西方形而上学史的启示

亚里士多德的“第一哲学” ,即探究终极原因和原则或研究“作为存在的存在”的形而上学 ,是任何哲学都以直接或隐性的方式所内在地包含的不可或缺的本质维度 ,其深层本质是人的超越性生存本性及其本质精神的自觉显现 ,是内在于人之生存的本体论诉求和终极关怀的理性表达。传统哲学大多包含着自觉的形而上的维度。然而 ,传统哲学常常遗忘或遮蔽了哲学形而上学维度与人之生存本性的本质关联 ,陷入了“无根基”的状态。因而 ,当 2 0世纪人的生存困境以文化危机的形式深刻地表现出来时 ,传统形而上学的危机便在现代哲学对黑格尔哲学的普遍拒斥中展现出来。于是 ,如何在人的生存论基础上重新恢复形而上学的力量 ,便成为当代哲学关注的一个时代课题。高清海教授从形而上学与人的本性关联入手 ,认为在走出“曾经是”的形而上学之后 ,形而上学并没有失去其原来的规定和价值 ,“应当是”的形而上学的命运正是人自身发展的命运。朱德生教授认为 ,人是在立足形而下的世界 ,追求形而上的世界过程中才成为人的 ,哲学是对人的存在方式及其生存意义的反思 ,在这种意义上 ,哲学就是形而上学。邓晓芒教授通过对西方形而上学史的反思 ,指出形而上学深深植根于人性的本源之中 ,随着人性的发展而发展 ,但它的发展方式是自我     

形而上学的情结

亚里士多德的“第一哲学” ,即探究终极原因和原则或研究“作为存在的存在”的形而上学 ,是任何哲学都以直接或隐性的方式所内在地包含的不可或缺的本质维度 ,其深层本质是人的超越性生存本性及其本质精神的自觉显现 ,是内在于人之生存的本体论诉求和终极关怀的理性表达。传统哲学大多包含着自觉的形而上的维度。然而 ,传统哲学常常遗忘或遮蔽了哲学形而上学维度与人之生存本性的本质关联 ,陷入了“无根基”的状态。因而 ,当 2 0世纪人的生存困境以文化危机的形式深刻地表现出来时 ,传统形而上学的危机便在现代哲学对黑格尔哲学的普遍拒斥中展现出来。于是 ,如何在人的生存论基础上重新恢复形而上学的力量 ,便成为当代哲学关注的一个时代课题。高清海教授从形而上学与人的本性关联入手 ,认为在走出“曾经是”的形而上学之后 ,形而上学并没有失去其原来的规定和价值 ,“应当是”的形而上学的命运正是人自身发展的命运。朱德生教授认为 ,人是在立足形而下的世界 ,追求形而上的世界过程中才成为人的 ,哲学是对人的存在方式及其生存意义的反思 ,在这种意义上 ,哲学就是形而上学。邓晓芒教授通过对西方形而上学史的反思 ,指出形而上学深深植根于人性的本源之中 ,随着人性的发展而发展 ,但它的发展方式是自我     

"现代性"危机与"形而上学"命运

亚里士多德的“第一哲学” ,即探究终极原因和原则或研究“作为存在的存在”的形而上学 ,是任何哲学都以直接或隐性的方式所内在地包含的不可或缺的本质维度 ,其深层本质是人的超越性生存本性及其本质精神的自觉显现 ,是内在于人之生存的本体论诉求和终极关怀的理性表达。传统哲学大多包含着自觉的形而上的维度。然而 ,传统哲学常常遗忘或遮蔽了哲学形而上学维度与人之生存本性的本质关联 ,陷入了“无根基”的状态。因而 ,当 2 0世纪人的生存困境以文化危机的形式深刻地表现出来时 ,传统形而上学的危机便在现代哲学对黑格尔哲学的普遍拒斥中展现出来。于是 ,如何在人的生存论基础上重新恢复形而上学的力量 ,便成为当代哲学关注的一个时代课题。高清海教授从形而上学与人的本性关联入手 ,认为在走出“曾经是”的形而上学之后 ,形而上学并没有失去其原来的规定和价值 ,“应当是”的形而上学的命运正是人自身发展的命运。朱德生教授认为 ,人是在立足形而下的世界 ,追求形而上的世界过程中才成为人的 ,哲学是对人的存在方式及其生存意义的反思 ,在这种意义上 ,哲学就是形而上学。邓晓芒教授通过对西方形而上学史的反思 ,指出形而上学深深植根于人性的本源之中 ,随着人性的发展而发展 ,但它的发展方式是自我     

形而上学与人的本性

亚里士多德的“第一哲学” ,即探究终极原因和原则或研究“作为存在的存在”的形而上学 ,是任何哲学都以直接或隐性的方式所内在地包含的不可或缺的本质维度 ,其深层本质是人的超越性生存本性及其本质精神的自觉显现 ,是内在于人之生存的本体论诉求和终极关怀的理性表达。传统哲学大多包含着自觉的形而上的维度。然而 ,传统哲学常常遗忘或遮蔽了哲学形而上学维度与人之生存本性的本质关联 ,陷入了“无根基”的状态。因而 ,当 2 0世纪人的生存困境以文化危机的形式深刻地表现出来时 ,传统形而上学的危机便在现代哲学对黑格尔哲学的普遍拒斥中展现出来。于是 ,如何在人的生存论基础上重新恢复形而上学的力量 ,便成为当代哲学关注的一个时代课题。高清海教授从形而上学与人的本性关联入手 ,认为在走出“曾经是”的形而上学之后 ,形而上学并没有失去其原来的规定和价值 ,“应当是”的形而上学的命运正是人自身发展的命运。朱德生教授认为 ,人是在立足形而下的世界 ,追求形而上的世界过程中才成为人的 ,哲学是对人的存在方式及其生存意义的反思 ,在这种意义上 ,哲学就是形而上学。邓晓芒教授通过对西方形而上学史的反思 ,指出形而上学深深植根于人性的本源之中 ,随着人性的发展而发展 ,但它的发展方式是自我     

形而上学的"真实"与形而上的"真实"

亚里士多德的“第一哲学” ,即探究终极原因和原则或研究“作为存在的存在”的形而上学 ,是任何哲学都以直接或隐性的方式所内在地包含的不可或缺的本质维度 ,其深层本质是人的超越性生存本性及其本质精神的自觉显现 ,是内在于人之生存的本体论诉求和终极关怀的理性表达。传统哲学大多包含着自觉的形而上的维度。然而 ,传统哲学常常遗忘或遮蔽了哲学形而上学维度与人之生存本性的本质关联 ,陷入了“无根基”的状态。因而 ,当 2 0世纪人的生存困境以文化危机的形式深刻地表现出来时 ,传统形而上学的危机便在现代哲学对黑格尔哲学的普遍拒斥中展现出来。于是 ,如何在人的生存论基础上重新恢复形而上学的力量 ,便成为当代哲学关注的一个时代课题。高清海教授从形而上学与人的本性关联入手 ,认为在走出“曾经是”的形而上学之后 ,形而上学并没有失去其原来的规定和价值 ,“应当是”的形而上学的命运正是人自身发展的命运。朱德生教授认为 ,人是在立足形而下的世界 ,追求形而上的世界过程中才成为人的 ,哲学是对人的存在方式及其生存意义的反思 ,在这种意义上 ,哲学就是形而上学。邓晓芒教授通过对西方形而上学史的反思 ,指出形而上学深深植根于人性的本源之中 ,随着人性的发展而发展 ,但它的发展方式是自我     

论雅斯贝尔斯的交往机制与生存历史性

雅斯贝尔斯认为交往是实现人自由的必要条件,是实现历史性的内在机制。非生存交往只是达到对世界的理解和解释,它是人实现超越的前提;只有生存交往才能实现"生存"。生存本质的最大特点在于其非对象性,是趋向于"超越存在"的意向性,它始终是敞开的和不确定的。因此,就它要超出生存界限的意义而言,就是对作为统一完满的总体性追求,这种超越活动本身就是自由,是与人的生存本性相一致的真正的内在自由。一个领悟自己自由的人就是超越这个人的界限而与"上帝"融和在了一起,自觉地做出选择和行动。而生存的自由与超越和对作为总体目标的信仰就是真正生存历史性的表现。     

文化哲学的生成论解读

从生成论的视角来看,文化哲学通过对人之存在的历史性的深刻理解和把握,阐明了历史与文化的内在统一性,从而使文化哲学超越了一般形而上学的基本建制,成为一种全新的研究范式.作为一种全新的研究范式的文化哲学就其实质而言,是一种新的历史解释模式.文化哲学始终以自觉的文化批判精神为指导,通过对人类文化精神生成过程的宏观与微观的描述,力图阐明现代人类生存危机的文化根源,并为未来的人类生存提供多种可能.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： CULTURAL PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES IN CHINA：Interpretation of the generation theory of cultural philosophy

从生成论的视角来看，文化哲学通过对人之存在的历史性的深刻理解和把握，阐明了历史与文化的内在统一性，从而使文化哲学超越了一股形而上学的基本建制，成为一种全新的研究范式。作为一种全新的研究范式的文化哲学就其实质而言，是一种新的历史解释模式。文化哲学始终以自觉的文化批判精神为指导，通过对人类文化精神生成过程的宏观与微观的描述，力图阐明现代人类生存危机的文化根源，并为未来的人类生存提供多种可能。     

走出自己的创新路

人之为人的本性 ,属于自我生成的“自为本性”。按照马克思的观点 ,人是靠自己的活动去创造自己需要的生活资料的 ,这是人与动物始源性的根本分野。人作为人的本性就是在这种生存活动中并通过这种活动自我生成的赋有历史性的本性。马克思还明确地说过 ,“人不是在某一种规定性上再生产自己 ,而是生产出他的全面性 ;不是力求停留在某种已经变成的东西上 ,而是处在变易的绝对运动之中。”这就是人的自为本性。从这样的意义说 ,“自为本性”也就意味着 ,人是一种面向未来、永远在为自己开辟未来 ,从不满足既得本性的存在。“未来”对人以外的物…     

论“魏晋风度”的超越本性

潇洒飘逸的“魏晋风度”具有深刻的理论本性，这就是超越名教、超越世俗等。这种超越本性是通过放浪形骸的外观层面显现的，其产生的深层原因是当时的政治挤压，而“魏晋风度”的载体即魏晋名士们的生存忧虑则是超越本性的内在动力。“魏晋风度”虽然以消极的直观呈现在人...     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).