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1.
Kollmann R 《Journal of population economics》1997,10(1):87-95
A model of fertility choice is studied in which the utility of parents depends on how much they consume, on how many children
they have and on the consumption of their children. Hence, parents are altruistic towards their children, but in a more limited
sense than in the much discussed dynastic fertility model presented by Becker and Barro (1988). The concept of a (subgame
perfect) bequest equilibrium is used to solve the non-dynastic model considered here. The steady state birth rate is lower
in the non-dynastic model than in the Becker-Barro model. However, the key qualitative predictions concerning the dynamic
behavior of fertility are strikingly similar in both models. JEL classification: J13, J11, D90.
Received August 17, 1995/Accepted October 20, 1996 相似文献
2.
Scott Alan Carson 《Journal of population economics》2009,22(3):739-755
The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic history. By using a new source
of nineteenth century Texas state prison records, the present study contrasts the heights of comparable blacks and whites
between the Civil War and Reconstruction in the American South. White stature exceeded black stature. Between 1850 and 1870,
black stature declined by more than 1 cm but recovered toward the end of the nineteenth century. Postbellum white stature
declined by more than 1 1/2 cm over the same period yet never recovered.
相似文献
Scott Alan CarsonEmail: |
3.
Much social science suggests that income inequality is a product of economic and demographic factors and recent work highlights the influence of Leftist politics in affluent Western democracies. But, prior research has neglected rightist politics. We examine the impact of cumulative right party power on three measures of income inequality in an unbalanced panel of 16 affluent Western democracies from 1969 to 2000. We find that cumulative right party power significantly increases inequality with effects comparable to other established causes. Left party power has less influence than the right on the Gini coefficient and the 90/50 ratio but a larger influence on the 90/10 ratio. Union density is insignificant after controlling for right party power. Right party power partly channels through and partly combines with government expenditures to affect inequality. Temporal interactions show that right parties became more influential after 1989 while left parties became less effective. Supplementary analyses suggest that a component of right party power's effects occurs through labor market inequality prior to taxes and transfers. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the results are robust to a wide variety of alternative specifications and operationalizations and do not depend on the inclusion of the U.S. in the sample. Our results inform debates about the sources of inequality and related sociological theories regarding class, politics, the state and the economy. 相似文献
4.
Recent studies of international inequality have focused mostly on the trend in international income inequality. This article extends the analysis of international inequality to also include inequalities in education and health. Analyses of time-series data for more than 100 countries show that international income inequality declined from 1980 to 2003 as several large, poor Asian countries outpaced many Western countries in national income growth. By contrast, international health inequality followed a U-shaped trend, falling in the 1980s before rising in the 1990s. The turnaround in health inequality coincides with a trend of declining life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa. International educational inequality experienced the sharpest recent decline, spurred by the global expansion of formal schooling. These findings confirm that there is more to international inequality than income inequality alone and suggest that patterns of inequality in the current era of globalization are likely more complex than many leading theories suggest. 相似文献
5.
The changing nature of wage inequality 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Thomas Lemieux 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):21-48
The paper reviews recent developments in the literature on wage inequality with a particular focus on why inequality growth
has been particularly concentrated in the top end of the wage distribution over the last 15 years. Several possible institutional
and demand-side explanations are discussed for the secular growth in wage inequality in the United States and other advanced
industrialized countries.
相似文献
Thomas LemieuxEmail: |
6.
This paper develops and tests hypotheses about the impact of opportunity structures on black fertility across local labor markets. US Vital Statistics and Census of Population data are combined and then examined with regression techniques to estimate the effect of both race-specific and relative measures of opportunity structure on black fertility in the United States. The results show that relative female opportunity structure has a negative relationship with black total fertility rates as well as with birth rates for specific points along the reproductive age structure. However, the hypothesized relationship between relative male opportunity structures and black fertility is not supported. We discuss these results as they relate to minority fertility theory and as they relate to public policy concerns. 相似文献
7.
This paper conceives national systems of higher education as stratified populations of organizations. This stratification is a structural component of ‘horizontal inequality’ in higher education, and may be exacerbated by current pressures for colleges and universities to compete for resources and status. To explore this structural inequality, we compare the level of stratification in financial resources across four-year institutions in Canada and the United States over a 35-year period (1971–2006). Our analyses provide a first-look at this form of stratification, employing Gini coefficients, Lorenz curves, and boxplots. Our results provide new and compelling evidence of increasing structural stratification, even in Canada's predominantly publicly funded postsecondary system. Findings indicate that the distribution of resources is far more stratified in the American system, and that both systems have become more stratified over time. We conclude by situating structural inequality within more general processes of stratification in education. 相似文献
8.
Comparative studies on inequality have suffered from severe methodological problems, which mean that issues related to the causes of cross-national variation in inequality remain unresolved. In comparative welfare state research, the preoccupation with expenditure data has also meant that the welfare state itself has remained a black box. By examining new comparative data on social policy institutions and income inequality among different population groups, this study provides a more precise empirical basis for evaluating different, and divergent, theories on the welfare state and equality. Three cases will be used as illustrations: family policy and child poverty, unemployment benefits and poverty among working aged, and old-age pensions and poverty among the elderly. The results suggest that the key for understanding the effect of the welfare state lies in the institutional design—in the level and distribution of social rights. The importance of the welfare state for social stratification deserves to be given more attention by sociological research in the future. 相似文献
9.
Frederic Tournemaine 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):49-66
To examine the relationship between social aspirations, fertility choices and growth performances, we develop a R&D-based
model in which individuals care about the number of children they bring up and their social status. In such an economy, we
find that stronger status motives have a negative effect on growth. The reason is that individuals bring up fewer children,
as children are an obstacle to the achievement of their social status. Introducing an endogenous choice of quality for children,
we show that stronger status motives lead individuals to bring up fewer but higher quality children. In this case, social
aspirations heighten the desire of parents to substitute the quantity for the quality of children because education of children
fosters society’s productive ability, indirectly improving parents’ social status.
I would like to thank Michael Bleaney, Juntip Boonprakaikawe, Trudy Owens, Kaipichit Ruengsrichaiya, two anonymous referees,
and one editor of the review for their helpful comments and suggestions. I am grateful to the University of Nottingham (UK)
for its support during the redaction of this paper. 相似文献
10.
This paper constructs an overlapping-generations model with two different types of technology: modern, which can be accessed
only by the skilled, and traditional, which can be accessed by the unskilled. The model described in this paper shows that
a rise in the wage premium for skilled workers caused by skill-biased technological changes explains the following key stylized
facts: with economic development, the fraction of skilled people increases, the fertility rate declines, and income inequality
rises and then falls. The model also explains the observed gradual rises in income inequality in developed countries.
相似文献
11.
While the populations of the Central Asian successor states are extremely heterogeneous on many indicators, the issue of rural or urban residence is consistently important in terms of differentials in population growth, socio-economic status and public health. In this paper I focus on rural population trends in Kazakhstan, Kyrghyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. I explore the relatively disadvantaged position of rural inhabitants as well as regional variations within the rural population. The differentials in fertility and mortality rates and the large projected population increases indicate that future policy interventions and data collection efforts should incorporate a specific focus on rural areas. 相似文献
12.
13.
Some scholars claim there is little variation in Chinese fertility because of coercive family planning policies. This research, however, demonstrates that other factors contribute to significant variation in fertility rates among China's 30 provinces/administrative divisions. Although family planning and socioeconomic development are found to explain significant amounts of variation in fertility for both the 1982 and 1990 census cross-sections, it was also found that gender equality in education had become significant by 1990. Path model results that lag the effects of 1982 socioeconomic development and gender equality in education also indicate that they both have sizable direct effects and moderate indirect effects through family planning behavior on 1990 fertility rates. Discussions include the possibility that the recent free market and institutional reforms, e.g., the decollectivization of agriculture, have contributed a social structure whereby many Chinese families have increased awareness of the opportunity costs associated with their reproductive decision making. 相似文献
14.
In this paper, we consider two types of population policies observed in practice: birth limits and birth taxes. We find that
both achieve very similar equilibrium solutions if tax revenue finances lump-sum transfers. By reducing fertility and promoting
growth, both birth policies may achieve higher welfare than conventional education subsidies financed by income taxes. A birth
tax for education subsidies can achieve the first-best solution. The welfare gain of the first-best policy may be equivalent
to a massive 10–50% rise in income, depending on the degree of human capital externalities and the elasticity of intertemporal
substitution.
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15.
中国城镇家庭户收入和财产不平等:1995~2002 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用中国家庭户收入调查收集的1995年和2002年城镇家庭户样本数据,以家庭户作为分析单位,对中国城镇收入和财产不平等进行了考察。数据分析结果表明:中国城镇家庭户收入的大多数不平等测量指标在1995~2002年7年间都存在一个显著的大幅度上升,但家庭户财产不平等在此期间呈现出略有下降的趋势;基于人口分组的分解反映出,区域、户主受教育程度和户主中共党员身份对总的家庭收入和财产不平等具有更大的贡献;总体上,对于1995~2002年的中国城镇而言,分类机制在左右家庭户资源不平等变动中扮演着更为重要的角色。 相似文献
16.
低生育率水平下人口发展的经济后果分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
本文分析了低生育率水平下人口发展对未来我国经济发展的积极影响 ,同时指出它是一把双刃剑 ,同样也有不利于经济发展的后果。为了既充分发挥低生育水平的积极作用 ,又逐步消除或缓解其不良后果 ,一方面要适时地调整现行生育政策 ,选择适当的总和生育率水平 ,另一方面要构建相应的政策支持体系予以支撑。 相似文献
17.
Alfonso Miranda 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):67-81
This paper examines how education and family background affect the fertility plans of young individuals in Mexico. Quantile
regression for count data is used for the analysis. Results indicate that education and family structure affect planned fertility
only at the tails of the conditional distribution. Education reduces planned fertility only among women with relatively strong
preferences towards children. An absent father reduces planned fertility mostly at the bottom of the conditional distribution.
相似文献
Alfonso MirandaEmail: |
18.
19.
We review existing approaches to the specification and estimation of dynamic microeconomic models of fertility. Dynamic fertility
models explain the evolution of fertility variates over the life-cycle as the solution to a dynamic programming model involving
economic choices. Dynamic models may be classified into structural and reduced-form models. Structural models generally require
solution of the underlying dynamic programming problem. Reduced-form models, while based on a structural specification, do
not. Recent innovations in estimation methodologies make both types practical and realistic alternatives to static models
of lifetime fertility. JEL classification: J13, C41, C61
Received August 26, 1994/Accepted October 23, 1996 相似文献
20.
人口转变、人口红利与经济增长可持续性--兼论充分就业如何促进经济增长 总被引:86,自引:3,他引:86
本文援引国际经验,把人口转变引致的不同人口年龄特征阶段看作是经济增长的一个额外源泉,或人口红利;论证了通过高储蓄率、充足的劳动力供给和低抚养比,中国人口转变对改革以来高速经济增长的贡献;揭示了人口红利即将消失的趋势,由此提出最大化促进就业是维持人口对经济增长正面效应的关键. 相似文献