我国人口增长的经济和教育因素的实证检验

本文从经济增长和教育水平对人口增长影响的理论出发,建立人口增长与经济增长、教育水平之间的计量分析模型,分析得出结论:经济增长和教育水平对人口增长具有重要影响,经济增长、人民生活水平的改善和教育水平的提高会抑制人口的快速增长。最后据此给出政策建议。     

人口特征对收入分配的影响研究——基于深圳和重庆数据的分析

使用深圳市和重庆市两座城市2005年7月的居民抽样调查数据,运用基于人口特征的收入差距群体分解方法对两市的收入分配结构进行了对比研究。研究发现,虽然深圳市的城市居民收入分配差距大于重庆市,但一些代表个人身份的特征,如城市户籍、民族等因素,在深圳市城市居民收入分配中的作用却明显小于重庆市。在两座城市,就业行业和受教育程度是影响城市居民收入分配差距最主要的因素。由于就业行业与受教育水平密切相关,因此,在经济发展过程中不断加强教育投入,强化教育资源的均等化,防止受教育机会不平等的出现和扩大,对于防范中国经济由收入分配不公带来的风险意义重大。     

内蒙古人口与经济增长的相关性研究

人口与经济增长的关系是复杂的,内蒙古是民族自治地方,人口有其独特性,运用OLS模型实证分析各人口因素对经济增长的影响,结果显示：人口城镇化水平的提高、第二、三产业从业人员比重的上升及少儿抚养比的下降对1990年以来的内蒙古经济增长具有正相关作用;老年抚养比的上升、少数民族人口比重的提高对经济增长具有负相关作用;人口自然增长率、人口性别比及平均受教育年数对经济增长的作用不显著。     

《人口素质概论》即将出版

人口素质的研究,在我国有重大的理论和现实意义,我国人口政策的一个基本点就是要提高人口素质,如何提高全民族的身体健康水平和科学文化水平是摆在我们面前的重要任务。国家计划生育委员会宣教司陈剑同志所著的《人口素质概论》,对人口素质在理论上作了较系统的分析和研究。该书以人口素质内容的两方面作为主线,分析和阐述了人口素质不断提高的规律、人口素质与经济增长相适应规律,以及人口素质与教育、就业、收入、分配、消费、人口移动、计划生育、精神文明的相     

人口活跃因素对区域经济增长影响的研究

从30多年我国各地区的社会经济发展历程可看到一个事实,较发达地区人口在不断流入、人口素质在提高、人口年龄结构较为年轻且负担小。以人口素质、人口流动聚集、年龄结构等为表征量的人口活跃因素对经济发展的影响是不可忽视的。为了准确判定这三个人口因素在经济发展水平中的具体作用和对要素效率的影响,本文从多维度将三个因素综合为一个指标——人口活跃度指数,并将此指标引入生产函数,通过计量分析发现人口活跃因素无论内生作用于资本,还是内生作用于劳动力,对区域经济增长均有较大影响。表明人口活跃因素对经济发展水平不仅仅总体上有积极作用而且对于生产要素的效率有着显著影响。因而在未来区域经济增长和发展中要充分利用年轻化的人口年龄结构,促进区域人口有效流动,提高人口素质尤其劳动力人口素质。     

黑龙江省流出人口就业特征及其影响因素分析

经济、社会协调发展与就业的良性互动有利于就业结构的优化和就业质量的提高,加快经济发展方式的转变,促进经济发展。本文基于2015年国家卫生计生委流动人口的动态监测调查数据,采用无序多分类Logistic回归模型对黑龙江跨省流出人口和省内流出人口就业特征、收入水平及其影响因素进行定量分析。研究发现黑龙江省流出人口以青壮年劳动力为主,跨省流出人口平均年龄低于省内流出人口,受教育程度、工资待遇显著高于省内流出人口;黑龙江跨省流出人口的职业选择主要受教育程度、户口性质和性别等因素影响,而省内流出人口职业选择的影响因素更广泛,年龄、性别、流出时间、受教育程度、户口性质均会不同程度对其产生影响。黑龙江省女性流出人口与男性相比在收入方面处于弱势地位;年龄与收入呈倒"U"形关系,随着年龄增长其月收入先增长后下降,教育程度无论对跨省流出人口还是省内流出人口的收入等级提高都会有显著影响。因此,黑龙江应加大基础设施和公共服务建设,改善生态环境,发展特色经济,提高地区吸引力。充分利用东北振兴战略发展的契机,改善营商环境,吸引更多的优质企业,营造优良的就业环境,提供更多的就业机会,确保本地人才留得住,外省人才流进来,提升区域人力资本水平,促进黑龙江省经济快速高效发展。     

中国保险业发展的人口因素分析

人口因素是影响保险业发展的重要变量,人口总量、人口的结构因素等对保险需求和保险业发展都具有重要影响。文章指出目前影响中国保险业发展的人口因素中,主要是人口结构因素在发挥作用。中国保险费收入的总量较高,但保险密度和保险深度却远低于世界平均水平,这既是中国人口和经济的规模因素在保险业上的凸现,也是收入水平、城市化水平和教育水平等因素的作用。     

我国农民工收入增长因素的实证分析

以2006-2007年7个城市农民工调查问卷资料为基础,总结农民工收入增长的特征,采用多元回归分析方法建模,研究影响农民工收入增长的因素。性别、年龄、工作性质变动、工作持续时间、求职方式变动以及刚进城时收入等因素对农民工收入增长作用显著;而受教育水平、进城时间和地区经济增长等因素对农民工增收影响较小。     

中国各地区人口年龄结构变动的消费效应分析

消费是影响一国经济增长的重要因素,对于影响消费的众多因素研究,大多基于收入分配不均和收入不确定性视角,而忽略了另外一个非常重要的因素,那就是人口年龄结构变化对消费的影响效应。上世纪70年代计划生育政策的推行和人口预期寿命的延长,加快了我国人口转变及老龄化发展的步伐,这一转变必将改变居民的储蓄消费行为,影响储蓄-消费模式和消费率。基于我国2002-2008年省级面板数据,本文研究了各地区人口转变对消费率的影响。研究表明,消费率与少儿抚养比、老年抚养比之间分别存在正相关关系与负相关关系。     

人口年龄结构对居民消费影响的路径分析北大核心CSSCI

文章在人口年龄结构对居民消费影响的理论机制基础上,提出人口年龄结构对居民消费影响的直接路径和间接路径假设,并以结构方程模型进行了路径分析的实证检验。检验结果表明:人口年龄结构对居民消费存在直接影响和间接影响;直接影响中,人口总抚养比正向影响居民消费,少儿抚养比、老年抚养比负向影响居民消费;间接影响中,总抚养比、少儿抚养比能通过产业结构、经济增长及收入分配影响居民消费,而老年抚养比只通过收入分配影响居民消费;同时研究发现,人口年龄结构对居民消费的间接影响路径系数大于直接影响路径系数。并且本文对基于人口年龄结构的我国低消费率的形成机制进行了分析。     

The Effect of Education on the Demographic Dividend

The impact of population structure on economic growth has been studied in recent decades using different methods to estimate the so‐called demographic dividend. Besides, education has been pointed out as a key factor in economic growth. We propose a decomposition of the demographic dividend, into age and education effects. We illustrate the potentialities of the method, deriving an application to Mexico and Spain over the period 1970‐2100. To that end, we estimate the National Transfer Accounts age profiles by schooling level and apply them to recently available population projections stratified by education level. Our results confirm the role of population age structure in the demographic dividend, but also reveal that education attainment can be even more crucial. Moreover, we find that how both age and education effects finally impact on economic growth depends to a great extent on the specific consumption and labor income age profiles in each country.     

The effects of income level,income distribution,education and urbanization on fertility rates among 28 administrative regions of China

Conflicting empirical evidence on the role of income distribution on fertility rates is the impetus for this 1982 study of providence-specific Chinese Census data, excluding Tibet. The findings support the prior thesis of Repetto but utilize the micromethods and per household income measures of the competing findings of Boulier. It is cautioned that in the Chinese analysis equal income distribution depresses fertility, but China may not reflect world wide patterns. China did not have until recently a market incentive system, and there are income measurement problems. The data are per capita economic output not per capita income, and those high output areas which did not produce low fertility may actually have had households with low incomes. The importance of this research is in establishing that cross-province data are a useful tool in understanding the influence of income distribution on fertility. As with most developing countries, women's education, for instance, at least junior high education explained the largest variation of fertility differences among the 28 provinces. The urbanization variable when controlling for income was positive, unlike the other developing countries. The 1949 Chinese government's spatial industrial policy encouraged urbanization and industrialization in rural areas and family planning programs such that highly urbanized provinces have low population density. A variety of variables on income level, income distribution, education, and urbanization are discussed. OLSQ regressions were generated utilizing such independent variables as output per capita in yuan (YOUTHPC80), the square of YOUTHPC80 (YOUTHPC802), YOUTHPC80 multiplied by the average family size in each province (YOUTHPH80), and the squared value of YOUTHPH80.     

Income inequality and fertility: A comparative view

Summary Most studies pertaining to the relationship between population and economic development suffer from a major flaw. Researchers use aggregate measures like income or energy consumption per head as indicators of economic development. Such aggregate measures fail to take into account the nature of the distribution of income or energy consumption to the population. The present study attempts to demonstrate the importance of incorporating the nature of distribution of resources as an important intervening variable in the study of the overall relationship between population and economic development. A measure of income inequality is developed which represents the difference between rural and urban incomes. This measure is justified in terms of the distinctiveness of urban and rural sectors in the process of development. The data used relate to societal measures of fertility, income, income inequality, etc. Consistently with existing literature, we observe that, generally speaking, economic development does entail a reduction in rural-urban income inequalities. On the other hand, a substantial part of the negative effect of an increase in income per head can be nullified if such an increase were not also accompanied by a reduction in rural-urban income inequality. Also, a substantial part of the negative effect of an increase in income per head and the level of education in reducing the level of infant mortality would be nullified if it did not also result in a reduction of rural-urban income inequality. On the other hand, it is quite possible for the level of education in a society to increase together with an increase in income per head without substantially altering the extent of inequality of income between the rural and the urban population. It is suggested that the positive relationship between rural-urban income inequality and the level of fertility is due to higher rural fertility rates in a high-inequality country. By implication, this would mean that higher standards of living for the rural population compared with its urban counterpart will have a favourable impact in reducing rural fertility.     

Some fundamental problems concerning the relationship between population growth and economic development]

The population growth rate is closely related to the quality of economic life, available funds for individual and social consumption, national income to be used for reproduction, and the labor employment situation. Since liberation, socialism has not been able to show its superiority, mainly because of China's large population figure, low economic productivity, low national income, and poor management in the relationship between consumption and accumulation. In order to solve these problems, we need to adequately control the pace of the population growth and match the rate of population growth with the pace of economic development. A way to increase national income is through saving and avoiding unnecessary waste. Social expenditures on education, culture, science, health and medical care, social welfare, and investment in the promotion of people's wisdom should all be increased. Meanwhile, the living standard of the people needs to be raised, and capital accumulation should also be managed so that funds will be available for industrial and economic enterprises. Existing inefficient production enterprises should be properly reorganized so that full employment may be achieved. In this way, the national economy will have more prosperity, and the people will benefit more from the Socialist policy.     

Inequality, Wealth and Health: Is Decreasing Income Inequality the Key to Create Healthier Societies?

The idea that the level of stratification of societies contributes to the well-being of their members is gaining popularity. We contribute to this debate by investigating whether reducing inequalities in the income distribution of societies is a strategy for improving population health, especially appropriate for those countries that have reached the limits of economic growth. We test this idea on a dataset covering 140 countries and 2360 country-year observation between 1987 and 2008 and formulate hypotheses separately for countries with different level of economic development. We indeed found that countries with higher levels of income inequality also have lower levels of life expectancy (our measure of population health), and this result was consistent both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. However, the relationship was found only among low- and middle-developed countries. In the group of high-developed countries, the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy was non-significant, which contradicts the literature. Expectations on the relationship between a country’s wealth and health were confirmed: economic growth does contribute to improving population health, but this effect is weaker in more economically developed countries. These results imply that a decrease in a country’s income inequality parallel with an increase in its wealth can help to improve health in economically lesser-developed countries, but not in high-developed countries.     

亚洲女性收入对生育率影响的国际比较研究--基于劳动参与率、受教育程度、就业方式的视角

通过构建家庭效用函数模型,论证了家庭收入增长中女性收入对家庭生育决策的影响,说明了随着女性收入的提高,会降低生育率。进一步,通过引用女性劳动参与率、受教育程度及就业方式作为女性收入对生育率影响的中间变量,再运用相关数据进行实证分析,发现女性劳动参与率、受教育程度对生育率有着负向的影响,而女性非全日制就业方式对生育率有着正向的影响。再进一步,对亚洲各国生育政策的调整进行国际比较,探讨生育政策的具体措施与影响女性收入的三个因素之间的关系,最后针对中国目前的生育水平提出两方面的建议：硬政策的完善和软环境的支持,以有助于提高人口素质,优化人口结构。     

The integration and coordination of strategies for population growth and economic development]

Strategies on population growth are the guiding principles for population reproduction and activity. A strategy for economic development is the fundamental policy directing all the economic activities of the nation. These 2 strategies are closely related and support each other. They share some common grounds: 1) with a large population and a high percentage of the population being peasant, the labor productivity remains rather low, and population pressure on the economy is intense; 2) when a country has large territory and rich natural resources, the average arable land for each individual is still not much, and some available resources for each individual are also limited; and 3) the distribution of the population is out of balance. The areas with a higher population density receive more pressure on their economy. This situation explains the need to improve the population distribution. Labor resources should match reasonable with natural resources in order to reduce the pressure on areas with a high population density. Because of the labor's low level professional skill and poor management, modernized constructions have met with serious troubles. Moreover, the traditional view on population and population growth also needs correction. In order to integrate and coordinate these 2 strategies, one needs to understand correctly the connection between the two, and also understand the effects of the economy on the population. In the 2nd step, we need to pay attention to how to control the size of population and improve quality in order to match modernized production patterns. The balance between the two should be achieved with constant efforts. In population growth strategy, efforts are needed to limit quantity, improve quality, adjust the population structure, and redesign the geographical distribution of the population. In the economic development strategy, efforts are needed to promote economic effectiveness, a balanced development and a sustained growth for the national economy, in order to increase industrial and agricultural production and provide more income for each individual.     

An objective criterion of coordination of population growth with economic development]

Coordination of population growth with economic development is the fundamental element for the development of society. Based on China's present condition and our future goal--to be a communistic society--per capita income was suggested to be the most important criterion. Because the primary requirements of a communistic society and the goal of our socialistic production are material abundance and a highly developed civilization, per capita income is also the best criterion to measure the level of our "Four Modernizations" program and the coordination of population with the economy. The economic development based on per capita income also has international significance, for it will indicate the excellence of our system and contribute our strength to world peace in the future. In order to continue increasing per capita income the primary goal is increased production. On the other hand, a rapid population growth delays economic development. A comparatively small difference in population growth rate (a decrease from 1.5% to .5%) leads to a large difference in total population and the investment in the population after many years (e.g. 20 to 40 years). For China's present condition the slower the population growth rate the better for our economic development and the faster the per capita income will increase.     

试析人口流动对地区间经济协调发展的影响

区域间收入差距是引发人口区际流动的主要因素 ,人口的地区间流动又是影响地区间经济发展差距的一个重要因素。值得注意的是 ,我们既不能把地区间经济发展水平等同于各地居民的收入水平 ,也不能把经济发展水平对居民收入水平的影响绝对化。人口区际间流动的实质是劳动力资源在不同地区之间的重新配置。人口流动对地区间劳动工资差距的缩小、劳动力资源整体配置效率及地区间产业转移和产业分布起着不可忽视的作用