论我国社会转型期的城市贫困问题

城市贫困是一个综合性概念。我国目前城市贫困问题具有非常明显的突发性、困难性、交融性、多元性和分散性等特性。在我国社会转型过程中,城市贫困加剧的原因主要是贫富差距拉大、分配不公、机会不均等。对解决现阶段的城市贫困问题提出相应对策。     

中国城市贫困对儿童教育的影响

伴随着我国的社会转型,城市贫困现象日益引起人们的关注。本文以2003年“城市贫困课题组”在抚顺、合肥、重庆开展的城市贫困与儿童救助的社会调查数据为基础,分析和概括了贫困儿童的教育基本状况,使用序次Logistic回归分析考察了贫困儿童年龄、性别,母亲的受教育水平等特征对贫困儿童学习状况的影响及作用方向,深入探讨了城市贫困对儿童教育的影响及城市贫困与儿童发展之间的关系,并尝试针对构建儿童教育的社会支持系统提出相对应的政策和建议。     

对我国城市化与城市贫困的几点思考

城市化是我国经济发展的必然趋势。本文主要探讨我国在城市化过程中的城市贫困问题,针对新增城市人口的主要组成部分是贫困人口,并出现农村贫困向城市转移的过程,强调由此带来的孟买现象、数字鸿沟、房地产建设对城市贫困人群的忽视和贫困社区、文化贫困等易被忽略却会产生严重社会经济后果的因素,今后在城市化过程中应避免这些问题的产生以保障经济的可持续发展。     

城市低保与家庭减贫——基于CHIPS数据的实证分析

最低生活保障制度近十年来在发展中国家越来越受到重视。最低生活保障制度的设计也成为我国城市减贫的一个重要的手段,文章利用中国家庭收入调查(CHIP)2002和2007两次大型的微观调查数据,从家庭层面对我国城市低保的减贫效果进行了全面分析。研究结果表明,2002年我国有8.70%的城镇家庭在低保救助下摆脱了贫困,家庭的贫困深度和贫困强度分别下降了9.7%和11.5%;2007年我国有59%的城镇家庭在低保救助下摆脱了贫困,家庭的贫困深度和贫困强度降幅分别达到79.2%和87.8%。目前城市低保的重点救助对象是单人户、单亲家庭、老年人口比重高、失业率高的家庭,以及有重度残疾者和体质虚弱者的家庭,上述特征与我国家庭结构小型化、养老负担加重、持续性失业和医疗卫生体制改革不到位有直接的关系。     

城市新移民贫困救助和社会保障机制研究

城市新移民是城市化过程中的一个新兴事物,通过对我国城市贫困救助及社会保障制度现状的考察,重新构建了城市新移民的贫困救助和社会保障机制。对于不同类别的城市新移民,社会保障机制的目标不同,对于长期在城市工作,已经有了相对固定住所和工作的城市新移民,社会保障机制的作用应该是通过规范的、系统的制度来保障他们与城市居民一样享受正常的社会保障。对于短期务工、常年流动的城市新移民,社会保障机制的作用是进行贫困救助,帮助他们在没有收入、没有工作、发生意外伤害的时候得到援助。     

城市反贫困与贫困群体的能力建设

我国城市贫困问题日益突出,虽然国家的反贫困斗争取得了较大成就,但贫困人口数量依然不断增加,而且有劳动能力的贫困人口新增为城市贫困的主体。其原因在于目前的反贫困在理念上重视物质、收入等方面的救济,忽视贫困群体的能力建设和精神脱贫,在反贫困主体上缺乏整合,反贫困政策不成熟等。因此,应将贫困人口视作反贫困的主体,鼓励贫困群体在精神上脱贫,激发其就业意愿,增强贫困群体的就业能力,并努力创造就业机会,以此从根本上获得城市反贫困的胜利。     

中国城市贫困与反贫困问题研究述评

近年来中国城市贫困的严重程度日益受到学术界及政府的高度关注,文章首先从贫困的度量、当前城市贫困的规模、城市贫困群体的特征及城市贫困的原因等方面对学者们研究的主要观点进行了概述。在此基础上作者指出,现行的城镇反贫困机制尽管已具雏形,对缓解和消除城镇贫困现象发挥了非常重要的作用,但由于认识上的缺陷和相关制度的不完善,因而从总体上看还存在一些问题,有必要进行总结和反思。     

城市贫困女性权益缺失的制度经济学分析

以国企下岗女工为主体,结合多方面的数据资料以及我国市场经济转轨时期的特殊情况,从劳动力市场、社会网络、社会保障三个方面考察这一群体的权益缺失,并进一步运用新制度经济学的相关理论阐述这些权益的缺失是如何导致她们最终陷入贫困的。对城市贫困女性的忽视会导致对我国家庭稳定与经济发展的危害,应该得到应有的关注。     

中国城市老年人的贫困问题

关注弱势群体的状况 ,对这一群体提供必要的帮助已经在全社会取得了共识。贫困老年人属于弱势群体中更加脆弱的人群 ,了解他们的基本状况是开展社会救助的基础。本文根据中国老龄科研中心 2 0 0 0年在全国 2 0个省、自治区和直辖市进行抽样调查的结果 ,在各地区贫困救助标准的基础上 ,运用国际上普遍采用的等值系数方法 ,测算了城市老年人的贫困率 ,并对城市贫困老年人的特征进行了描述 ,而且初步探讨了造成城市老年人贫困的原因。     

城市贫困:原因分析及治理对策

城市贫困问题已成为中国改革和发展中急需解决的重要问题 ,治理城市贫困关系到稳定大局 ,实现“共同富裕”的发展目标 ,也是全面建设小康社会的必然要求。本文分析了城市贫困现状及其产生的原因 ,并提出扶贫解困的政策措施。     

Synergies Among Monetary,Multidimensional and Subjective Poverty: Evidence from Nepal

In this paper we construct a Nepal specific multidimensional poverty index using the Nepal Longitudinal Sample Survey (NLSS) for the period 1995–2010. The indicators for Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMP) have been chosen using the goals set by the Government of Nepal and the perceptions of adequacy as reported by households. In doing so this study combines multidimensional and subjective methods of measuring wellbeing. The subjective data is used to guide the choice of dimensions for the multidimensional analysis. Our findings show that Nepal has had a dramatic fall in multidimensional poverty along with the observed fall in consumption poverty in this period. Comparing the extent to which consumption poverty accurately identifies the multidimensionally poor, we find the error has reduced over time but remains large in proportion to the poverty rate implying the need for a multidimensional measure. For the different ethnic groups and regions the patterns of reduction in poverty are not homogenous and are different from those of consumption poverty with the NMP outperforming the consumption poverty in tracking targeted policy actions.     

关于中国贫困的动态多维度研究

文章利用中国健康与营养调查8个调查年度的数据,基于能力方法的视角,选用收入、教育和生活质量3个维度,对中国的贫困状况进行了动态多维度考察,结果发现:(1)相对于单一的收入贫困,多维贫困程度更为严重、波动性更大,贫困人口应对外部冲击的脆弱性明显,其中教育贫困尤其严重。(2)尽管农村与城市之间收入贫困趋于收敛,但近年来农村多维贫困对全国的贡献度高达80%以上,城乡间多维贫困差异有不断扩大的趋势。(3)指标等权重情形下的多维贫困随时间推移呈平稳快速下降态势,其中生活质量改善对多维贫困下降的贡献度最大。(4)就影响多维贫困的外在环境因素而言,东部地区的多维贫困下降明显快于其他地区,家庭中劳动力及户主的特征也对多维贫困产生显著影响。文章探讨了多维贫困的致因和消除多维贫困的政策选择。     

中国城乡弱相对贫困测算及时空演变：2012—2018

相对贫困的识别和测算是瞄准贫困人口和制定减贫政策的基础,但常用于识别相对贫困人口的比例收入法和测度相对贫困程度的FGT指数在理论基础、比例设定和贫困性质方面遭到质疑。采用基于社会融入成本理论的弱相对贫困人口识别方法,及与弱相对贫困线相适应的分层可加综合贫困指数,且考虑与现阶段我国绝对贫困线衔接性及国际标准的可比性,使用2012—2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据估计了中国城乡收入(消费)弱相对贫困线,并测算分析了中国城乡收入(消费)弱相对贫困程度及时空演变特征。研究表明,基于弱相对贫困线构造的综合贫困指数兼顾绝对贫困和相对贫困,可以避免传统FGT指数分别测度绝对贫困和相对贫困时动态变化趋势出现分歧的问题,可更为直观地综合评估经济增长和扶贫政策的减贫效应。无论城乡,尽管不平等导致相对贫困始终处于高位水平,但绝对贫困更大的下降幅度使得中国收入(消费)弱相对贫困程度仍呈稳健下降趋势。从社会融入成本角度出发,建议未来考虑住房成本和子女养育成本,分家庭类型进一步细化弱相对贫困标准。本研究有助于进一步分类瞄准弱相对贫困人口,监测弱相对贫困程度演变并综合评估减贫效应。     

Incidence, Depth and Severity of Children in Poverty

Recently, the first ever estimate of the number of children living poverty in developing countries was undertaken. The incidence of child poverty was estimated by establishing how many children suffer severe deprivation in at least one out of seven indicators which are internationally recognized as their rights as well as constitutive of poverty. This is a major step forward in the analysis of poverty. In this paper, we generalize these findings on the incidence of children living in poverty by exploring how to estimate the depth and severity of child poverty. Two countries can have the same proportion of children living in poverty, however, the actual plight of children could be very different depending on how many deprivations, on average, children suffer. In addition, even if they suffer from the same average number of deprivations, these deprivation could be the same for all children or be very unevenly distributed. We show how these considerations can be used to estimate the depth and severity of poverty. We use regional data to provide applied examples of this methodology. The method proposed in this paper is similar to the one used to estimate the incidence, depth and severity of income poverty. The paper also offers some possible generalizations and ways forward for future research.     

中国西部少数民族地区人口的贫困原因及其政策启示

中国的少数民族人口主要分布在生态环境恶劣、经济社会发展落后的西部地区,这些地区同时也是贫困人口分布最多的区域。本文首先从地域、人口增长以及国家扶贫战绩几方面分析了西部少数民族地区人口与贫困在地域上的重合性,进而从区域发展、社会公平和政策效果以及贫困人口的人文因素等方面分析了造成少数民族地区人口贫困的原因,认为虽然造成区域性少数民族贫困状况的主要原因来自于区域发展的滞后,但在摆脱贫困的难易方面,政府提供的脱贫服务和民族人口的人文制约因素则起着更为重大的作用。     

Poverty and Headship in Post-apartheid South Africa, 1997–2006

In this paper, I investigate the characteristics and poverty status of female- and male-headed households in South Africa using nationally representative household survey data from the October Household Surveys (1997 and 1999) and the General Household Surveys (2004 and 2006). This decade (1997–2006) represents a period for which there is an extensive poverty literature documenting (particularly in the 2000 s) an overall decrease in the poverty headcount rate. At the same time, however, there is evidence to suggest that female-headed households have a far higher risk of poverty and that the poverty differential between female- and male-headed households widened over the period. The aim of this paper is to identify some of the main reasons that female-headed households are more vulnerable to poverty in post-apartheid South Africa and why poverty has decreased by more in male-headed households (relative to female-headed households). The study examines the key features which distinguish female- and male-headed households and whether these have changed over time. In order to link these characteristics with the poverty differential between female- and male-headed households, I then examine whether (and by how much) controlling for the observable differences between female- and male-headed households reduces the significantly greater risk of poverty in female-headed households.     

"Struggling to Keep the Wolf from the Door"? Analysis of Rural Poverty Using a Consumption-Based Approach in West Belesa District,Ethiopia

Ethiopia has one of the highest poverty rates in the world where 24% of the population lives in extreme poverty. While urban poverty reduced from 26% in 2011 to 15% in 2016, rural poverty reduced only from 30 to 26% in the same periods. Improper identification of the rural poor and ill-understanding of the extent of rural poverty is among the challenges in designing appropriate poverty reduction interventions in rural areas. Thus, this study analyzes the extent of rural poverty employing a consumption-based approach and identifies the determinants of rural poverty at a household level. A household survey was conducted and data were randomly collected from 194 households from four representative villages in the west Belesa district of Ethiopia. The food and non-food consumption measurement calculated by the cost of basic need approach were 2949.40 ETB (ETB is Ethiopian Birr, which is the Ethiopian currency. 1 ETB is equivalent to 0.025 US$) and 1485.78 ETB per year per Adult Equivalent (AE), respectively. The rural poverty indices (i.e. headcount index, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap) calculated based on the consumption-based poverty line were 38.1, 8.84, and 3.1%, respectively. The binary logit analysis shows that having a bigger family had a significant and positive relationship with rural poverty. Conversely, larger landholding, plowing oxen, and livestock ownership as well as a higher amount of non/off-farm income have a significant and negative relationship with the poverty status of households. The study found that rural poverty is deep and complex in the study area calling for the design of location-specific and holistic poverty reduction strategies.

     

西北地区城镇居民贫困程度的测度与实证分析

西北地区五省是我国西部大开发战略的重点发展省份,作为欠发达地区,城镇居民的贫困问题阻碍了城镇功能的充分发挥,成为制约地方发展的重要因素。通过对西北五省FGT贫困指数的测算发现,陕西贫困状况改善最为明显;甘肃和宁夏也有比较明显的减贫效果;青海成为目前西北五省中贫困问题最严重的省份;新疆贫困控制效果差,贫困问题突出。与全国相比,西北地区仍然是城镇贫困问题较严重的地区。实证分析的结果显示,经济增长和财政支出能够有效地降低城镇贫困,收入分配不均却加重了贫困程度。对西北地区而言,减贫不仅要追求经济效应,更应关注社会公平。     

西北地区贫困人口问题研究

长期以来,西北地区贫困人口呈现出总量比例高、生态贫困问题严重、贫困人口与少数民族人口重合性高等几大特点。生态环境恶劣、人口数量超过自然资源环境承载能力、生产经营方式落后、教育滞后、城镇辐射能力不足等因素是造成西北地区贫困人口问题的重要原因。因此,应加大扶贫力度,扩大扶贫资金来源渠道,建立农业可持续发展模式,转变贫困人口生育观念,促进经济增长方式转变,根据贫困程度进行适当的生态移民是缓解西北地区贫困问题的基本思路。     

Material Deprivation and Working Poor in Hong Kong

In-work poverty is a growing problem in many developed economies. In Hong Kong, there were 200,700 working poor households in 2016, and approximately half of the total poor population in Hong Kong was living in those working poor households. A growing body of literature has examined the problem of the working poor, but most studies have used relative income as a measure of poverty. In this paper, we adopt the material deprivation approach for assessing the poverty situation of in-work poverty households in Hong Kong. We have interviewed 3565 workers in Hong Kong during a survey conduct in 2016. We compare the results of the material deprivation approach with those of the income poverty approach and evaluate the adequacy of the official income poverty line in gauging the situation of in-work poverty. Our findings reinforce existing studies indicating that deprivation offers an important complement to the income poverty line in poverty analysis. Our results show that there is a moderate overlap between workers identified as poor by the deprivation approach and by the income poverty line. And these two groups of workers have very different profiles. The results provide important policy implications for alleviating poverty among the working poor in Hong Kong.