中国西部城市居民消费结构定量研究

实施西部大开发战略直接关系到扩大内需,促进经济增长,关系到民族团结、社会稳定和边防巩固,关系到东西部协调发展和最终实现共同富裕。随着国家西部大开发政策的实施,为了给西部经济住入了活力,促进西部经济的发展,研究此地区的消费水平对于了解其经济增长是很有必要的。本文运用主成分分析对我国西部12个省市的消费结构进行了分析,揭示了我国西部个省市消费结构及其特点,据此提出相应的建议。     

Importance is Not Unimportant: The Role of Importance Weighting in QOL Measures

The effect of relative domain importance as a weighting mechanism in quality of life (QoL) measures has been a topic of debate for decades. Studies investigating the role of domain importance in QoL measures have produced mixed results. The mixed results may very well be the consequences of a limited choice of global satisfaction or QoL measures, measurements of domain satisfaction, measurements of domain importance and weighting approaches applied to date. This study investigated the effect of importance weighting without assigning any arbitrary weighting function of domain importance. A cluster analysis was first used to classify individuals into groups, based on their perceived importance of various life domains, and then the relationship between global life satisfaction measure and the composite of domain satisfaction scores between these groups was compared. Results of this study showed that the relationship between global life satisfaction and composite of satisfaction scores did not remain consistent for respondents with different importance rankings of major life domains, which suggested an important effect of domain importance in QoL measures.     

Functional discomfort and a shift in midwifery paradigm

ObjectiveTo determine and critically examine maternity attitudes surrounding labour pain and how midwives can best facilitate women navigating intrapartum discomfort without relying on ‘pain-relief’ strategies or immediate recourse for analgesic assistance.ApproachThis article examines current literature using seminal research and wider international perspectives, exploring the complex and fluctuating needs of women negotiating the composite factors of labour discomfort are investigated.FindingsFactors such as birth environment, fear, midwifery presence, and self-efficacy, have a significant impact on the uptake of intrapartum analgesia. A holistic view of intrapartum discomfort is needed to shift the current paradigm of pathologising labour pain into one which situates it as a source of positive physiology and functional discomfort.ConclusionContinuing to practice with a pharmacological outlook, aiming to rid the labouring body of discomfort, is reductionist for both midwives and women. Midwives must seek to employ a new lexicon with which to communicate and facilitate women within the dynamic and continually changing territory of labour. If this conceptual shift is realised, the subsequent positive sequalae of women rediscovering their innate birthing capabilities could create a situation where birth can be considered as an aesthetic peak experience, improving satisfaction on both sides of the midwife-mother diad.     

Toward a comprehensive demography: rethinking the research agenda on change and response

This essay drafts a new interdisciplinary agenda for research on population and development. Starting from Kingsley Davis's 1963 formulation of change and response, Davis's analytical categories are broadened to include inertia as well as change and to encompass both demographic and non-demographic responses at the micro, meso, and macro levels. On that basis the essay proposes what can be called a comprehensive demography, an approach drawing principally on micro-level methodologies like those employed in anthropological demography. Like anthropological demography, comprehensive demography questions the rationality of actors, emphasizes cultural infuences, and stops short of the postmodernist extremes of anthropology. But it also takes explicit account of higher-level social, economic, and political factors bearing on demographic behavior and outcomes. The conclusion raises some epistemological issues. Illustrative examples are offered throughout to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, mainly referring to sub-Saharan africa and the Caribbean and often drawn from the authors' own fieldwork.     

Chinese genealogies as a source for demographic research: A further assessment of their reliability and biases

Genealogy is the written record of family or lineage members descended from a common ancestor or ancestors. These materials have long been used by demographers in their investigation of past demographic behaviour. Most available genealogies, however, are the records of members of surviving patrilineages. Among the many reasons why these patrilineages have avoided extinction is the fact that they have usually experienced favourable demographic conditions.. In consequence, their genealogies could be a biased data source if used in the study of the history of the whole population. This paper examines this issue, using evidence on the historical experience of the Chinese population and computer micro-simulation.     

Quantitative Storytelling in the Making of a Composite Indicator

The reasons for and against composite indicators are briefly reviewed, as well as the available theories for their construction. After noting the strong normative dimension of these measures—which ultimately aim to ‘tell a story’, e.g. to promote the social discovery of a particular phenomenon, we inquire whether a less partisan use of a composite indicator can be proposed by allowing more latitude in the framing of its construction. We thus explore whether a composite indicator can be built to tell ‘more than one story’ and test this in practical contexts. These include measures used in convergence analysis in the field of cohesion policies and a recent case involving the World Bank’s Doing Business Index. Our experiments are built to imagine different constituencies and stakeholders who agree on the use of evidence and of statistical information while differing on the interpretation of what is relevant and vital.

     

中国人口压力的定量研究

在对人口压力进行界定、对传统评价人口压力的指标体系进行评述的基础上,把人口与无形资源的状况纳入评价人口压力的指标体系,用人口自然增长率、人口密度、成人识字率、高等教育人口比重及城乡居民的人均消费支出等项指标,构建了衡量人口压力的指标体系,探讨了定量研究人口压力的方法、步骤,并根据2000年人口普查资料,对我国各地区的人口压力进行了赋值与量化。     

我国失业保险制度的实施与普遍整合

上世纪90年代,随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立以及国有企业的深化改革,失业问题成为社会各界普遍关注的重大民生问题。1999年颁布的《失业保险条例》试图解决失业人员的基本生活问题。通过数学模型从劳动者参加失业保险情况、劳动者领取失业保险金程度值等角度,定量分析了失业保险制度实施过程中存在着失业保险覆盖面、失业者享受待遇以及失业预防功能普遍性不足等问题,进而提出了发挥失业保险制度最优效果的对策建议,以促进社会和谐发展。     

Subjective Quantitative Studies of Human Agency

Amartya Sen’s writings have articulated the importance of human agency, and identified the need for information on agency freedom to inform our evaluation of social arrangements. Many approaches to poverty reduction stress the need for empowerment. This paper reviews subjective quantitative measures of human agency at the individual level. It introduces large-scale cross-cultural psychological studies of self-direction, of autonomy, of self-efficacy, and of self-determination. Such studies and approaches have largely developed along an independent academic path from economic development and poverty reduction literature, yet may be quite significant in crafting appropriate indicators of individual empowerment or human agency. The purpose of this paper is to note avenues of collaborative enquiry that might be fruitful to develop. We do not grow absolutely, chronologically. We grow sometimes in one dimension, and not in another, unevenly. We grow partially. We are relative. We are mature in one realm, childish in another. The Diary of Anais Nin, 1944–1947.     

石羊河流域人口经济压力定量分析

本文针对影响人口经济压力的内在矛盾和外在因素,确定评价指标。采用主成分分析法计算人口经济压力指数,定量分析了研究区人口经济压力空间格局。研究结果表明：石羊河流域人口经济压力空间格局呈反写的C形半环状结构;同时文章研究分析了石羊河流域各县区人口经济压力现状并提出了相应对策。     

中国城市人口生活质量区域性量化研究

改革开放30年来,中国城市人口生活质量得到大幅度提高,但是,国内不同区域人口生活质量存在较大的差异。根据统计分析中因子分析和聚类分析的方法,构建评价生活质量的指标体系,运用社会统计学软件SPSS15.0对2005年中国31个地区16项反映城市人口生活质量的截面数据指标进行量化分析。同时,根据计算结果对中国东中西和东北地区4个区域31个地区城市人口生活质量水平进行等级划分和综合评价。     

Quality of response in census taking

A brief preliminary review of sources of error in the 1951 Census of England and Wales is made against the background of earlier experience. Examples are given of methods of assessing the nature and extent of errors of misstatement or misunderstanding which form an inherent risk of census taking. An extension of pre-census testing of question appreciation is foreshadowed but the truism that accuracy depends upon acceptance of the social purposes of the census, is emphasised as the essential condition for securing the best possible response.     

Quantitative output of the criminal justice system

Time series trends in the processing of the seven major Index Offenses are assessed over the years 1953–76. Five types of offense-standardized criminal justice processing indicators are defined (arrest, clearance, formal charge, guilty-as-charged, and guilty-but-reduced rates or ratios) and calculated. Comparing patterns over time to evaluate overall processing trends, these data indicate generally positive correlations of processing indicators over the period studied and confirm the hypothesized decline in processing input-output rates and ratios since about 1960. The hypothesized impact of crime rates and juvenile arrest percentage upon these trends is supported generally by structural equation and difference equation analysis. Our analysis indicates that much of the processing trend indeed can be explained in terms of caseload pressures and the proportion of juvenile arrests which drive down the ‘performance’ of the examined processing indicators.     

中国城市流动人口影响因素的定量研究

利用公安部 1996年流动人口统计数据和国家统计局 1996年国民经济和社会发展统计数据 ,对中国城市流动人口的影响因素进行研究发现 :(1)城市流动人口规模与市区从业人口、市区个体劳动者人数、市区国内生产总值、市区工业总产值、市区利税总额、市区固定资产投资总额、市区社会消费品零售总额、市区实际利用外资金额和市区职工年平均工资相关显著 ;与市区人口、市区非农业人口、市区第二产业从业人员比重、市区第三产业从业人员比重、市区百元资金实现利税和市区客运总量相关不显著 ;与地区人口呈负相关。 (2 )流动人口超过 5 0万以上的城市 ,其流动人口规模与市区的社会经济因素回归效果较好 ,回归方程可以用于预测     

清代东北人口的统计分析

清初,中国东北地区地广人稀,劳动力短缺,严重的制约了当地的经济发展。历时近三百年,东北地区人口数量规模发生了巨大变化,尤其到中后期人口数量急剧增长。在清朝激烈动荡的社会变革之中,东北的人口结构也相应的发生了深刻的变化,人口流动与迁移活动也相当频繁。这些人口特点具有很强的时代特色,对于当时处于转型期的东北开发产生了重要的作用。     

Progress in male contraceptive research

80% of the world's contraceptive users are women. This gender-based usage has occurred due to the emphasis of family planning programs and contraception research on female methods. Even if men desired to take responsibility for contraception, only the condom and vasectomy are available and have a reasonable assurance of protection. The Population Council has been researching male contraception through its Center for Biomedical Research. An oral contraceptive derived from gossypol, a cottonseed plant pigment, is being tested after successful clinical trials were performed in China during the 1970s. Also being investigated are male hormonal methods that regulate sperm production while protecting against loss of potency, loss of libido, and changes in secondary sex characteristics. A hormonal implant, effective for one year, has been in Phase I clinical trials since 1993. A small Phase I clinical trial is in process for a vaccine/implant for men that is effective for one year. Testing with injectables for men has suggested that different hormonal mixes could increase cardiovascular risk for men and exacerbate prostate cancer. Research has focused on new materials for condoms. Kraton-type materials are made from block copolymers and polyurethanes, and these condoms have shown some promise. The advantages of these products are that they are allergen-free, less susceptible to oxidation, and can be of thinner construction, which would increase sensitivity and acceptability. The percutaneous chemical method of no-scalpel vasectomy has been studied as a means of blocking passage of sperm in the vas deferens. In China and India, injections with liquid silicone, polyurethane, neem-oil, and n-butyl-cyanoacrylate mixed with phenol are being studied. Zinc injections that cause the epididymis to atrophy are being tested on animals in the US. Lasers and fiber cautery are other methods under investigation. Increased funding is essential for these and other research efforts.     

Utilization of administrative files in health research

Many authors have suggested that administrative health data files could provide the solution to the well-known research problem of obtaining data about volunteer subjects. However, many authors have failed to achieve satisfactory results because the use of these data files leads to special difficulties. Thus, unless the proper methodology is applied, use of health data files does not produce valuable results. In this paper we propose a conceptual framework which can be used to examine the suitability of health data files. More specifically, five aspects are discussed: (1) research team knowledge and skills; (2) identification and documentation of an accessible file; (3) file adequacy to answer the research question; (4) data quality; and (5) data processing. This conceptual framework should help health policy planners and researchers to better identify the problems they will meet and to find adequate solutions to these problems before embarking on the venture of using public data files.     

The need of population research in China

The author discusses the defective population data of China's past and the gradual, somewhat sporadic, improvements which have taken place in recent years. He draws attention to the types of population studies and data now most required, including sample censuses, adequate vital registration, studies of internal migration, of the relation of population density to developed resources, and of ethnic minorities in China. In addition to these contemporary questions, historical inquiries are also needed to produce, as far as possible, a reliable and coherent account of population trends in Chinese history.