浅析供应链管理中的冲突及其对策

供应链企业间的冲突是供应链管理的重要组成部分,是许多企业多年来一直在思考的问题。本文从分析了供应链的冲突的基本特征、产生冲突的影响因素以及解决冲突的对策。     

制造行业供应链合作关系对协同及运作绩效影响的实证研究

根据制造行业供应链的特点,建立了供应链合作关系对协同运作,以及合作关系和协同对供应链运作绩效的影响假设模型,其中,供应链合作关系以沟通、信任、承诺、适应、相互依赖和合作6个因素作为度量因素;供应链协同以信息共享、同步决策和激励联盟作为研究维度;供应链绩效主要考察配送、库存成本和柔性3个方面的情况.运用结构方程模型的研究方法,对163例国内制造企业供应链进行数据收集、分析和处理,结果表明,供应链合作关系对协同运作有很强的正性影响作用;同时,供应链合作关系、协同对供应链运作绩效也有明显正性影响.     

供应链企业合作竞争策略分析

本文通过建立两阶段博弈模型,对供应链上下游企业间的四种策略组合(即非合作-非合作、合作-非合作、非合作-合作和合作-合作)进行了比较分析,发现合作-合作策略组合仅是供应链企业合作竞争的方式之一,合作-非合作策略组合才是供应链企业间合作竞争的理想模式.     

供应链企业合作协同的博弈分析

供应链管理的关键是节点企业间的战略合作,但是企业的短期行为会使合作陷入困境.通过对所构建的博弈模型进行重复博弈分析,证明了只要博弈双方以长期利益为目标,合作才是最优战略,同时也说明了供应链企业间建立长期合作伙伴关系的可能性与必然性.     

供应链企业共同管理合作风险初探

供应链合作风险是供应链风险中影响最大、最广泛的一种,严重影响着企业的正常运作和利润。本文首先划定合作风险的具体种类,并分析合作风险的根源;然后借助博弈论及企业风险管理理念对企业合作风险进行分析和论证,并提出管理模型。希望本文能为供应链风险管理提供一定的借鉴。     

供应链企业合作机制与委托实现理论

本文建立和供应链企业合作机制与委托实现的理论模型框架,并对相关的合作机制和委托代理理论进行了具体阐述。本文研究对于企业之间的合作具有一定的理论指导意义。     

煤电企业供应链合作冲突规制模型

供应链合作中由于企业目标的不完全一致性,合作企业间利益分配的激励性缺失,以及环境的不确定性等问题,会产生合作冲突。这一问题若不能得到有效解决,会影响到企业合作关系的稳定。本文在分析供应链合作冲突的表现及根源的基础上,重点研究了如何通过自我实施规制和政府规制解决合作冲突问题。认为自我实施规制应该通过可自执行协议模型和借鉴"关系性租金最大化"的思想建立的规制模型完成;而政府规制应重点从实现激励相容为目标的利益分配规制模型入手,实现从合作利益分配中的"囚徒困境"博弈向"猎鹿博弈"的转化。     

供应链企业合作竞争机制的演化博弈分析

本文运用演化博弈理论的方法,建立了一个供应链企业合作竞争机制演化博弈的数理模型,分析了供应链企业合作竞争机制演变的动态过程。分析结果发现,该系统的演化方向与双方博弈的支付矩阵相关,也受到系统初始状态的影响。并得出合作收益、合作的初始成本以及博弈双方的贴现因子是影响供应链企业合作竞争机制演化的关键因素。     

竞争优先权与供应链战略匹配关系研究

研究了竞争优先权与供应链战略之间的匹配关系,把优先权战略区分为成本优先权、质量优先权、时间优先权和柔性优先权,把供应链战略区分为精益供应链战略和敏捷供应链战略。通过理论分析指出,不同的优先权战略与供应链战略之间存在一定的匹配关系,在此基础上提出了一个战略匹配模型以及一组理论假设,并通过中国制造业数据对提出的理论模型进行了检验。     

供应链环境下企业合作对策与委托-代理机制初探

合作对策与委托-代理机制是合作型企业实现供应链管理的重要环节,本文对供应链环境下企业合作对策和委托-代理实现过程中需解决的主要问题进行了初步探讨,提出理论研究思路和方向,并提出了一个供应链管理环境下企业合作对策与委托代理机制框架模型.     

Japanese Supply Chain Relationships in Recession

The remarkable nature of Japan’s supply chain relationships has been identified as a significant factor in its industrial success, especially in the automotive and electronics sectors. Yet, Japanese companies do not recognise the term ‘supply chain management’. For four decades Japan’s industrial giants developed sourcing strategies based on highly-pressured, customer-dominated supply relationships in which sub-contractors enjoyed the benefits of the success of their customers at the expense of yielding their autonomy. In 1991, the Japanese economy plunged into deep recession and has yet to recover. Large corporations now appear vulnerable and almost all Japan’s banks are technically insolvent. This article explains the ways in which recession has affected the supply chain relationships in Japan and the domestic and international sourcing strategies that shape them. Japanese industrial customers are now putting increased pressure on their suppliers to provide technical solutions and to develop links with other customers for the first time. The sub-structures of the keiretsu appear to be giving way to open competition with ‘parent’ firms selling equity in subsidiaries. Profound changes appear to be underway in Japanese industrial sourcing strategies—suppliers can no longer rely on retaining business simply by obedience and hard work. Instead, they face an open, fiercely competitive environment—at home and abroad. In this new order, Japanese suppliers are developing new competitive technical and commercial capabilities, enabling their Japanese industrial customers to concentrate on real-time, market-driven configuration of products, without needing to hold stocks in their supply chains and distribution channels. Meanwhile, Japan is seeking to re-establish its position of leading player in East Asia.     

遗传算法求解供应链协作供应问题

本文给出一个多供应点、多产品和多需求点的供应链协作供应问题的模型,对于这样一个复杂的组合优化问题,通过设计合适的编码方案和相应的遗传算子,提出了一个改进遗传算法的求解方案,最后通过一个算例说明该方法的可行性和有效性.     

供应链环境下合作预测效果的分析

本文定量分析了供应链中合作预测对需求长鞭效应的减小作用,在多节点企业所组成的供应链中,合作预测对订单量的波动和需求预测误差的波动起到积极的抑制作用。本文通过理论研究和数值分析的结果表明,供应链信息共享和合作预测能够控制需求流动现象。     

Competitive and Cooperative Positioning in Supply Chain Logistics Relationships*

Cooperative logistics relationships require the sharing of information, which must be enabled by the integration of disparate information systems across partners. In this article, we theorize business‐to‐business logistics relationships should be managed using cooperative and competitive postures. Based on data from 91 dyadic relationships using interorganizational information technology (IT), we find that performance gains accrue when parties share strategic information and customize IT; mutual trust enables IT customization and strategic‐information flows and equitable relationship‐specific investments positively impact IT customization, mutual trust, and performance. Among other scholarly and practical implications discussed, partners should compete on resources for IT customization and cooperate to share strategic information. Managers tend to think of relationships with firms as polar opposites and view them as entirely cooperative or entirely competitive. Our results support active balancing and understanding of both competitive and cooperative stances. Such an approach enables conditions for participation symmetry that yields greater performance gains.     

供应链上企业间协同谈判模型和原型研究

本文对面向业务流程集成的协同谈判进行研究。这种新的谈判模式的特点是通过约束传播与约束放松来调整谈判各方的利益,达到共赢。本文建立了协同谈判中多线程间的状态机谈判协议,提出了多线程间基于域传播算法的协同谈判策略和谈判模型,并通过研制原型系统进行实验,证实了本文所提出的协同谈判理论和方法的正确性。本文提出的协同谈判模型可以解决供应链上企业同时与多个上、下游企业的谈判问题,可通过改变业务流程,使供应链上的企业达到双赢,提高谈判的效率。     

Supply Chain Management: Relationships, Chains and Networks

The term supply chain management is used to represent a variety of different meanings, some related to management processes, others to structural organization of businesses. This paper identifies and discusses various definitions of supply chain management, summarizes the associated bodies of knowledge and connects them using a systems approach. Systems levels of supply chain management are identified as the internal supply chain, the dyadic relationship, the external supply chain and the inter-business network.
Empirical research on behavioural aspects of relationships, chains and networks in the European automotive aftermarket is discussed, identifying gaps in perceptions of requirements and performance held by customers and suppliers in the areas of quality, delivery, service, range and price. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis demonstrates substantial differences between approaches to supply chain management, though performance in relationships, chains and networks in the territories examined does not differ significantly.
Customer dissatisfaction in relationships is shown to increase upstream in the supply chains examined, extending the applicability of the industrial dynamics 'Forrester effect' to softer, behavioural aspects of performance. Conclusions are drawn supporting the suggestions of operations strategists that position in the supply chain is an important strategic variable which, to date, have not been comprehensively proven empirically.     

Interorganizational Collaborative Forecasting and Replenishment Systems and Supply Chain Implications

Collaborative Forecasting and Replenishment (CFAR) is a new interorganizational system that enables retailers and manufacturers to forecast demand and schedule production jointly. The capabilities of CFAR exceed those of the traditional EDI because CFAR allows exchange of complex decision support models and manufacturer/retailer strategies. The proponents of CFAR claim that the fastest way for retailers and manufacturers to slash inventory costs and product shortages is by coordinating their decisions. The impact of CFAR on the supply chain using a model consisting of a manufacturer selling its product through two independent identical retailers is analyzed. The model assumes that the manufacturer doesn't face capacity constraints, the demand is stationary, and retailer prices are constant over time; the shortages are backordered at the manufacturer and retailers to isolate the effects of information sharing in CFAR. The most significant findings relate to the increase in the cost incurred by the nonparticipant in CFAR, the increase in the manufacturer's cost of serving the nonparticipant if the participant can obtain delivery guarantees in return for demand information sharing, and the incentives of the players to move towards universal retailer participation in CFAR. The findings are explained using the risk structure faced by the players in the supply chain. The managerial implications of the impact of CFAR on the supply chain structure are also discussed.     

供应链中合作产品开发的任务分配决策分析

分析了不同市场状况下,新产品开发任务在制造商及供应商间分配的决策。结果表明,分离控制决策供应商承诺情形下,其参与任务分担受到一个阀值的限制,由双方相对边际利润及开发能力决定。分离控制决策制造商指派下,供应商承担开发任务比例更高且产品开发项目规模更大。两种分离控制情形下供应商承担的任务比例都与其边际利润和开发能力正相关,与制造商的边际利润和开发能力负相关。集中控制开发任务分配相较于分离控制,企业间决策的产品开发项目规模更大。     

资金约束供应链中的融资优化与营运管理协同决策研究

基于供应商主导的Stackelberg博弈假设,对单一供应商和单一零售商组成的二级供应链中三种购销营运模式(预订购、委托代销和组合模式)的运作及契约双方的博弈顺序进行了分析,并构建了供应链融资和营运协同决策模型。研究表明,资金充足供应链中,供应商的最优状况相当于传统报童模型下的优化问题,且会采用委托代销营运模式。为实现最优决策,资金约束供应商会采用外部融资和供应链内部资金转让的组合融资方案,且会选择预订购和委托代销组合营运策略。资金约束供应链中供应商愿意与零售商分担产品市场风险,激励零售商预订购,增加供应链的整体收益。     

基于演化博弈的供应链协同产品开发合作机制研究

针对由制造商与供应商构成的两层供应链系统,基于演化博弈理论和方法,研究在长期的协同产品开发过程中,有限理性的制造商和供应商之间的合作机制。首先,对合作的成本分担与收益分配机制进行了分析;然后,对监督和惩罚机制进行了探讨。理论研究、数值模拟和实例分析结果表明:双方进行协同产品开发合作的概率与合作超额收益和单独研发的收益正相关、与研发总费用和背叛收益负相关;存在一个最优的超额收益分配比例,使得制造商和供应商合作的可能性最大化;合作双方支付的成本与双方合作超额收益的分配正相关;在监督条件下,合理的惩罚将有利于减少背叛行为。