文化现代化转型的基本原则

文化的现代化是现代化进程的核心工程 ,也是其根本。文化转型的成功与否直接关涉到中国现代化事业的成败。无疑 ,这是一个不经历长时期的努力和奋斗难以攻克的难题。确切地说 ,文化转型的主题研究将伴随中国现代化进程的始终。我们从中国现代化的历史使命、从历史和文化的角度 ,试图对中国现代化文化精神的生成机制提供一个总体的思路 ,提出现代化转型的基本原则 :整体性原则、历史尺度、传统的重建原则和理性的超越原则。     

论元稹的入世精神

元稹是一位深受儒家思想影响的积极入世者,也是中唐政治舞台上一位活跃而有影响的人物,虽然遭遇过多次贬谪,但始终坚持以权道济世.终其一生,在功利追求、仕宦态度、济世实践等方面总是热切而主动的,表现出饱满的人世精神.     

Occupational socialization and cynicism toward prison administration

Corrections officers occupy a crucial position in the institutional organization of prisons, and translate the policies and goals of prison administrations into action. This study focuses on the formation of cynicism toward prison administration and the factors that foster or inhibit it. I examine this type of cynicism by using questionnaire data from 198 first-line corrections officers at a medium-sized, medium security state prison. Cynicism toward prison administration peaks among officers in their first month of duty. However, cynicism declines with increased experience among officers who endorse rehabilitative goals, but does not decline among those who do not endorse such goals. Additionally, stress and frustration and perceived influence on administrative superiors are consistently related to cynicism toward prison administration among all officers. The data suggest that a subculture of cynical officers may form among first-line officers due to variations in occupational socialization processes. Three conceptual themes from symbolic interactionist theories of occupational socialization are presented that could lead to improvements in future research on corrections officers.     

Systems and structures — toward bio-social anthropology

Systems theory in America, and Structuralism on the Continent, offer concepts and methods for bridging the gap between the natural and the social sciences. Rather than describing their objects of investigation, both approaches build high-level theoretical models of certain of their features and offer the models for investigation and comparison with those of other model-building disciplines. The unity of the objects of investigation is thus sought through the unity of the conceptual constructs and the models applicable to them (v. Bertalanffy and Lévi-Strauss). It is argued here that significant isomorphies obtain between the systems theoretical model of biological phenomena on the one hand, and the structuralist model of societal phenomena on the other. A survey of the basic postulates of General System Theory and its model of the biological organism, and of Structuralism and its model of human social structures, leads to the conclusion that each of these systems or structures can be analyzed in terms of certain invariant theoretical constructs, such as non-summativity, self-regulation, control of entropy through feedback, hierarchical internal and external relations, and others. Thus, while applying to different levels of organization, biological and anthropological models appear isomorphic, justifying a unified yet non-reductionist philosophical view termed integrated pluralism. Built on the here outlined premisses, bio-social anthropology, a new hybrid discipline, could link the investigation of the natural and the social worlds by conceiving of organismic and of societal phenomena as different levels of organized complexity embedded within a consistent and unitary, but hierarchic and multidimensional sequence of natural order.     

Ethnic and gender differences in attitudes toward driving

A convenience sample of 424 students from the University of Texas at El Paso and Wright State University were surveyed about attitudes and behaviors regarding operating a motor vehicle. The object of this study was to examine the effects of gender and ethnicity on attitudes towards driving. Gender had more effects on driving attitudes than ethnicity. However, Hispanic students reported needing significantly more drinks to get drunk than non-Hispanics, regardless of gender despite weighing significantly less. These differences in behaviors may help account for the over-representation of the Hispanic ethnic groups in driving outcomes such as collisions and deaths.     

关于调整我国出口退税政策的分析

文章主要就我国增值税税基及出口退税政策中存在的问题进行了深刻分析。由于我国选择的是生产型增值税 ,同时又存在出口不能彻底退税的问题 ,因此 ,使商品含税价格进入国际市场参与竞争。这不仅违背了国际“公平税赋”、“公平进入”的原则 ,最根本的是使我国出口商品竞争能力减弱。本文指出了生产型增值税的弊端 ,提出应重新选择增值税类型 ,并加强出口退税管理 ,采取措施 ,寻求新的出口增长点     

Social work practice toward enhancing competence in family planning

Competence in family planning possessing the ability to limit conception so that children are produced by choice. More attention must be directed toward family planning by social workers because of its importance in family welfare. They should help clients know that family planning might help in preventing family problems and promoting family health. The workers should determine whether their clients use or have ever used family planning, and who takes responsibility for it. Discussion of the physiology of the various methods can help alleviate many unwanted fears. The subject of family planning is also important in dealing with adolescent groups. As social work practice incorporates family planning as an integral part of its profession, it will become more effective.     

Rating methodological quality: toward improved assessment and investigation

Assessing methodological quality is considered essential in deciding what investigations to include in research syntheses and in detecting potential sources of bias in meta-analytic results. Quality assessment is also useful in characterizing the strengths and limitations of the research in an area of study. Although numerous instruments to measure research quality have been developed, they have lacked empirically-supported components. In addition, different summary quality scales have yielded different findings when they were used to weight treatment effect estimates for the same body of research. Suggestions for developing improved quality instruments include: distinguishing distinct domains of quality, such as internal validity, external validity, the completeness of the study report, and adherence to ethical practices; focusing on individual aspects, rather than domains of quality; and focusing on empirically-verified criteria. Other ways to facilitate the constructive use of quality assessment are to improve and standardize the reporting of research investigations, so that the quality of studies can be more equitably and thoroughly compared, and to identify optimal methods for incorporating study quality ratings into meta-analyses.     

Sex differences in attitudes toward driving: A survey

A survey of a convenience sample of 198 students at the University of Texas at El Paso was used to determine if sex differences in attitudes toward the task of driving could be detected. Males reported more behaviors than females that would put them at higher risk of collision—like driving under the influence and in vehicles with high centers of gravity. In addition, men expressed more comfort than women for driving at night, in unfamiliar territory and in bad weather. There was also some evidence of higher driving exposure for males than females. Women were more likely than men to report compliance with traffic regulations: using turn signals and obeying speed limits. Overall, it appears than men have more confidence in their driving skills than women. This confidence of males may reflect more of a belief in their superior driving skills rather than any disregard for the risks involved in operating a motor vehicle.     

Attitudes toward text recycling in academic writing across disciplines

Text recycling, the reuse of material from one’s own previously published writing in a new text without attribution, is a common academic writing practice that is not yet well understood. While some studies of text recycling in academic writing have been published, no previous study has focused on scholars’ attitudes toward text recycling. This article presents results from a survey of over 300 journal editors and editorial board members from 86 top English-language journals in 16 different academic fields regarding text recycling in scholarly articles. Responses indicate that a large majority of academic gatekeepers believe text recycling is allowable in some circumstances; however, there is a lack of clear consensus about when text recycling is or is not appropriate. Opinions varied according to the source of the recycled material, its structural location and rhetorical purpose, and conditions of authorship conditions—as well as by the level of experience as a journal editor. Our study suggests the need for further research on text recycling utilizing focus groups and interviews.     

马克思主义中国化向现代化发展的生态文明取向

人类历史体现为在自然界"许可"范围内对自然界的改造.当代生态危机表明:人类开发自然资源的总量与其"许可"范围之间发生了冲突.它质疑了资本主义市场经济听凭贫富分化模式的合理性.中国社会主义改革从采用市场体制开始,其成果需表现为共同富裕.这种对原生态市场机制的改变,将有助于体现生态文明要求;从理论上解读这一实践模式,是马克思主义中国化向现代化发展的目标.     

First step toward a computer model of human behaviour

The first aim of the research described in this paper was to develop a method for the study of the considerations which an individual brings to bear in the process of rendering decisions to specific problems. The second aim of the research was to utilize the categories of considerations thus established in developing analytic measures of an individual's decision-making process. The measures arrived at involved the concepts of directed graphs, and are all potentially meaningful measures of a structural hierarchy of the considerations involved in the decision-making process studied in this research. With the two goals of the research thus accomplished, it is concluded that a whole new approach to the study of decision-making has been charted - a prerequisite if effective computer models of human behaviour are to be developed.The research described in this paper was conducted at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsis, U.S.A., while the author was established there under an N.D.E.A. Fellowship.     

受众的细分对媒体定位的作用

准确的定位是新闻媒体生存与发展的基石。在市场经济条件下 ,受众因素对媒体发展的影响越来越大。新闻媒体要做到定位准确、风格鲜明 ,就必须对受众群体做细致的分类研究 ,引用受众的细分原则 ,使其在新闻传播中发挥应有的作用     

A test of three hypotheses concerning attributions toward female promiscuity

We performed two experiments to test three alternative hypotheses concerning negative attributions toward sexually promiscuous females. The first two possibilities are based on female-to-female negative attributions. The first hypothesis, the Competition Hypothesis, states that females could be using a negative attribution towards other females for derogation purposes when in competition for a mate. Second, the Self-esteem Hypothesis states that females could be using negative attributions towards other females to build Self-esteem. Finally, according to the Social Norm Hypothesis, both males and females see female promiscuous behaviors as deviant thereby resulting in negative attributions towards the women who perform them. In both experiments, the Social Norm Hypothesis received more support than the other two hypotheses.     

Actualization of Social Cognitions into Aggressive Behavior toward Disliked Targets

The basic premise that social cognitions guide behavior (aggression) was evaluated within relationships marked by dislike. At Time 1, a disliked target was identified for each participant (195 fifth‐grade children; 109 boys; 11–12 years old at Time 1) who then responded to questions about different aggression‐supporting social cognitions with regard to the chosen target. In addition, aggression directed at the identified peer (from the disliked child's perspective) was measured twice over a one‐year interval. Our results show that aggressogenic thought predicts increases in aggression only when the target is chronically disliked. Moreover, within chronically disliked relationships, the actualization of aggressogenic thought is maximized when children have high initial levels of reactive (in the case of hostile attributions) and proactive aggression (in the case of self‐efficacy beliefs), and when targets are initially high on reactive aggression. These findings suggest that social cognitions, assessed within a specific relationship context, can have more predictive validity than traditionally used decontextualized measures.