人口环境迁移的国内外研究进展

自然环境在人口迁移中起到了不可忽视的作用,因此,研究人口环境迁移不仅是对人口迁移理论与应用研究视角的拓展,也是切合当今生态文明建设的主题和发展方向.本文在梳理有关人口环境迁移相关概念的基础上,简述了有关人口环境迁移研究的发展阶段,重点论述了"环境迁移的简单模型""、环境变化类型驱动迁移模型"、"多要素驱动迁移概念模型"、"人口环境迁移倾向效应模型"等有关环境迁移研究的四种分析框架.针对目前有关人口环境迁移研究的现状,展望了今后人口环境迁移需要进一步研究的问题,并指出在理论与方法层面更应注重定量的研究方法和跨学科的交叉研究.     

选择机制,技能溢价与人口迁移——基于全国流动人口动态监测数据的经验分析

本文运用全国流动人口动态监测数据检验了劳动力在迁移过程中的自选择假设,即低技能劳动力通常倾向于从技能回报率与收入差异较大的地区迁往技能回报率与收入差异较小的地区。实证结果表明:在我国,受教育程度较高的人群较受教育程度较低的人群有着更高的迁移倾向,而且地区间收入差距的扩大会降低迁移率,其主要原因在于受教育程度较低的人群的迁移倾向会下降;迁入地与迁出地的收入水平也是影响迁移动机的重要因素。     

延边朝鲜族地区人口迁移家庭化及影响因素研究

文章利用2011年流动人口及影响因素的调查数据,对延边朝鲜族人口的家庭迁移状况进行统计分析,运用Logistic回归模型检验国内迁移及跨国迁移中家庭特征和个人因素对家庭迁移的影响。研究发现,朝鲜族地区人口流动已有明显的家庭化趋势,这种现象在跨国迁移中比较显著。家庭迁移主要形式为核心家庭(一对夫妇流出)迁移。跨国迁移中,家庭规模和代际关系以及家中是否有小孩对朝鲜族地区家庭迁移行为有显著性影响;国内迁移中,家庭规模对整个家庭迁移影响显著。个人特征方面,婚姻和年龄对国内家庭迁移和跨国家庭迁移均有较大影响。     

朝鲜族人口状况与特征初步研究

<正> 朝鲜族是我国的主要少数民族之一,是东北地区历史悠久的民族,建国四十多年来,朝鲜族的人口发展,显示出与其他民族所不同的鲜明特征,需要我们认真去总结。一、建国前后朝鲜族人口分布的变化朝鲜族人口分布的演变,是最初从图们江北岸向延边地区逐渐扩展,以后又以延边地区为中心向周围地区的扩散过程。清乾隆年间,先在图们江北岸出现分散的朝鲜族移民居民点,咸丰年间,这些居民点很快发展为居民屯,并逐渐向延边地区内地流动。到1930年,朝鲜族人口巳遍及延吉珲春、和龙、图们各县。据统计,1930年,我国朝鲜族人口为545,960人,延边地区所聚居的朝鲜族人口为399,977人,占73.26%;吉林省其他各县共有朝鲜族人口85,059人,占15.58%。朝鲜族人口主要分布于吉林省境内,占全部朝鲜族人口的88.84%,其他省的朝鲜族人口比重较小,辽宁占3.17%,黑龙江占7.69%,内蒙古自治区占     

吉林省边境地区人口跨境流出及影响因素分析

利用前国家人口和计划生育委员会流动人口及其影响因素监测调查数据,对吉林省边境地区的人口跨境流出状况及其影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果显示,吉林省边境地区年龄在15⁵9岁之间的人口跨境流出意愿最强烈,朝鲜族和满族人口比汉族人口的跨境流出活跃得多;与国内流动人口相比,初婚有配偶人口和离婚人口的跨境流出倾向大于未婚人口;接受过教育的人较文盲半文盲人口的跨境流出态度保守;与未流动人口相比,再婚有配偶人口比未婚人口的跨境流出态度保守,但离婚人口比未婚人口的跨境流出倾向大;有过外出经历的人更容易跨境流出。     

和龙县朝鲜族人口死亡研究

目前,有关朝鲜族人口死亡,尤其是死亡原因的研究甚少。本文目的在于了解朝鲜族人口死亡状况及其特征,为进一步改善和提高朝鲜族人口健康状况提供科学依据。     

吉林省朝鲜族人口

朝鲜族是我国人数较多的一个少数民族,据1982年全国人口普查统计,总人口为176.4万人,主要分布在吉林、辽宁、黑龙江等省,其中以吉林为最多,为110.3万人,占我国朝鲜族人口的62.6％。剖析吉林省朝鲜族人口,对深入了解我国朝鲜族人口是很必要的。 朝鲜族是我省最多的少数民族,占全省总人口的4.9％,占全省少数民族人口的60.4％。     

利用选择指数研究我国省际人口迁移偏好

目前，已有大量关于国内人口迁移流向、流量及模式分析。本文从新的角度，通过计算30个省、市、自治区的地区选择指数，分析近期各省区人口迁移偏好情况，并进一步研究省际迁移偏好圈，从而得出省际人口迁移偏好的网络脉搏。1选择指数的概念和计算人口迁移选择指数由Bachi于1961年提出，它是通过计算由某地向其它地区迁移的选择指数值反映人们的迁移倾向，即某地迁移人口最偏向哪个地区迁移。选择指数是实际迁移人数与估计迁移人数的比值，分为地区选择指数和全国选择指数。地区选择指数记为I_ik，i为出发地，K为目的地，其计算公式为：式…     

小城镇人口迁移与人口素质问题初探——广东省四个小城镇人口迁移调查剖析

引言我国改革开放以来,小城镇得到了很大发展,同时,有大批移民迁往小城镇,其中大多是农村移民。这些移民的素质是否与小城镇经济发展相适应?不同素质移民的迁移原因和迁移倾向如何?他们对迁移效果有什么评价?这些问题已经引起经济学界和社会学     

户口迁移与户籍人口城镇化

户口迁移是真正意义上的迁移,并与城镇化密切相关.文章通过对2013年全年户口迁移业务的数据分析,系统考察中国人口的户口迁移现象以及户籍人口的城镇化.研究结果显示:户籍制度改革无法惠及所有人群,需要利用公共服务的全覆盖来弥补政策的不足;三类大城市城镇户口的准入门槛相对较高并呈现出精英化倾向,大城市户籍人口城镇化的方向应当在严格控制人口数量的前提下,向中低文化程度的劳动者有序、适当开放;中小城市和小城镇户口对于高层次人才的吸引力严重不足,为促进户籍人口城镇化,应该将一批有潜力的中小城市做大、做强;提高户籍人口城镇化率的关键环节在于对农业转移人口的妥善安排,在此过程中要防止“半城镇化”现象的出现.     

上海市人户分离状况的空间特征分析——基于“六普”数据

＂六普＂数据显示,近几年上海市人户分离状况呈现出新的空间特征,主要表现在：人户分离人口的规模和迁移率在空间分布上呈现出严重的不均衡;大部分区县人户分离人口的来源地及迁居目的地集中化程度高,具有＂近邻优先＂的特点;逐步形成由中心城区县流向近郊区区县和中心城区县之间相互流动的两大迁移圈;中心城核心区、边缘区、近郊区、远郊区等四大区域之间的人户分离人口流动呈现出三大迁居主流。本文在总结这些空间特征的同时,就如何解决上海市人户分离问题提出了几点建议,以期上海市内户籍人口的迁移能科学健康有序进行。     

The pattern of changing trends and the regional differences in the sex ratio at birth: evidence from Korea and Jilin Province,China

"The main purpose of this study is to develop explanations for the pattern of recently changing trends and regional differences in the sex ratio at birth in Korea and for Koreans in Jilin Province and Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture, China.... The findings suggest that, since the mid-1980s, sex ratios at birth have risen remarkably in Korea.... This paper also highlights the recent increase in the sex ratio at birth for the Korean population in China, residing in urban areas densely populated with Koreans. As the key forces behind the regional differences in sex ratios at birth, the effects of son-selective reproductive behaviors, which in turn, are affected by the community characteristics, are stressed."     

中国老年人口迁移的选择性

本文利用2005年全国1％人口抽样调查数据,描述老年人口跨地市级迁移的结构特征。研究发现,我国老年人口依旧把经济发达地带、大城市作为主要迁入地,与青壮年人口迁移方向产生同构。城乡老年迁移人口在迁移动机上存在很大的差别,城市户籍老年迁移人口受家庭因素驱动更大,农村户籍老年人的迁移原因更多元。从对迁入地的影响来看,国内老年迁移人口的迁入地过于集中,将对迁入地的社会医疗服务设施等构成巨大的压力。     

Urban growth in Korea, 1970-1980: an application of the human ecological perspective

This study supports the ecological perspective proposed by Duncan (population, environment, organization, and technology) explaining urban population growth. Data were obtained from the 1970 and 1980 Korean Population Census and Korean Municipal Yearbook on cities with a minimum size of 20,000-50,000 people (108 cities and towns). Urban growth is most strongly influenced by indigenous labor surplus and the population potential of the city to be in contact with another city. Nine multiple regression variables explained just under 66% of the variance in urban growth. Net migration was influential among those aged 15-24 years. The extent of differentiation of industry affected net migration only among those aged 15-24 years and those aged 35-44 years. Population redistribution was more affected directly by changes in industrial organization, and migration was affected indirectly by environmental and technological effects on organization. Urban growth through migration of older age groups was affected by government expenditure on public works. Urban growth was not much affected by transportation/communication concentration, manufacturing concentration, urban labor surplus, population size, and site. Urban growth was viewed as the interaction between the unemployment rate and the urban wage, following Todaro's equilibrium models. In Korea, larger cities only grew faster during the 1960s. By the 1970s, upper middle-sized cities grew faster. Location was not a significant factor in explaining urban growth, but growth was rapid along a corridor within 100 km from Seoul and 50 km from Pusan, the second largest city in Korea. Caution was urged in interpreting Korea's ecological urban growth patterns as indicative of developing countries.     

Social factors of migration from rural to urban areas with special reference to developing countries: The case of Korea

The current state of Korean internal migration in 1961–75 is examined from three perspectives: (1) where migrants go; (2) who moves; and (3) why they move. It is followed by a closer examination of the experiences that in-migrants to Seoul, the capital city of Korea, undergo in regard to (1) decision-making of migration; (2) job mobility; (3) settlement patterns; and (4) living conditions of squatters. Evaluation of the migration policies named in the Seoul population dispersal and relocation plans leads to a conclusion that they have little concern with the welfare of the urban poor and in-migrants to Seoul.     

Sex role effects on female response to illness

This study of sex differentials in health behavior and health service choice among the Korean rural population is based on 1421 individuals aged 14 and over who received medical care at hospitals or clinics, pharmacies, a government health center, or through Chinese medical practices. Logistic regression is used to explore the relationship between the dichotomous variable, the log of the odds of the probability of using formal health care services, and the independent variables (sex, age, education, marital status, perceived health status, perceived medical care need, illness days in bed, limited activity days, total sick days, date of illness). A profile of rural Korea shows for all ages fewer adult females than males, but more females 65 years who have been previously married, which suggests higher male mortality rates in the middle ages. Health service usage is higher among the elderly. Higher level of education is associated with greater use of formal medical service. The results of binomial and multinomial analysis indicate that women receive less medical care from the formal system in spite of complaints and restricted activity, and least of all from health centers. It is suggested that personnel at health centers may reduce the desire for care because of incompatible social backgrounds (young single males who are inexperienced, city bred, and completing required service). A woman must carefully choose from the formal system and may more easily use the informal system of pharmacies and Chinese medicine practice. The responses to self rated health showed many differences; males report better health than females and older people consider themselves more unhealthy than young or adult groups. Those with lower educational attainment also consider themselves unhealthy, and indicate greater need for health services. Females and older age groups also stated their need for professional medical care for an illness within 15 days prior to the survey. The mean number of bed days followed a similar pattern as the perceived need and self rated health. However, women had a lower volume of bed days than men in contrast to typical Western trends. Females reported more restricted days of activity. The old age group had the same restricted days but more bed days than the adult group. Reported chronic diseases were greater for lower socioeconomic groups.     

The demographic transition in the Korean peninsula, 1910-1990: South and North Korea compared

North and South Korea have both experienced demographic transition and fertility and mortality declines. The fertility declines came later in North Korea. In 1990, the population was 43.4 million in South Korea and 21.4 million in North Korea and the age and sex compositions were similar. This evolution of population structure occurred despite differences in political systems and fertility determinants. Differences were in the fertility rate and the rate of natural increase. The total fertility rate was 2.5 children in North Korea and 1.6 in South Korea. The rate of natural increase was 18.5 per 1000 in North Korea and 9.8 in South Korea. Until 1910, the Korean peninsula was in the traditional stage characterized by high fertility and mortality. The early transitional stage came during 1910-45 under the Japanese annexation. Health and medical facilities improved and the crude birth rate rose and then declined. With the exception of the war years, population expanded as a function of births, deaths, and international migration. Poor economic conditions in rural areas acted as a push factor for south-directed migration, migration to Japan, and urban migration. Next came the chaotic stage, during 1945-60. South Korean population expanded during this period of political unrest. Repatriation and refugee migration constituted a large proportion of the population increase. Although the war brought high mortality, new medicine and disease treatment reduced the mortality rate after the war. By 1955-60, the crude death rate was 16.1 per 1000 in South Korea. The crude birth rate remained high at 42 per 1000 between 1950-55. The postwar period was characterized by the baby boom and higher fertility than the pre-war period of 1925-45. Total fertility was 6.3 by 1955-60. The late transitional stage occurred during 1960-85 with reduced fertility and continued mortality decline. By 1980-85, total fertility was 2.3 in the closed population. The restabilization stage occurred during 1985-90, and fertility declined to 1.6. In North Korea, strong population control policies precipitated fertility decline. In South Korea, the determinants were contraception, rising marriage age, and increased use of abortion concomitant with improved socioeconomic conditions.     

性别差异视角下的流动人口迁移距离及其影响因素 ——基于对上海流动人口的分析

通过对流动人口迁移距离性别差异的考察发现:(1)女性流动人口的平均迁移距离长于男性23.1千米,个体因素、迁移特征、经济社会因素对男性、女性流动人口的迁移距离存在着不同方向和不同程度的影响。少数民族和农村户籍的女性流动人口的迁移距离明显长于男性。(2)随受教育程度的提高,女性迁移距离不断增加,初中、高中、大学和研究生学历的女性流动人口的迁移距离分别增加0.062、0.058、0.098和0.170个单位。(3)女性流动人口的迁移受到距离的阻抗作用强度弱于男性,距离每增加1%,流入的女性流动人口规模降低1.090%,而男性为1.275%。(4)引入经济发展差距(GDP)和收入差距变量后,各变量的影响程度和方向发生变化,女性表现出学历、收入水平越高迁移得越远的特征。     

The Meaning of Trust for Brazilians with Higher Education

The validity of the World Values Survey (WVS) question used to measure trust is disputed over and this article is intended to present the results of an online survey, conducted in Brazil, which tested the meaning of the term trust in the WVS question. The surveyed population is entirely Brazilian and the majority has received some form of higher education. The results of the survey partially corroborate the validity of the WVS and partially deny it. Within the results of this survey there are predominantly two dominant perspectives represented within the surveyed population including: respondents who think in friends and relatives as part of most people have a higher probability of also saying to trust most people which means that different people may be answering slightly different questions. However, respondents who say that trust most people have higher levels of trust in people in general than in family if compared with respondents who say to not trust most people which is in accordance with the expectation that the question adequately measures generalized interpersonal trust.     

Sex selection with biased technologies and its effect on the population sex ratio

Current biomedical research on sex selection techniques may soon offer couples the opportunity to choose the sex of their children with greater certainty. A technique planned for marketing by mid-1978 can increase the probability of bearing a son to as much as 0.90. However, couples who wish to improve their chances of bearing a daughter have no such opportunity. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, a decision-making model is provided which describes how couples should choose among alternative sex-selection methods so as to maximize the probability of bearing their desired number of sons and daughters. Second, the effect of the widespread use of sex-selection techniques on the population sex ratio is explored. It is shown that even if populations have unbiased sex preferences, or sex preferences biased towards daughters, the use of biased sex-selection technologies may result in very high population sex ratios.