系统科学视域下非常规突发事件内涵、特征与分类研究

作为一个新近提出的理论命题,非常规突发事件的基础理论研究还处于探索阶段,尚未形成一个较为统一的定义以及具有广泛共识的理论体系.本文以系统科学理论为视域,首先对非常规突发事件内涵与外延进行了阐释性的扩展,然后从物理特征和逻辑特征研究了非常规突发事件的专属特征,最后在借鉴和批判先前学者研究的基础上,以人、非常规突发事件和风险为参照系对非常规突发事件进行了开放式的分类,以期为应急管理研究提供新视域和新议题.     

非常规突发事件危机学习的内涵、情景和模型分析

非常规突发事件危机学习是多元应急治理主体基于对非常规突发事件情景的认知,发生在个体、团队和组织多层次之间,贯穿于应急管理全流程,以危机知识的识别、迁移、共享、应用和迭代为中心,以改变思维模式、推进认知迭代、增强处置能力、实现多元赋能为目的的认知过程,具有主体多元性、层次交互性、过程全程性、知识转化性、目的明确性等特点。从基本假说、系统稳定度、驱动力、关键不确定因素、问题情境数量等方面对非常规突发事件与常规突发事件进行情景比较分析,更容易发现危机学习的难点、痛点和关键点,从而让学习效果和学习转化更加有效。基于应急阶段理论,可以建构非常规突发事件危机学习模型:以知识图谱和决策支持平台为核心绘制初始情景,以情景建构和情景认知为核心识别生成情景,以情景求解和交互学习为核心迭代认知演化情景,以机制迭代和学习迭代为核心认知事件终结情景。     

网络舆情视角下非常规突发事件应急管理机制研究

非常规突发事件除了在现实社会中产生影响外,也会在网络舆情中产生巨大的影响力,并直接左右事件的发展过程.深入研究非常规突发事件和网络舆情的规律特征,有助于政府加强对于网络舆情的管理,并能在非常规事件突发的情况下把握话语权,将潜在的风险降至最低.政府对网络舆情要做好快速反应机制、防控和预判机制、网络舆情引导控制机制以及应急处置机制的建设.     

从应急到预控—非常规突发事件中我国政府治理能力新探

非常规突发事件是指突然发生,其发生无明显征兆并对整个社会系统有效运行产生严重威胁的事件。在当代我国政府的风险预控管理中,政府作为常规和非常规突发事件的应对主体,其作用是其他主体无法取代。但政府以"应急"观念来处置非常规突发事件,将会增加治理成本,如能以预控的治理模式来治理,便会变被动于主动,将会减少治理成本并提高政府在非常规突发事件中的治理能力。     

非常规突发事件中影响当事人状态的要素分析与数理描述

本文界定了突发事件、非常规突发事件的概念,分析了在非常规突发事件中影响当事人的情绪、心理、行为状态的三大类因素:当事人周围物质条件巨变的四方面因素,周围人群情绪与行为两方面因素,以及主导信息的作用;进而,分析了主导信息与当事人心理、氛围耦合、交互的机制,用生灭过程描述了非常规突发事件中当事人状态演变的模型.     

基于知识元的突发事件风险分析

科学地分析突发事件的风险,有利于应急管理部门正确制定应对方案,降低事件损失。突发事件风险分析中受到多因素高维数据和小样本数据信息不完备的约束,无法全面识别突发事件的风险。本文从突发事件系统观点出发,以知识元模型、投影寻踪方法和信息扩散理论为基础,提出了基于知识元的突发事件风险分析方法。该方法采用知识元模型描述了突发事件已认知的共性本体特征,通过探寻事件风险等级标准数据的最佳投影方向降低了输入元素观测数据的维数,将输入元素观测样本所包含的风险信息扩散到输出属性的风险指标论域的控制点上,从而确定了突发事件发生的风险概率。实例分析中,根据国家《地表水环境质量标准（GB3838-2002）》划分水污染风险等级,利用某湖泊8个监测点实时检测数据,分析该湖泊突发水污染事件的风险性。研究结果表明基于知识元的突发事件风险分析方法能够根据研究区域突发事件风险等级标准和观测点的样本数据,动态定量的分析和评估突发事件潜在风险,为突发事件的应急管理提供科学依据。本文提出的突发事件风险方法对于已经建立实时监测系统的危险区域分析突发事件的风险性具有一定的借鉴意义。     

重大突发事件舆情风险点预测研究

重大突发事件发生后,其舆情传播中呈现多风险点共存现象,公众的非理性情绪被不断放大,给舆论生态造成消极影响。如何在突发事件发生后的第一时间,准确预测其可能衍生的舆情风险点,成为决策者有的放矢、高效应对的关键。本文以我国积累10余年的历史突发事件大数据为基础,识别出突发事件舆情传播中的各类风险点,并对风险点做共现分析;然后应用特征相似度算法,计算新发生突发事件与历史突发事件之间的相似度,并结合风险点共现率,定量预测突发事件中所有的显性和隐性的舆情风险点。本文“以史为鉴”,从舆情风险源头治理的视角,期望在潜在风险萌芽期预测舆情风险点,为掌握舆情风险处置工作的主动权和话语权提供帮助。     

基于关键信息的非常规突发事件预警模型研究

本文以"基于关键信息的非常规突发事件预警模型研究"为题,以关键信息为出发点,考虑到非常规突发事件发展演化路径的非线性、信息的不完整性、无规律性以及指标设计难以量化等特点,通过文献的梳理与实际调研,设计出科学的预警指标体系,并综合运用基于DEMATEL的多层次模糊综合评价法与态势分析法,提出针对突发事件的定性定量的综合型预警模型,对非常规突发事件进行预警具有一定的指导意义。     

社会网络、 先前经验与创业风险识别

无法识别创业风险是导致创业失败的主要原因之一,如何有效识别并管理创业风险是新创企业健康成长的关键.社会网络能够弥补创业者在识别风险过程中的信息劣势,但既有研究极少探索社会网络是否以及如何影响创业风险识别.为弥补这个研究空白,文章利用信息处理理论为研究框架,构建了创业风险识别模型.具体而言,结构洞和网络强度有利于创业者获取更多、高质量与风险相关的信息,进而识别更多的创业风险;获取信息的数量在网络强度与创业风险识别关系之间发挥完全中介作用;创业者的先前经验正向影响创业风险识别,并对结构洞与获取信息的数量之间关系起调节作用.文章讨论了研究结果的理论贡献与实践启发.     

项目风险识别量化方法研究

在构建了项目风险管理系统的基础上,结合系统辨识理论,建立了风险管理系统的输入输出模型,从理论上给出管理偏差与项目风险之间的数学关系;从而,提高了风险识别的准确度、可信度,而且简便易行,为项目风险系统的管理策略制定提供理论基础和依据.最后,通过实例计算说明了基于系统辨识理论的项目风险识别模型的可行性和有效性.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.