The perceived control of well-educated women: 1972–1984

From 1972 to 1984 women's social status changed as ore worked outside the home and family ties loosened. How did their own attitudes change? Did they feel greater power? Did they feel greater mastery? Polls of 567 women in 1972 and 548 women in 1984 respond to these questions. The study found that perceived mastery, but not power, was higher for many types of women in 1984 than in 1972. Also, in 1972 there were differences in perceived control among college graduates. Those with high control were in high-status occupations, were older, were married, and had children. In 1984 only undergraduates with these characteristics were high in control. These results match data from the NORC General Social Surveys     

The Cultural Relativity of Logic： From the Viewpoint of Ethnography and Historiography

广义论证概念扩大了逻辑家族成员,使之包括现代文化之外其他文化的逻辑,对阿赞得（Azande）人的田野考察报告,以及中国古代逻辑和佛学逻辑的研究成果,从描述的角度为“逻辑相对于文化”这一命题提供事实根据;采用演绎论证作为元方法说明现代文化中的逻辑和其他文化的逻辑在现代文化中的译本具有文化相对性;借助民族志和历史学研究成果说明其他文化的逻辑本身也具有的文化相对性;通过语言博弈和生活形式概念说明作为元方法的演绎论证同样具有文化相对性。     

From the Margin to the Center:Evolution of Ci, Qu and Fictionand the Transformation ofthe Intelligentsia's Discourse

Shi(Poetry),ci(poetry),xiqu(traditionalopera),fictionandessaysinabroadsensewereallmajorgenresofChineseliterature.Thefirstandlastweretheearliesttobeestablishedandtheyoccupiedacentralpositionintheliterarykingdom.Fromveryearlytimes,shiwasassignedtheideologic…     

The power to change: Muslim women’s rights movement and the resistance towards gender-based violence

Abstract

Under transnational migration, migrant women are not confined by the new host society; the unbreakable attachments to the home society constantly affect and shape these women’s perceptions of their gender and position in the host society. As a result of the growing number of Muslim migrant women, both Muslim and non-Muslim communities have begun to be aware of and recognise the rights of Muslim women and the violence that occurs. Yet, unlike international experiences of Islamic feminist groups being established to promote Muslim women’s rights, an increasing number of local women’s rights groups have started to work with Islamic faith-based organisations to disseminate the idea of women’s rights in Muslim communities. With a lack of studies regarding Muslim migrant women in Hong Kong, this article draws on the significance of international studies on culture, religion and migration to understand the situation in Hong Kong. By analysing the social and political influences on minority integration, this article seeks to uncover the capacity of the Muslim women’s rights movement in guarding against gender-based violence in Hong Kong.     

Democracy's breakdown and the rise of fascism: The case of the Spanish Second Republic, 1931–6

A number of plausible, competing, mass-based accounts exist in the literature explaining the breakdown of democracy and the rise of fascism in Spain, Italy and Germany. The objective of this article is to specify further empirically mass-based accounts of the social origins of democracy and modern authoritarianism in the Spanish Second Republic (1931–1936). In specifying mass-based general theories of the breakdown of democracy and the rise of fascism in inter-war Europe, the article contends that the polarising dynamic of agrarian reform is a central factor undermining the Republic.     

The Institutional Environment of “Mutual Interpenetration of Scholars and Merchants” after the Mid-Ming:From the Perspective of Changes in Government Policy

The “mutual interpenetration of scholars and merchants” was a noticeable social phenomenon after the mid Ming. The appearance of this phenomenon had complex and deep-rooted social causes, among which institutional factors deserve attention, specifically, changes and adjustments in government policy     

The Institutional Environment of "Mutual Interpenetration of Scholars and Merchants" after the Mid-Ming: From the Perspective of Changes in Government Policy

The "mutual interpenetration of scholars and merchants" was a noticeable social phenomenon after the mid Ming. The appearance of this phenomenon had complex and deep-rooted social causes, among which in-     

Violence and Order on the Chengdu Plain: the story of a secret brotherhood in rural China, 1939–1949

T. G. Cook (ed.), The History of Education in Europe (1974), x+99 (Methuen, £2.20).

Guy Chaussinand‐Nogaret (ed.), Une Histoire des Elites, 1700–1848; recueil de textes présentés et commentés (1975), 376 (Mouton, Paris and The Hague, 38.50 guilders, 64 francs). (A History of Elites, 1700–1848; a collection of texts with introduction and commentary.)

Hans H. Gerth, Bürgerliche Intelligenz um 1800. Zur Soziologie des deutschen Früh‐liberalismus. Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft 19 (edited by Ulrich Herrmann) (1976), 155 (Vandenhoeck &; Ruprecht, Göttingen, n.p.). (The Professional Middle Class in Germany about the year 1800. A contribution to the sociology of early German liberalism.)

Peter N. Stearns, The Revolutions of 1848 (1974), 278 (Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, £3.95).

Hugh McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City (1974), xii+360 (Croom Helm, £6.95).     

Changes in the Form of Knowledge in Social Work: From the 'Social' to the 'Informational'?

This paper examines the changing form of knowledge in socialwork over the past thirty years and its implications for theoryand practice. In particular, it considers the impact of newsystems related to a range of new information and communicationtechnologies (ICTs) and the shift from a narrative to a databaseway of thinking and operating. In doing so, it attempts to identifya series of key challenges and questions which need to be consideredin order to engage with the changes. In particular, it addresseshow far social work is still primarily concerned with subjectsand their social relationships and argues that social work nowoperates less on the terrain of the ‘social’ andmore on the terrain of the ‘informational’. Suchchanges have implications for the relationship between theoryand practice in social work and the nature of ‘social’work itself.     

Qin Huanming:The Trend to the“Restoration of Elegance and the Veneration of Elevated Moral Character”in the Poetry of the Song Dynasty

InSongdynastyPoetics,andspecificallyinthetrendtowards"therestorationofeleganceandthevenerationofelevatedmoralcharacter"(fuyachongge),ya(elegance)stressedthepoet'sinternalizednobilityoftaste.Therecognitibnoftheexistenceofthisqualitywasfoundedonanevaluation…     

The Genesis of “The Meaning of the Classics”:On the Objectives and Methods of Jingxue Hermeneutics

In terms of the construction of meaning, what jingxue(study of the classics) deals with is precisely the hermeneutics of the Confucian classics. Jingxue hermeneutics is fundamentally practical statecraft; therefore, its specific objectives do not point to an objective existence unrelated to human beings, but to yi(meaning) or yili(principles), otherwise known as jingyi(meaning of the classics) or dayi(profound significance). “The meaning of the classics” is the product of interpretation. In jing...     

Using Child Services: The Importance of the Mother–Child Relationship and Maternal Social Support

Gaps between children’s need for clinical services and receipt of services create a risk for negative child outcomes, therefore, it is important to identify factors that bolster parental use of child services. Attachment theory lends support to potential power of both parent–child relationship quality and the social support received by the parent in promoting service utilization and ultimately child outcomes. Study 1 uses a sample of 8-year-old children and their mothers to examine the roles of service use as a mechanism linking maternal social support and child behavioral outcomes. Study 2 uses a sample of 12-year-olds and mothers to more closely examine deficits between service need and the role of mother–child relationship quality in explaining the link between maternal social support and service deficits. Overall, this study highlights the importance of maternal social support and the parent–child relationship in predicting child service utilization, with nuanced results.     

From the state to the family or to the market? Consequences of reduced residential eldercare in Sweden

This article analyses the changing roles of the state, family and market in providing care for older people in Sweden, in relation to Scandinavian welfare ideals of universalism and de‐familisation. Since 2000 every fourth residential care bed has disappeared and the increase in homecare services has not compensated for the decline. Instead family care (defined here as help from adult children and other non‐cohabiting family or friends) has increased in all social groups: help by daughters mainly among older people with shorter education and help by sons among those highly educated. Use of privately purchased services has also increased but continues to play a marginal role. Family care remains more common among older people with less education whereas privately purchased services are more common among those with higher education. This dualisation of care challenges universalism, and working‐class daughters continue to be most affected by eldercare cutbacks.     

Shen Changyun:The Origin and Formation of the Huaxia People

TheformationoftheHuaxiapeople(minzu)wastheprocessbywhichtheancestorsoftheHuaxiabrokeawayfromtribaIbloodtiesandevolvedintoaregionalorganization.InChina,theformativeperiodunderwenttwodevelopmentalphases,namely,fromanearlytribalstatetoastatebasedentirelyonre…     

The Study of the History of ChineseFamilies and Clans

Families(jiating)andclans(jiazu)aretwocategoriesinChinawhicharerelatedtoanddifferentfromeachother.FamiIiesinancientChinawerecommunitieswithcommonpropertieswhichtooksmall-scaleblood-relationshipsastheprincipalcomponentandwereestablishedonthebasisoftherelationshipofmarriage,familysupportandchildadoption.Clansrefertothesystemofblood-relationships,includingsmallclansinfamilies,orlargeclansmadeupofanumberofsmallclans,namelypatriarchalclans.Therefore,thestructure,functions,andinterrelationsofthemem…     

The Tragedy of Dou E: Issues Relating to the Question of Evidence in the Traditional Admin-istration of Justice

本文以元曲《窦娥冤》为材料,分析了该剧隐含的几个重要的法理学问题;论证了剧本中没有证据表明窦娥的悲剧是官员贪污腐败的产物,而主要是因为裁判者的认知能力和传统中国社会技术不发达的局限;并因此对该剧的人物性格和戏剧结构以及中国传统的部分鬼戏做出了新颖的解说。     

The State and Farmers: Definition of Roles and Functions in the Supply of Public Goods

One of the major contradictions con- fronting Chinese rural areas today is the con- stant increase in farmers' individual needs and the equally rapid growth in their public needs on the one hand, and on the other the double shortage of private and public goods. As a low-income group, individual farmers bear too much of the burden of supplying public goods and have to put their limited funds into the production of public goods. As a result, not only have they not solved the problem of shortage of public goods,     

Medical Science in the Guise of Religion: The Formative Mecha-nism and Origin of Taoist Asceti-cism to Maintain Mental Integrity

Taoist asceticism aimed at maintainingmental integrity originated from the body-building skill by self-containment (shouyiyangsheng shu) preached by Laozi andZhuangzi. Discussed by a series of Taoistreligious texts such as Taiping Jing (Bookof the Great Peace), it was perfected stepby step. According to it, in order to ward offevil spirits and diseases and gain a longer life,it is necessary to keep the human body’s vi-tal energy intact. If the vital powers leavethe body, they must be colle…