Perceptions of Academic Health Science Research Center Personnel Regarding Informed Consent Processes and Therapeutic Misconception

Introduction: Instrumentation exists to measure voluntariness and misunderstanding in informed consent processes. However, research personnel’s perspectives about using instrumentation to measure therapeutic misconceptions in research participants has not been reported. We designed a workshop to promote research personnel knowledge of emerging instrumentation and to study the perceptions of research personnel regarding such instruments.

Methods and Findings: Two nationally recognized experts who have developed psychometric instruments to measure aspects of informed consent presented their recent findings to research personnel of the Medical University of South Carolina at a one-day workshop. Following the presentations, workshop attendees divided into two focus groups and shared their perceptions regarding the presentation content. Inductive thematic analysis detected themes related to informed consent processes including: investigator/provider role clarity; investigator transparency; therapeutic misconception; and screening subjects for understanding.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest future directions in applied, proactive empirical research to better understand investigator perceptions and practices related to transparency in research, and to develop instrumentation to detect risks to the integrity of informed consent in order to promote voluntariness and autonomy and minimize therapeutic misconception in research practices.     

Are antidepressant and antipsychotic drug trials registered? A cross-sectional analysis of registration and reporting of methodologic characteristics

Introduction: In 2005, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) proposed that all submitted trials in all 11 member journals must be prospectively registered in order to be considered for publication. Registering drug trials was meant to reduce the likelihood of selective reporting. The aim was to determine the proportion of antipsychotic and antidepressant trials that were registered.

Methods: We searched in Pubmed for all randomized controlled trials of any antidepressant or antipsychotic published between July and December 2014. The primary objective was to determine the proportion of trials that were registered. Secondary objectives included comparing the reporting of methodological details and positive study findings between registered and unregistered trials.

Results: Of the 67 studies identified, 58% were registered. 75% of the antipsychotic trials and 51% of the antidepressant trials were registered, respectively. Registered trials were more likely to report important methodological details associated with risk of bias in RCTs. There was no significant difference in trials reporting positive outcomes for the study intervention between registered and unregistered trials.

Conclusion: Approximately 60% of published antidepressant and antipsychotic drug trials during July to December 2014 were registered. Unregistered trials were less likely to report important methodological details.     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Bob Deacon with (Michelle Hulse and Paul Stubbs) Global Social Policy: International Organizations and the Future of Welfare
James Midgley Social Welfare in Global Context
John Carter Postmodernity and the Fragmentation of Welfare
Peter Leonard Postmodern Welfare: Reconstructing an Emancipatory Project
Robert E. Goodin The Theory of Institutional Design
A. Rogers and D. Pilgrim Mental Health Policy in Britain: A Critical Introduction
S. Goodwin Comparative Mental Health Policy: From Institutional to Community Care
D. Tomlinson and J. Carrier Asylum in the Community     

BOOK NOTES

Berenstein, Alexandre: Etudes de droit social (1936–1977). Brandes, Stuart D.: American welfare capitalism 1880–1940. Holland, Walter W., Ipsen, Johannes, and Kostryewski, Jan: Measurement of levels of health. Kostlan, J.: Oral health services in Europe. Maquet, Yves L.: Le contrôle économique des accidents dans l'entreprise. Mendelson, M.: The administrative cost of income security programmes: Ontario and Canada. Michel, Clément: The cost of hospitalisation: Micro-economic approach to the problems involved. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Equal opportunities for women. Steiger, Jean: Le deuxième pilier: service social ou affaire lucrative? US Department of Health, Education and Welfare: Social security and the changing roles of men and women.     

Book Review: Who Cares?

Books reviewed in this article:
S. Danziger and J. Waldfogel, (eds.) Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College
B. Ehrenreich, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America
N. Folbre, The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values
J. Heymann, The Widening Gap: Why America's Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done about It     

BOOK NOTES

Barral, P. Etlenne: Economie de la santé: faits et chiffres.
Falise, Michel, and Sailly, Jean-Claude (eds.), with d'Arvisenet, Philippe, Delfosse, Raymond, and Delattre, Michel: Le rôle de l'assurance maladie dans la redistribution des revenus. Etude effectuée pour le Centre de recherches économiques, sociologiques et de gestion.
Hübbe, Per: Surveys of disability pensioners 4: Applicants for disability pensions. Health and social conditions. The practice of the Invalidity Insurance Court.
ILO: The cost of social security. Ninth international inquiry 1972–1974.
ILO: Older workers: Work and retirement
Kamerman, Shella B., and Kahn, Alfred J.: Family policy: Government and families in fourteen countries.
Mishra, Ramesh: Society and social policy: Theoretical perspectives on welfare.
Paret, H., (ed.): Une meilleure santéà un moindre prix.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this aticle:
Images of Welfare By PETER GOLDING AND SUE MIDDLETON.
Professional Power and Social Welfare By PAUL WILDING.
The Strategy of Equality: Redistribution and the Social Services By JULIAN LE GRAND.
The Inspector General: Sir Jeremiah Fitzpatrick and Social Reform 1783–1802 By OLIVER MACDONAGH.
The Home Office 1848–1914: From Clerks to Bureaucrats By JILL PELLEW.
Victorian Values: Secularism and the Size of Families By J. A. BANKS.
Children, School and Society in Nineteenth Century England By ANNE DIGBY AND PETER SEARBY (eds)
English Education, Social Change and War, 1911–20 By GEOFFREY SHERINGTON.
The Administrative "Revolution" in Whitehall By G. K. FRY.
Quangos in Britain: Government and the Networks of Public Policy Making By ANTHONY BARKER (ed.)
Social Welfare Law By DAVID PEARL AND KEVIN GRAY.
The Abuse of Power: Civil Liberties in the United Kingdom By PATRICIA HEWITT.
Disability: Legislation and Practice By DUNCAN GUTHRIE (ed.)
Current Trends in British Gerontology By REX TAYLOR AND ANNE GILMORE.
Retirement Policy: The Next 50 Years By MICHAEL FOGARTY (ed.)
The Inner City in Context By PETER HALL (ed.)
The Uses of Social Research: Social Investigation in Public Policy Making By MARTIN BULMER.
Sociology and Social Research By GEOFF PAYNE et al.
Economic Efficiency and Social Welfare By E. J. MISHAN.
Values in Social Policy: Nine Contradictions By JEAN HARDY.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Peter Hanson, The Cinema of Generation X: A Critical Study Keith Scott, The Moose That Roared: The Story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a Flying Squirrel, and a Talking Moose Nicholson Baker, Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper Richard K. Sherwin, When Law Goes Pop: The Vanishing Line Between Law and Popular Culture Joseph Dorinson and Joram Warmund (eds.), Jackie Robinson: Race, Sports, and the American Dream Frederick Matthew Wiseman, The Voice of the Dawn: An Autohistory of the Abenaki Nation Reuben Ellis, Vertical Margins: Mountaineering and the Landscapes of Neoimperialism McKay Jenkins, The South in Black and White: Race, Sex, and Literature in the 1940s Pauline Maier, Merritt Roe Smith, Alexander Keyssar, and Daniel J. Kevles, Inventing America: A History of the United States Clifford Putney, Muscular Christianity: Manhood and Sports in Protestant America, 1880–1920 Irene Kacandes, Talk Fiction: Literature and the Talk Explosion Nikolas Schreck, The Satanic Screen: An Illustrated Guide to the Devil in Cinema     

Rethinking the construction of welfare in Mexico: Going beyond the economic measures

This study utilized a multidimensional measure of social welfare composed of 26 social indicators integrated in nine categories: education, employment and social protection, income, health, housing conditions, subjective wellbeing, social capital, use of technology, and culture and leisure to help understand social welfare in Mexico. We also compared the integrated measure with the Human Development Index. Estimation was performed using the method. Our analysis indicated that the health and housing conditions categories contributed the most to social welfare across the 32 Mexican States. In relation to the indicators, income and trust in other people were associated with welfare. Further, results on the welfare ranking of Mexican states revealed variations between the two indices and the HDI). Specifically, only four states occupied the same position on both indices, ten recorded different positions on moving up or down from their levels of social welfare. Implications of observed correlations are presented.     

Review Article: Perspectives on Australian Social Policy

Books reviewed in this article:
B. Cheers Welfare Bushed: Social Care in Rural Australia
A.Jamrozik and L. Nocella The Sociology of Social Problems: Theoretical Perspectives and Methods of Intervention
R. Hugman Social Welfare and Social Value
J. S. O'Connor, A. S.Orloff and S. Shaver States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
I an H olliday and P aul W ilding (eds.), Welfare Capitalism in East Asia: Social Policy in the Tiger Economies.
M. R amesh (ed.), Social Policy in East and Southeast Asia: Education, Health, Housing and Income Maintenance.
K wong-leung T ang and C hack-kie W ong (eds.), Poverty Monitoring and Alleviation in East Asia.
D ong-myeon S hin (ed.), Social and Economic Policies in Korea: Ideas, Networks and Linkages.
P. D wyer , Understanding Social Citizenship: Themes and Perspectives for Policy and Practice.
G. L ewis (eds.), Citizenship: Personal Lives and Social Policy.
S. B ecker and A. B ryman (eds.), Understanding Research for Social Policy and Practice: Themes, Methods and Approaches.
H artley D ean (ed.), The Ethics of Welfare: Human Rights, Dependency and Responsibility.
I an G ough and G eof W ood , with A rmando B arrientos , P hilippa B evan , P eter D avis and G raham R oom , Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America: Social Policy in Development Contexts.     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Martin Bulmer and John Solomos, (eds.) Racism: Oxford Readers
Les Back and John Solomos, Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader
Max Travers, The British Immigration Courts: A Study of Law and Politics
K. Nelson and Joan Smith, Working Hard and Making Do: Surviving in Small Town America     

Publication rates after the first retraction for biomedical researchers with multiple retracted publications

Retraction of scientific publications can unmask scientific misconduct. We undertook a survey of publication rates, for authors with multiple retractions in the biomedical literature, to determine whether they changed after authors’ first retractions.

We collected publication and citation data from Scopus for 100 authors with multiple retractions (either >10 retractions or 2–5 retractions) in the Retraction Watch database.

Publication rates increased until the year of the first retraction and decreased rapidly thereafter. By 4 years after the first retraction, the proportion of authors actively publishing at least one paper/year was <50%, annual publication rates were <50% of the pre-retraction rate, and only 22% of authors had a publication rate >50% of their pre-retraction rate. There was no difference in the decline in publication rates between authors associated with a retraction for misconduct and those not associated with such a retraction. After the first retraction, citation rates of retracted papers declined whereas those of unretracted papers by the same authors remained unchanged.

In summary, publication rates of authors with multiple retractions, most of whom were associated with scientific misconduct, declined rapidly after their first retraction but a small minority continued to publish regularly.     

The Differential Impacts of Collective Psychological Ownership and Membership Identification on Work Burnout and Engagement

Work burnout and engagement are big concerns among workers in social services profession. While the job demands-resources (JD-R) model has been a key perspective in explaining burnout and engagement, there are few studies on the psychological mechanism of the model. In particular, the role of collective psychological ownership (CPO) and membership identification (MI), emerging constructs in workplace wellbeing, are to be explored. The study aimed to explore the roles of CPO and MI in explaining work burnout and engagement in a JD-R model framework. Through snowball and convenience sampling methods, an online self-report survey was conducted in 2016. Totally 761 full-time social service workers in Shenzhen and Guangdong Province, China completed the questionnaire. Bivariate and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed.

The results reveal the differential impacts of CPO and MI on burnout and engagement in the JD-R model framework: (1) Job resources and CPO contribute most additional R square to the models predicting work engagement; (2) Job resources and MI contribute most additional R square to the models predicting burnout; (3) CPO partially mediates the relationship between job resources and burnout; and (4) CPO partially mediates the relationship between job demands and work engagement.

In conclusion, CPO and MI appear to be distinct constructs with differential impacts on work burnout and engagement. Furthermore, CPO appears to have a significant role in the psychological mechanism of the JD-R model in explaining work burnout and engagement.     

REVIEW ARTICLES

Book review in this Articles:
Negotiating Family Responsibilities By JANET FINCH & JENNIFER MASON
Ageing and Economic Welfare By PAUL JOHNSON & JANE FALKINGHAM
Time for Retirement: Comparative Studies of Early Exit from the Labour Force By MARTIN KOHLI, MARTIN REIN, ANNE-MARIE GUILLEMARD & HERMAN VAN GUNSTEREN (eds.)
Empowering the Elderly: Direct Consumer Funding of Care Services By WILLIAM LAING
Private Residential Care: the Admission Process and Reactions of the Public Sector By JUDITH PHILLIPS
The Abuse of Elderly People: a Handbook for Professionals By JACKI PRITCHARD
Carers: Research and Practice By JULIA TWIGG (ed.)
The Coming of Age in Europe SALLY GREENGROSS and others
When I'm Sixty-Four By SALLY HERNE
Social Policy in Europe: Latest Evolution and Perspectives for the Future By B. GREVE (ed.)
Poverty and the Adequacy of Social Security in the EC: A Comparative Analysis By H. DELEECK, K. VAN DEN BOSCH & L. DE LATHOUWER     

BOOK NOTES

Abel-Smith, B. and Grandjeat, P., Pharmaceutical consumption: Trends in expenditure: Main measures taken and underlying objectives of public intervention in this field.
Mouvement international ATD Quart Monde, Enfants de ce temps: Livre blanc des enfants du quart monde.
Piachaud, David, The cost of a child: A modern minimum.
Scheil, Xenia B., Dynamisierung gesetzlicher Altersrenten: Eine Analyse der Zielvorstellungen in Anpassungsregelungen ausgewählter OECD Länder.
US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social security in a changing world.
US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Policy analysis with social security research files: Proceedings of a workshop held March 1978 at Williamsburg, Virginia.
Wilson, Dorothy, The welfare state in Sweden: a study in comparative social administration.
World Health Organization, Controlling the smoking epidemic.     

Book Reviews

The End of the World as We Know It. Daniel Wojcik. States of Sympathy: Seduction and Democracy in the American Novel. Elizabeth Barnes. Disciplines of Virtue: Girls' Culture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Lynne Vallone. Consumer Rites: The Buying & Selling of American Holidays. Leigh Eric Schmidt. Many Wests: Place, Culture, & Regional Identity. David M. Wrobel and Michael C. Steiner, eds. The Cloister Walk. Kathleen Norris. Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women's Sport. Susan K. Cahn. The Courts of Babylon: Tales of Greed and Glory in the Harsh New World of Professional Tennis. Peter Bodo. Cinema and Painting: How Art is Used in Film. Angela Dalle Vacche. Living in the Depot: The Two-Story Railroad Station. H. Roger Grant. On Power and Ideology: The Managua Lectures. Noam Chomsky. The Lie of the Land: Migrant Workers and the California Landscape. Don Mitchell. Black Lies, White Lies: The Truth according to Tony Brown. Tony Brown. Lush Life: A Biography of Billy Strayhorn. David Hadju. At the Picture Show: Small-town Audiences and the Creation of Movie Fan Culture. Kathryn H. Fuller. The Fear of Sinking: The American Success Formula in the Gilded Age. Paulette D. Kilmer. Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. Henry Jenkins. All of This Music Belongs to the Nation: The WPA's Federal Music Project and American Society. Kenneth J. Bindas. The Pequot War. Alfred A. Cave. Building the Ultimate Dam: John S. Eastwood and the Control of Water in the West. Donald C. Jackson.     

New Classification of Research Misconduct from the Viewpoint of Truth,Trust, and Risk

ABSTRACT

Fabrication, Falsification and Plagiarism (FFP) and Questionable Research Practice (QRP) have been used worldwide in the classification of research misconduct. However, FFP comprises two distinct categories of misconduct: FF is extreme research misconduct that betrays truth, while P undermines trust of science community. Irreproducibility and inadequate practice of research also betray trust. Research misconduct has the potential to cause serious risk of safety in daily life. The proposed classification system is outlined as follows: Class I misconduct: Betrayal of the truth: (1) Fabrication and (2) Falsification. Class II misconduct: Betrayal of trust: (1) Plagiarism of text ; Irreproducibility; and (3) Inadequate research practice. Class III misconduct: Risk to safety of health and industrial products: (1) Risk to safety of health and (2) Risk to safety of industrial products. The proposed classification reflects deeper values of truth, trust, and risk more directly than the previous classification and elucidates issues about nature and significance of misconduct.