the notions of “high” and “large” in our framework are quite
different to the interpretations given them in conventional wisdom about the Laffer argument. The analysis also provides indirect
support for the intuition that it is not optimal for a government to operate on the downward-sloping segment of the Laffer
curve. 相似文献
18.
Yehouda Shenhav 《Theory and Society》2007,36(1):1-30
This article looks at nationalism and religion, analyzing the sociological mechanisms by which their intersection is simultaneously
produced and obscured. I propose that the construction of modern nationalism follows two contradictory principles that operate
simultaneously: hybridization and purification. Hybridization refers to the mixing of “religious” and “secular” practices;
purification refers to the separation between “religion” and “nationalism” as two distinct ontological zones. I test these
arguments empirically using the case of Zionist nationalism. As a movement that was born in Europe but traveled to the Middle
East, Zionism exhibits traits of both of these seemingly contradictory principles, of hybridization and purification, and
pushes them to their limits. The article concludes by pointing to an epistemological asymmetry in the literature by which
the fusion of nationalism and religion tends to be underplayed in studies of the West and overplayed in studies of the East/global
South.
Yehouda Shenhav (Ph.D. Stanford University, 1985) is professor of Sociology at Tel-Aviv University. He is the editor of Theory & Criticism (Hebrew) and senior editor for Organization Studies. Among his recent books are The Arab Jews (Stanford University Press, 2006), Manufacturing Rationality (Oxford University Press, 1999), and What is Multiculturalism (Bavel Press, Hebrew, 2005, with Yossi Yonah). He is currently working on topics in political theology, colonial bureaucracy, and “state of exception.” 相似文献
Yehouda ShenhavEmail: |
Yehouda Shenhav (Ph.D. Stanford University, 1985) is professor of Sociology at Tel-Aviv University. He is the editor of Theory & Criticism (Hebrew) and senior editor for Organization Studies. Among his recent books are The Arab Jews (Stanford University Press, 2006), Manufacturing Rationality (Oxford University Press, 1999), and What is Multiculturalism (Bavel Press, Hebrew, 2005, with Yossi Yonah). He is currently working on topics in political theology, colonial bureaucracy, and “state of exception.” 相似文献
19.
Woodside AG Zhang M 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(1):13-26
X-consumers are the extremely frequent (top 2–3%) users who typically consume 25% of a product category. This article shows
how to use fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to provide “causal recipes” sufficient for profiling X-consumers
accurately. The study extends Dik Twedt’s “heavy-half” product users for building theory and strategies to nurture or control
X-behavior. The study here applies QCA to offer configurations that are sufficient in identifying “whales” and “jumbo shrimps”
among X-casino gamblers. The findings support the principle that not all X-consumers are alike. The theory and method are
applicable for identifying the degree of consistency and coverage of alternative X-consumers among users of all product-service
category and brands. 相似文献
20.
In this article, we provide a general model of “quaternary” dichotomous voting rules (QVRs), namely, voting rules for making
collective dichotomous decisions (to accept or reject a proposal), based on vote profiles in which four options are available
to each voter: voting (“yes”, “no”, or “abstaining”) or staying home and not turning out. The model covers most of actual
real-world dichotomus rules, where quorums are often required, and some of the extensions considered in the literature. In
particular, we address and solve the question of the representability of QVRs by means of weighted rules and extend the notion
of “dimension” of a rule. 相似文献